Features of clinical genetics by dr yogesh
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This document provides information about Dr. Yogesh Sontakke and his book "Principles of Clinical Genetics". Dr. Sontakke is an Associate Professor at Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research in Pondicherry, India. The book provides a concise overview of clinical genetics concepts through pointwise text, 122 flowcharts, tables, clinical case scenarios and solutions, figures, and special annexures. It is designed to help with exam preparation and revision in a time-efficient manner.
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Spinal Reflexes
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Spinal Nerve
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
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Anatomy of pons
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CNS Development
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- Development of the meninges and pituitary gland from surrounding tissues
The brainstem
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
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Spinal Nerve
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
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- Anatomy, boundaries, subdivisions and nuclei
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- Some hypothalamic disorders including hypothalamic obesity and memory dysfunctions
Medial longitudinal bundle
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a heavily myelinated bundle of fibers located near the midline of the brainstem. It extends from the midbrain to the cervical spinal cord and connects nuclei that control eye movements and neck musculature. The medial longitudinal fasciculus coordinates conjugate eye movements and associated movements of the head.
Posterior triangle
1. The posterior triangle is the triangular space behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck. It contains nerves, arteries, veins and lymph nodes.
2. The spinal accessory nerve and occipital artery pass through the upper part, while the subclavian artery and brachial plexus pass through the lower part.
3. The posterior triangle is divided into an upper occipital triangle and lower subclavian triangle by the omohyoid muscle. Structures in each triangle and potential spaces are described.
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Limbic system
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Spinal cord
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Cranial nerve
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The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
Cerebrospinal fluid(csf)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the brain, spinal cord, and subarachnoid space. It is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles and is absorbed by the arachnoid villi into the dural sinuses. CSF acts as a protective buffer and aids in nutrient exchange; its composition is similar to extracellular fluid with higher sodium than potassium levels. CSF pressure varies with body position and can be measured via lumbar puncture for diagnostic purposes.
Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
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Cranial nerve nuclei
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain with motor and/or sensory nuclei in the brain stem. Each cranial nerve has its own nucleus of origin or termination. These nuclei are arranged medio-laterally and include somatic, visceral, special, and general fibers. The medio-lateral arrangement includes sensory, special visceral efferent, general visceral efferent, general visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, general somatic afferent, and special somatic afferent. Cranial nerve nuclei are located in the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located in the posterior part of the forebrain and connects the midbrain to the cerebral hemispheres. It regulates many vital functions such as endocrine function, visceral functions, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and sexual functions. Some of its key roles include secreting hormones from the posterior pituitary, controlling the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibitory hormones, regulating adrenal function, autonomic nervous system, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger and food intake, and sleep-wake cycles. Dysfunctions can result in conditions like diabetes insipidus, Frohlich's syndrome, Kallmann's syndrome, and narcolepsy.
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Syllabus eng
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Anatomy of diencephalon
Neuroanatomy lecture by Dr. mohammed M. Mosaed
Al-Azhar faculty of medicine. ASSIUT. EYGEPT
Arar faculty of medicine Northern Border University.KSA
White matter of cerebrum dr.gosai
The white matter of the cerebrum contains three main types of nerve fibers: commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers. Commissural fibers such as the corpus callosum connect the two cerebral hemispheres. Association fibers like the superior longitudinal bundle connect different regions within the same hemisphere. Projection fibers including those in the internal capsule connect the cerebral cortex to lower brain centers. The internal capsule specifically contains fibers that project to and from the cortex and plays an important role in motor function. Damage to the internal capsule can thus cause contralateral hemiplegia.
Hypothalamus
This document provides information about the hypothalamus including its:
- Anatomy, boundaries, subdivisions and nuclei
- Connections including tracts that regulate the pituitary gland
- Main functions like controlling the endocrine system, autonomic nervous system, and roles in regulating behaviors
such as food intake, circadian rhythms, temperature, and sexual dimorphism
- Some hypothalamic disorders including hypothalamic obesity and memory dysfunctions
Medial longitudinal bundle
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a heavily myelinated bundle of fibers located near the midline of the brainstem. It extends from the midbrain to the cervical spinal cord and connects nuclei that control eye movements and neck musculature. The medial longitudinal fasciculus coordinates conjugate eye movements and associated movements of the head.
Posterior triangle
1. The posterior triangle is the triangular space behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck. It contains nerves, arteries, veins and lymph nodes.
2. The spinal accessory nerve and occipital artery pass through the upper part, while the subclavian artery and brachial plexus pass through the lower part.
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Limbic system
The limbic system is a set of brain structures that control emotional behaviors and motivational drives. It includes structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and others that are interconnected. The limbic system regulates survival behaviors like eating and sex. It also controls emotional states and integrates sensory information. The amygdala plays an important role in emotional behaviors and responses to stress. The hippocampus helps form long-term memories. The hypothalamus regulates many autonomic and endocrine functions as well as emotional behaviors.
Spinal cord
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. It describes the spinal cord as a cylinder of nerve tissue within the vertebral canal that acts as the information highway between the brain and body. 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord to innervate different regions of the body. The document outlines the meninges and spaces surrounding the spinal cord, cross-sectional anatomy showing gray matter and white matter tracts, spinal tracts facilitating sensory and motor signals, blood supply, nerves, plexuses, dermatomes, reflexes, and conditions like spinal cord injury and its classifications.
Cranial nerve
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It describes each nerve's function, whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed. For each nerve, it details the nerve's origin, pathway, targets, and role in sensation or motor control for areas such as the eyes, face, inner ear, and organs. The cranial nerves have important roles in functions like vision, hearing, balance, facial expression, swallowing, and innervation of internal organs.
Hypothalamus (2)
This document provides an overview of the hypothalamus presented by Dr. Nilesh Kate. It begins with objectives and definitions of the hypothalamus. It then covers the physiological anatomy including external features, subdivisions, nuclei and connections. Major sections discuss the functions of the hypothalamus in areas like autonomic function, sleep/wake cycles, food intake regulation, endocrine function, temperature regulation and more. The final section covers applied aspects like lesions of the hypothalamus and associated clinical conditions such as diabetes insipidus and narcolepsy.
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
Cerebrospinal fluid(csf)
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Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
Neuroanatomy | 1. Introduction to Neuroanatomy
This is the first lecture in neuroanatomy presented and taught by Ahmed Eljack to second level medical students at Alneelain University.
This lecture discussed the basics of neuroanatomy regarding anatomical terms, planes of section, anatomical divisions of the nervous system, and cells of the nervous system and their major functions.
Cerebrum
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
Cranial nerve nuclei
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain with motor and/or sensory nuclei in the brain stem. Each cranial nerve has its own nucleus of origin or termination. These nuclei are arranged medio-laterally and include somatic, visceral, special, and general fibers. The medio-lateral arrangement includes sensory, special visceral efferent, general visceral efferent, general visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, general somatic afferent, and special somatic afferent. Cranial nerve nuclei are located in the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located in the posterior part of the forebrain and connects the midbrain to the cerebral hemispheres. It regulates many vital functions such as endocrine function, visceral functions, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and sexual functions. Some of its key roles include secreting hormones from the posterior pituitary, controlling the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibitory hormones, regulating adrenal function, autonomic nervous system, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger and food intake, and sleep-wake cycles. Dysfunctions can result in conditions like diabetes insipidus, Frohlich's syndrome, Kallmann's syndrome, and narcolepsy.
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This document describes the features of a textbook on human histology by Dr. Yogesh Sontakke. The textbook contains concise text, 117 photomicrographs, 122 flowcharts, 106 practice figures, and 175 3D illustrations to aid visualization of microscopic structures. It also includes summary examination guides, markings for important concepts in national exams, boxes, tables, and clinical correlations. The author aims to provide comprehensive and easy to understand coverage of histology through various visual aids and organizational features to help students learn efficiently and perform well in their assessments.
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CONCEPT ANALYSISMindfulness in nursing an evolutionary co
CONCEPT ANALYSIS
Mindfulness in nursing: an evolutionary concept analysis
Lacie White
Accepted for publication 15 May 2013
Correspondence to L. White:
e-mail: [email protected]
Lacie White BScN RN
PhD Student
School of Nursing, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
W H I T E L . ( 2 0 1 4 ) Mindfulness in nursing: an evolutionary concept analysis.
Journal of Advanced Nursing 70(2), 282–294. doi: 10.1111/jan.12182
Abstract
Aim. To report an analysis of the concept of mindfulness.
Background. Mindfulness is an emerging concept in health care that has
significant implications for a variety of clinical populations. Nursing uses this
concept in limited ways, and subsequently requires conceptual clarity to further
identify its significance, use and applications in nursing.
Design. Mindfulness was explored using Rodgers evolutionary method of concept
analysis.
Data Sources. For this analysis, a sample of 59 English theoretical and research-
based articles from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
database were obtained. The search was conducted between all-inclusive years of
the database, 1981–2012.
Review Methods. Data were analysed with particular focus on the attributes,
antecedents, consequences, references and related terms that arose in relation to
mindfulness in the nursing literature.
Results. The analysis found five intricately connected attributes: mindfulness is a
transformative process where one develops an increasing ability to ‘experience
being present’, with ‘acceptance’, ‘attention’ and ‘awareness’. Antecedents,
attributes and consequences appeared to inform and strengthen one another over
time. Mindfulness is a significant concept for the discipline of nursing with
practical applications for nurse well-being, the development and sustainability of
therapeutic nursing qualities and holistic health promotion.
Conclusion. It is imperative that nurse well-being and self-care become a more
prominent focus in nursing research and education. Further development of the
concept of mindfulness could support this focus, particularly through rigorous
qualitative methodologies.
Keywords: concept analysis, evolutionary method, holistic, mindfulness, nursing,
presence, self-care
282 © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Introduction
Mindfulness is an emerging concept in health care that has
gained substantial interest in research communities in the
last two decades (Mindfulness Research Guide 2011).
Situated in 2,600-year-old Eastern Buddhist philosophy,
mindfulness was taught as a means to alleviate human
suffering (Matchim et al. 2011b) and cultivate compassion
(Ludwig & Kabat-Zinn 2008). The alleviation of suffering
is a universal concern, particularly relevant in the field of
health care where there is extensive contact with suffering,
and additionally healthcare providers themselves struggle to
maintain their own health and well-being in the midst o ...
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One of the key features of our brain is its ability to change and learn from experience. You're probably reading this very easily... but this isn't "natural" for your brain, it's something you must learn. The process of adapting to different situations doesn't stop after an injury (although it can be slowed down). Over the next few days, weeks, months, and even years, your brain continues to adapt, relearn, and change so that you can once again accomplish your daily goals, such as reading a book, developing relationships, or drinking a cup of tea. will be
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Comprehensive coverage: The handbook covers a wide range of topics related to rehabilitation and research. It includes information on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, as well as assessment and intervention strategies for various conditions. It also covers research methods, statistics, and data analysis.
Evidence-based: The handbook is based on the latest research and evidence in the field of rehabilitation and research. It provides a critical appraisal of the evidence and recommends best practices based on the available evidence.
User-friendly: The handbook is written in clear and concise language, making it easy to read and understand.
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- 2. About author: Dr Yogesh Sontakke MBBS, MD (Anatomy) dryogeshas@rediffmail.com, 7489164644 • Currently working as Associate professor (Anatomy) at Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) (An Institution of National Importance under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Pondicherry. • He author well-read books: 1. Principles of Clinical Genetics 2. Textbook of Human Histology 3. Textbook of Human Embryology 4. Principles of Histological Techniques, Immunohistochemistry and Microscopy 5. Principles of Scientific writing
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- 7. Clinical case scenario and their solutions to help for early clinical exposure.
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- 21. Neet markings: For preparation of various upcoming academic entrance examinations.
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