Abortion of female foetus after undergoing a sex determination test is known as female foeticide . Dowry system ,preference for a male child, low status of women , etc are the few reasons for female foeticide. Consequences of which are skewed sex ratio, female trafficking, rape & women exploitation. Laws have been enacted to stop female foeticide . Commercial sex workers are females , males , trans genders who receive money or goods in exchange of sexual services .HIV infection is more prevalent in them due to indulging in such work. Measures are now been taken to improve their sexual health and self esteem.

1. Presented by :
Sakshi Kumari
Basic Bsc Nursing ,4 th year
Roll no. -31
Presented to :
Mrs Talita Kumibara
Clinical Tutor
College of Nursing ,RIMS

2. CONTENTS
FEMALE FOETICIDE
 Definition
 Causes
 Consequences
 Control measures
 Indian laws to stop female foeticide

COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS
 Definition
 Types
 Health issues related to CSW
 Factors influencing increased HIV prevalence in CSW
 Measures to promote health among CSW

3. INTRODUCTION
 Abortion of female foetus after undergoing a sex determination test is
known as female foeticide .
 Dowry system ,preference for a male child, low status of women , etc are
the few reasons for female foeticide. Consequences of which are skewed
sex ratio, female trafficking, rape & women exploitation.
 Laws have been enacted to stop female foeticide .
 Commercial sex workers are females , males , trans genders who receive
money or goods in exchange of sexual services .HIV infection is more
prevalent in them due to indulging in such work. Measures are now been
taken to improve their sexual health and self esteem.

4. FEMALE
FOETICIDE

5. DEFINITION
Female foeticide is the practice of aborting a foetus
when a person finds out that the foetus is female after
undergoing a sex determination test known as prenatal
diagnostics tests .

6. CAUSES OF FEMALE FOETICIDE
 DOWRY SYSTEM : A number of girls are killed inside the
womb due to fear of dowry by many poor class families .
 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION : Girls are considered as
financial obligation by many parents .They conceive that money
spent on a girl will be total waste as she will go to her in laws.
 RISE IN INFLATION : Due to rise in inflation parents
think hundred times before giving birth to a girl child . They worry
about educating and marrying their daughter.

7.  ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY : The advancement in
technology is the major cause of female foeticide.
Nowadays parent determines the sex of a child before birth
and kill if its not according to their choice.
 BETTERINVESTMENT : The idea that the male offspring will
better support the family financially leads to female
foeticide.
 CORRUPTION : It is another major factor in the rise of
female foeticide . Some of the doctors do this heinous act
to fulfill their money desire.

9. CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE FOETICIDE
 SKEWED SEX RATIO : In India , the number of girls is
declining with each passing decade. From 962 and 945 girls for
every 1000 boys in the years 1981 and 1991 respectively, the ratio
declined to a low of 914 girls born for 1000 boys in 2011.
 FEMALE /WOMEN TRAFFICKING : The steep decline
in the number of girls makes them scarce for the teaming number
of males eligible for marriage . As a result , illegal trafficking of
women has become commonplace in many regions.

10.  INCREASE IN RAPE AND ASSAULT : Once women
become an endangered species , the instances of rape ,assault , and
violence become widespread.
 POPULATION DECLINE : With no mothers to bear children
(male or female ), there will be fewer births leading to a decline in
population. Though population control is currently the goal of
many nations like China and India, a total wipeout of one sex is not
the way to achieve this target .

11.  MALE DOMINANT SOCIETY : Due to diminution in
the female population our society is becoming male
dominant , which is not a good indication.
 WOMEN EXPLOITATION: As there is decrease in
number of women ,men consider themselves more
superior and above law , which in turn results in
women exploitation.

13. CONTROL MECHANISM
1. There should be registration of all the nursing homes and
rigorous action should be taken against the defaulters.
2. Government must deploy national wide campaign to spread
cognizance among the people. They should aware the people
about the importance of girls and should not consider them as
stigma to their families.

14. 3. More reservation should be given to the girls in
education. Government should provide financial support
to those families who are not able to educate their
children.
4. Proper measures should be taken to implement anti
dowry law and culprits should be punished. Government
should provide financial support for the marriage of girls
belonging to poor families.

15. 5. There is a need to remove the myth of son preference
from our society only then this problem can be tackled.
6. Emphasis should be given to women empowerment.
Women education will help in eradicating this problem.
As the women will become independent, they can take
decision according to their volition.

16. LAWS IN INDIA TO STOP FEMALE
FOETICIDE
The Pre-Conception And Pre-Natal Diagnostic
Techniques (Regulation And Prevention of Misuse) Act,
1994:
To combat the practice of female foeticide in the country through misuse of
technology, done surreptitiously with the active connivance of the service providers
and the persons seeking such service, the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation
and Prevention of Misuse) Act was enacted on September 20, 1994. The Act was
amended in 2003 to improve regulation of technology capable of sex selection and to
arrest the decline in the child sex ratio as revealed by the Census 2001 and with effect
from 14.02.2003, due to the amendments, the Act is known as the Pre-conception and
Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act,1994.

17. Its Purposes:-
The main purpose of enacting the PC&PNDT (prohibition of Sex Selection)
Act, 1994 has been to:
I . Ban the use of sex selection techniques before or after conception.
ii. Prevent the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex selective
abortions.
iii. Stringent punishments have been prescribed under the Act for using
pre-conception and pre-natal diagnostic techniques to illegally determine
the sex of the foetus.

18.  The Indian Penal Code, 1860 :
Sections 312-316 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) deal
with miscarriage and death of an unborn child and
depending on the severity and intention with which
the crime is committed, the penalties range from
seven years of imprisonment and fine to life
imprisonment.

19. Government Action-Plan And
Policy Framework:
National Plan of Action exclusively for the girl child was
formulated in 1992 for the "Survival, Protection and
Development of the Girl Children". The Plan recognized the
rights of the girl child to equal opportunity, to be free from
hunger, illiteracy, ignorance and exploitation. Towards
ensuring survival of the girl child.

20. The objectives are to:
· Prevent cases of female feticide and infanticide and ban the practice
of amniocentesis for sex determination
· End gender disparity in infant mortality rate; eliminate gender
disparities in feeding practices, expand nutritional interventions to
reduce severe malnourishment by half and provide supplementary
nutrition to adolescent girls indeed
· Reduce deaths due to diarrhea by 50% among girl children under 5
years and ensure immunization against all forms of serious illnesses;
and provide safe drinking water and ensure access to fodder and
drinking water nearer home.

21. Balika Samriddhi Yojana:
The Yojana has been implemented for the purpose of:
1. To change the negative attitude of family and community.
2. To improve enrolment and retention of children in schools.
3. To raise the marriage age of girls.
4. To facilitate income opportunities to girl child.

22.  Besides having specific legislation and policy proclamations to
deal with this menace, the precipitating factors such as dowry,
poverty, and woman economic dependence etc., leading to the
problem of foeticide and infanticide have been addressed by
enacting various legislations as:
# Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961(Amended in1986)
# Immoral Traffic Prevention Act,1986
# Equal Remuneration Act,1976.

23. COMMERCIAL SEX
WORKERS

24. DEFINITION
 Female , male and transgender adults and young people
who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual
services ,either regularly or occasionally are called
commercial sex workers.

25. TYPES
 Street prostitutes
 Bar dancers
 Call girls
 Escort girls
 Road side brothel
 Child prostitutes

26. HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO
COMMERCIAL SEX WORK
 Stigmatization and marginalization .
 Limited access to health and social services .
 Increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases such as
HIV/AIDS .
Lack of health promotion programs and funds for improving health
of sex workers.

27. FACTORS INFLUENCING INCREASED HIV
PREVALENCE IN COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS
 Significant legal and institutional discrimination shown on sex workers
(male and female) put them in great struggle to meet their own health
and well being needs.
 Health service providers do not want to provide services to sex workers
 Law enforcement officials like police most often violate the human rights
of sex workers.
 Lack of programs and fundings .

28. MEASURES TO PROMOTE HEALTH AMONG
COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS
 Health education and information about HIV and sexual
health that reaches sex workers, clients and the broader
population.
 Access to appropriate medical services , condoms and
other prevention tools .
 Policies and laws that reduce sex workers ‘
marginalization and vulnerability to exploitation should
be implemented.

29.  Social , legal and psychological support should be
provided to sex workers.
NEW WHO GUIDELINES
1. Prevent discrimination of sex workers .
2. Improve access to health services for sex workers.
3. Interventions to empower sex workers.
4. Correct and consistent condom use .

31. SUMMARY
 Abortion of female foetus after undergoing a sex determination test is
known as female foeticide .
 Dowry system ,preference for a male child, low status of women ,etc
become the reasons for female foeticide . Consequences of which are
skewed sex ratio ,female trafficking, rape & women exploitation.
 Many laws are now been enacted to stop female foeticide .
 Commercial sex workers are females , males , trans genders who receive
money in exchange of sexual services .HIV infection is more prevalent in
them due to indulging in such work. Measures are now been taken to
improve their sexual health and self esteem.

32. REFERENCES
 BOOK
 INTERNET

33. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Manivannan D Shyamala ; “ Textbook of Community
Health Nursing -2” ; Page no. 182-195.
 Kumar K.K. Gulani ; “ Textbook of Community Health
Nursing (principles &practices)” ; Page no. 450-59
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.med.nic.in