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Febrile seizures in children 2021
1. Febrile Seizures
Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology,
Clinical Presentation, Complications,
Investigations, Management
Prof. Imran Iqbal
Fellowship in Pediatric Neurology (Australia)
Prof of Paediatrics (2003-2018)
Prof of Pediatrics Emeritus, CHICH
Prof of Pediatrics, CIMS
Multan, Pakistan
2. (God Almighty speaking to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
The Rahman (The All-Merciful Allah) has taught the Qur‘an.
He has created man. He has taught him (how) to express himself.
The Holy Quran; surah Al-Rahman 55:1-4
In the name of Our Creator Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful
9. Seizures in Children
Definition
• Seizure is a paroxysmal involuntary disturbance of brain
function that may manifest as impaired conscious level,
abnormal motor activity, behavioral abnormalities, sensory
disturbances or autonomic dysfunction
• Convulsion is a generalized seizure with increased tone and
tonic - clonic movements of the body
• Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an
enduring predisposition to generate seizures
• Epilepsy is recurrent seizures unrelated to fever or an acute
cerebral insult
13. Seizures in Children
Etiology - Recurrent Seizures
• Epilepsy
Idiopathic Epilepsy in children has a genetic basis
Epilepsy in children may be secondary to:
Hypoxic-ischemic injury to Brain
Cerebral Malformations
Degenerative Brain diseases
Epilepsy in children may be associated with:
Cerebral palsy
Intellectual disability / Mental handicap
15. Febrile Seizures
Definition
• A Febrile seizure is a seizure occurring in a child having fever
(100.4°F or greater) without central nervous system
infection or any disease predisposing to seizures
• Febrile seizures are likely to recur with next episode of fever
in 30 – 50 % of children
• Risk of developing Epilepsy in children with Febrile seizures
is 3 % in uncomplicated cases
16. Febrile Seizures
Epidemiology
• Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder and
most common neurological disorder in childhood
• Febrile seizures are seen in children aged 6 months to 5
years (rarely, 3 months and 6 years)
• Febrile seizures are seen in 3 % of children
17. Febrile Seizures
Etiology
• The exact underlying mechanism of febrile seizures is
unknown
• The increased activity of neurons during rapid brain
development may predispose to seizures in younger
children
• Inflammatory mediators, and cytokines, released during a
fever may contribute to the pathogenesis of febrile seizures
• There is a genetic basis to febrile seizures which are more
common in families
19. Febrile Seizures
Case Scenario
• An 18 months old child presents to the pediatric emergency
with sudden onset of jerky tonic-clonic movements of body
which lasted five minutes.
• Parents say the child was having runny nose and cough since
yesterday
• On examination, his weight is 10 kg and he has a
temperature of 102 F. Now he has no seizure activity but is
lethargic
• Mother mentions that the child did not have any such event
before.
• What will be your most likely initial diagnosis in this child ?
20. Febrile Seizures
Clinical Features - Fever
• Febrile seizures are associated with an abrupt rise of fever in
genetically-predisposed children
• Fever is usually more than 102 F (39 C)
• Most febrile seizures will occur during the first 24 hours of
developing a fever
• In many children, parents may not have noticed the fever till
the seizure occurs
• The cause of fever is usually a viral infection
21. Febrile Seizures
Clinical Features - Seizure
• Febrile Seizures are usually brief, lasting less than 5 minutes
• Most commonly, it is a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
• Child rapidly loses consciousness with open deviated eyes,
irregular breathing, increased secretions, and pallor
• Bilateral jerky movements occur
• Child may vomit or become incontinent
• After the seizure is over, child rapidly regains consciousness,
within an hour
24. Febrile Seizures
Evaluation
• History:
• Present illness – symptoms and signs
• Past History – seizures
• Development history – milestones
• Family History – epilepsy
• Physical Examination:
• General Physical Examination – cause of fever
• Neurological Examination – abnormal findings, SOMI
26. Febrile Seizures
Diagnosis
• Febrile Seizures – fever often high
• Febrile Seizures – infectious cause of fever usually present
• Febrile Seizures – past history of Febrile seizures often
present in the child or siblings
• Febrile Seizures – child is neurologically normal before the
seizure
• Febrile Seizures – child regains consciousness quickly
• Febrile Seizures – child is neurologically normal after the
seizure
• Febrile Seizures – no other disease explains for the seizure
30. Febrile Seizures
Acute Management
• General Management:
• Airway – Breathing – Circulation
• Oxygen by mask / nasal prongs
• Monitoring – GCS, Vitals, SaO2,
• Seizure Management:
• IV diazepam or IV midazolam (benzodiazepines)
• IV Leviteracetam (if needed)
• Fever Management:
• IV Paracetamol
• Sponging with water
31. Febrile Seizures
Long Term Management
• Control of Fever :
• Oral Paracetamol or Oral Ibuprofen (keep fever low)
• Sponging with water
• Seizure Management at home:
• Rectal diazepam
• Oral Midazolam
• Prevention of Seizures:
• Oral diazepam during febrile episodes
• Oral Phenobarbitone daily till 5 years of age