Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia and can harm women's physical and mental health. It is practiced in 25 African and Middle Eastern countries, affecting over 125 million girls and women. There are four types of FGM that range from partial or total removal of the clitoris to narrowing of the vaginal opening. Both short-term and long-term complications can result, including bleeding, infection, problems urinating, cysts, as well as increased risks for childbirth complications. FGM can also cause mental health issues like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.

1. DR/ mohamed saad hegazy

2.  Female genital mutilation (FGM) is cutting off part or all of the female
genitals that are outside of the body.
 FGM is also called female genital cutting and female circumcision.
 It is done for cultural reasons, as part of a ritual, not for medical
reasons.

3. In 25 countries in Africa and the Middle East, over 125 million women
and girls have had FGM. This includes:
 27.2 million girls and women in Egypt
 23.8 million in Ethiopia
 19.9 milllion in Nigeria
 12.1 million in Sudan
 9.3 million in Kenya and Burkina Faso; and
 Millions of other girls and women in other countries

4. The World Health Organization (WHO) has created four basic categories
of FGM, called Types 1-IV.

5. • partial or total removal of the
clitoris, with or without removal
of the prepuce.

6. - There are a few forms of Type II FGM.
- All of them involve cutting off part or
all of the labia minora, the two flaps of
skin on the sides of the vagina. The
forms of Type II FGM are :
 Type IIa: the labia minora are cut off.
 Type IIb: the labia minora and part of
the clitoris are cut off.
 Type IIc: partial or total removal of
the clitoris, the labia minora and the
labia majora.

7. Narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting
and appositioning the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or
without excision of the clitoris (infibulation). When it is important to
distinguish between variations in infibulations, the following subdivisions
are proposed:
 Type IIIa, removal and apposition of the labia minora
 Type IIIb, removal and apposition of the labia majora

8.  All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical
purposes, for example: pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and
cauterization.

9.  FGM can hurt women's physical and mental health throughout their
lives .
 The type of complications that people might have from FGM depend on
1. The type of FGM
2. Whether the FGM was done by someone with medical training
3. Whether sterile (clean and safe) tools were used

10.  Short-term complications" are problems caused by FGM soon after the
FGM happened.
 Common short-term complications include:
 Swelling
 Dangerous bleeding
 Pain
 Trouble urinating
 Infection
 trouble healing
 Gangrene ,Necrotizing fasciitis

11.  Scars, which can block urine and blood from getting out of the body.
 Cysts, which can become infected.
 Damage to the bladder and urethra
 Infibulated girls can have trouble or pain when urinating and
menstruating .

12.  FGM may increase a woman's risk of having problems during
pregnancy and childbirth.
 women who had infibulations are more likely to:
 Have third-degree lacerations (very bad skin tears around the vagina)
 Have damage to their anal sphincters from giving birth
 FGM also raises the risk that a woman's baby will die soon after it is born.

13.  anxiety,
 depression
 post-traumatic stress disorder.