mall hydropower resources can play a very important role in providing electricity and power to the remote and rural areas of Tanzania where there is no feasible future for the grid extension. These types of small schemes can generate electricity up to a range of 1 MW. Tanzania has substantial number of small hydropower potential sites for electricity generation and to date it is estimated to be around 315 MW, however, only about 25MW (8%) of this potential have been developed so far, which means several number of potential sites, have not been studied and documented or have not been developed. This research presents the results of the feasibility study of six (6) un-tapped and un-studied small hydropower potential sites in Tanzania. The methodology used in this research was based on site visits, data measurements and collection (hydrological and Energy demand), information gathering, interviews and consultation, data analysis, designs and cost estimation.
The results showed that all the six (6) small hydropower sites studied are feasible and can potentially been developed to produce and supply cost effective electricity to the local off-grid areas as small hydropower plants.
SLP Consulting - Asian Rural Development FundSem de Moel
The document discusses providing off-grid electricity access in Myanmar through sustainable solutions like solar home systems and micro-hydro plants. It outlines plans to create an Asian Rural Development Fund that would indirectly finance such projects by working with local banks, microfinance institutions, and power suppliers. The business model involves the Fund providing debt financing to local partners to invest in energy systems, which would then be distributed and serviced in rural villages with customers paying monthly fees. Metrics and data are presented on potential project costs, repayment timelines, and pricing under the model. The goal is to increase electricity access, foster economic growth, and improve living standards across Myanmar.
Prospects of renewable energy resources and regional grid integration for fut...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses India's power scenario and electricity grids. It outlines the history of power development in India and the roles of load dispatch centers in managing the national grid. The country's electricity grid is divided into five regional grids interconnected by high voltage direct current links. These regional grids are also interconnected with neighboring countries' grids, allowing for power sharing and building economic relationships. As India's grid becomes more interconnected both within the country and internationally, it improves the economy and establishes India as one of the largest synchronous grids in the world.
This presentation summarizes India's hydropower sector, including the status of development, private sector participation, policies and regulations, barriers to development, and an action plan to accelerate hydropower. India has significant untapped hydropower potential but has only harnessed 30% so far. Private sector participation remains low at 7% of capacity due to barriers like land acquisition issues, lack of market incentives, and financing challenges. The government recently proposed a plan to the EFC to revive the sector by addressing issues in project development, strengthening policies and markets, and improving financing.
This presentation talks about the existing power scenario in India. It gives a statistical idea on the distribution of energy across India, and thus predicts India's future energy demands.
The document summarizes a forum on developing renewable energy in Northeast Asia and the Asia Super Grid concept. It discusses Mongolia's Gobitec project which aims to harness its vast wind and solar resources in the Gobi desert and supply 100GW of clean energy to Northeast Asia by 2030, making Mongolia an energy hub. The forum highlighted that the Asia Super Grid is technically feasible but faces political, financial and regulatory barriers. Speakers discussed various countries' plans for interconnectors and trading renewable energy regionally to increase energy security.
Rural Electrification Cooperative Model (Solar-PV) In Madhya Pradesh Najib Altawell
This document discusses establishing a rural electrification cooperative model in Madhya Pradesh, India using solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. It outlines the cooperative structure and principles, reviews existing rural electric cooperatives, and proposes establishing a pilot cooperative in the village of Hatod to provide electricity through a solar PV system. Key steps of the methodology include analyzing factors, compiling hardware and workforce details, conducting operational tests, and establishing the cooperative as a long-term sustainable enterprise.
Present globalised and consumerised world need sustainable development mechanism for the better tomorrow, without sustainable development we can`t stand here. Every part of the life need sustainability. For the energy sustainability SHPs are the good and viable option for better tomorrow. This Small Hydro Projects can make a big difference in many lives
SLP Consulting - Asian Rural Development FundSem de Moel
The document discusses providing off-grid electricity access in Myanmar through sustainable solutions like solar home systems and micro-hydro plants. It outlines plans to create an Asian Rural Development Fund that would indirectly finance such projects by working with local banks, microfinance institutions, and power suppliers. The business model involves the Fund providing debt financing to local partners to invest in energy systems, which would then be distributed and serviced in rural villages with customers paying monthly fees. Metrics and data are presented on potential project costs, repayment timelines, and pricing under the model. The goal is to increase electricity access, foster economic growth, and improve living standards across Myanmar.
Prospects of renewable energy resources and regional grid integration for fut...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses India's power scenario and electricity grids. It outlines the history of power development in India and the roles of load dispatch centers in managing the national grid. The country's electricity grid is divided into five regional grids interconnected by high voltage direct current links. These regional grids are also interconnected with neighboring countries' grids, allowing for power sharing and building economic relationships. As India's grid becomes more interconnected both within the country and internationally, it improves the economy and establishes India as one of the largest synchronous grids in the world.
This presentation summarizes India's hydropower sector, including the status of development, private sector participation, policies and regulations, barriers to development, and an action plan to accelerate hydropower. India has significant untapped hydropower potential but has only harnessed 30% so far. Private sector participation remains low at 7% of capacity due to barriers like land acquisition issues, lack of market incentives, and financing challenges. The government recently proposed a plan to the EFC to revive the sector by addressing issues in project development, strengthening policies and markets, and improving financing.
This presentation talks about the existing power scenario in India. It gives a statistical idea on the distribution of energy across India, and thus predicts India's future energy demands.
The document summarizes a forum on developing renewable energy in Northeast Asia and the Asia Super Grid concept. It discusses Mongolia's Gobitec project which aims to harness its vast wind and solar resources in the Gobi desert and supply 100GW of clean energy to Northeast Asia by 2030, making Mongolia an energy hub. The forum highlighted that the Asia Super Grid is technically feasible but faces political, financial and regulatory barriers. Speakers discussed various countries' plans for interconnectors and trading renewable energy regionally to increase energy security.
Rural Electrification Cooperative Model (Solar-PV) In Madhya Pradesh Najib Altawell
This document discusses establishing a rural electrification cooperative model in Madhya Pradesh, India using solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. It outlines the cooperative structure and principles, reviews existing rural electric cooperatives, and proposes establishing a pilot cooperative in the village of Hatod to provide electricity through a solar PV system. Key steps of the methodology include analyzing factors, compiling hardware and workforce details, conducting operational tests, and establishing the cooperative as a long-term sustainable enterprise.
Present globalised and consumerised world need sustainable development mechanism for the better tomorrow, without sustainable development we can`t stand here. Every part of the life need sustainability. For the energy sustainability SHPs are the good and viable option for better tomorrow. This Small Hydro Projects can make a big difference in many lives
Energy Management through Bio-gas Based Electricity Generation System during ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The scarcity of energy especially electrical energy is an acute problem and hinders the modern
economic development of a country. Most of the time only a small percentage of peoples have access to
use continuous electricity supply. But in this modern era, all types of arena like economies, households
and companies have extensive demand for electricity which is due to industrializat ion, extensive
urbanization, population growth, rising standard of living and modernization of the agricultural sector of a
country. Electricity generation from bio-gas plant through cowdungs of a dairy firm can mitigate the
electricity demand to some extends in rural areas, where biogas plant will act act as a backup supply
especially during load shedding. This research paper proposed an electricity generation system from bio -
gas, which can work as a secondary source of the electricity for all electrical appliances of a particular area
in a cost effective manner.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy resources and rural development in Myanmar. It details Myanmar's energy sector, policies, and status. Key renewable resources include hydropower (108,000 MW potential), biomass (significant potential from forestry and agriculture), and solar and wind power. The goals of renewable energy development are to ensure energy security and food security while reducing poverty and pollution. Examples of renewable projects discussed include solar home systems, micro-hydropower plants, biogas digesters, and the use of agricultural residues for gasification. The document also examines CDM possibilities in Myanmar.
The document provides information about Myanmar Engineering Society (MES) and the current status of energy in Myanmar. MES is the largest professional organization for engineers in Myanmar, with over 36,000 members. It aims to develop the engineering profession through various training programs. MES also works closely with the government on energy matters and has been coordinating energy activities with regional partners like ACE. Currently, Myanmar is aiming to increase energy access and electric power capacity to support its growing economy, while also promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Sustainable energy in India: A Paradigm ShiftAdarsh Tripathi
This presentation briefly introduces with the current scenario of Sustainable & Renewable Energy in India. It also includes various government policies & various case studies from the very remote villages & locations of India.
India has set capacity addition targets of 62,374 MW, 79,690 MW and 79,200 MW for the 11th, 12th and 13th five-year plans respectively. Thermal power remains India's most important energy source but there is still a supply-demand gap that has been increasing. The document discusses various options and challenges for increasing domestic coal production and supply as well as increasing imports to help meet demand. Demand side management including smart grids and demand response are presented as potential solutions to optimize resource utilization and strengthen energy security.
The document summarizes a seminar on energy efficiency and renewable energy held in Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. The seminar focused on the need for conservation of energy resources and use of renewable resources to meet growing energy demands. Speakers emphasized using renewable resources as fossil fuels are declining rapidly. Arunachal Pradesh has significant hydroelectric potential but many projects are facing delays. The seminar aimed to discuss issues, showcase technologies, and suggest ways forward for a sustainable energy future.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
This document discusses power development in Tamil Nadu. It notes that power infrastructure is critical for economic growth. While Tamil Nadu has one of the better power utilities in India, growing demand has led to power shortages. The state aims to become power surplus by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan through several strategies, including adding 20,000 MW of new generation capacity, prioritizing green energy like wind and solar, and investing in transmission and distribution networks. Key issues include dependence on coal, transmission constraints, and integrating variable renewable energy into the grid.
India has made progress in developing various sources of energy to meet its growing demand. Thermal power using coal is the largest source, providing over half of installed capacity. Hydropower and nuclear energy also contribute, with solar and wind power capacity expanding. However, transmission and distribution losses remain high at 23% and about one-third of rural areas still lack access to electricity. Energy efficiency and conservation measures can help address these challenges.
The document discusses the future of hydro power development in India. It notes that India has an identified hydro power potential of 145,320 MW but has only developed 40,195 MW so far, representing around 27.6% of its potential. Several challenges are hindering further development, including lengthy forest clearance processes, uncertainty around project approvals, issues evacuating power from remote areas, and high costs of land acquisition. The document calls for reforms like upfront forest clearances, restarting stalled projects, subsidies for infrastructure development, and clarifying policies around forest payments and land costs to boost hydro power development and meet India's energy needs.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
Introduction To India's Energy And Proposed Rural Solar-PV Electrification Najib Altawell
The document discusses rural electrification in India through solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It notes that over 400 million Indians lack access to electricity and many rely on biomass for cooking and kerosene for lighting. The government aims to achieve universal electrification by 2022 but has so far only met 1% of rural energy needs through renewables. The document advocates for solar PV as a way to bridge India's electricity gap and outlines various government incentives to promote solar development and installation of over 2 MW of solar capacity to date.
This document outlines the Government of Uttarakhand's policy for harnessing renewable energy sources with private sector participation. It aims to tap the state's significant potential for hydroelectric power (estimated at over 20,000 MW), as well as other renewable sources like biomass, waste-to-energy, solar, wind and geothermal power. Specific targets are set to develop over 1,000 MW of renewable capacity by 2020 through micro, mini and small hydro projects (600 MW), cogeneration (220 MW), biomass/waste (300 MW) and other sources. The policy provides measures like tax incentives to encourage private investment and help meet rural energy needs through decentralized renewable projects.
This document provides an overview of hydropower development in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's significant hydropower potential due to its abundant water resources and mountainous terrain. Key points include:
- Nepal has an estimated technical potential of 83,000 MW of hydropower, with over 50% considered financially feasible. However, only about 1% of this potential has been harnessed so far.
- The national power generation strategy aims to generate 4,000 MW of hydropower by 2027 to meet domestic demand and allow for exports.
- Hydropower projects are classified based on generation capacity as mini/micro, small, medium, or large. The majority of existing capacity comes from small hy
Final proof electricity ijbel vol 2-201308819641377
This document discusses a study examining the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in six economic corridors in Indonesia from 1984-2010. It provides background on electricity infrastructure and policy in Indonesia, reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the causal relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Indonesia, and describes the methodology used in this study, which employs Granger causality tests and error correction models on annual time series data from the six corridors. The key findings were uni-directional relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in some corridors but not others. The study aims to better inform regional electricity and development policies in Indonesia.
The power sector in India has undergone significant changes since independence in 1947. Initially, the sector was controlled by the British with a generating capacity of 1,362 MW. Post independence, the Electricity Supply Act of 1948 established the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Boards to regulate and supply power. Until the 1990s, state governments managed generation, transmission and distribution. Economic reforms in 1991 introduced privatization. The Electricity Act of 2003 further restructured the sector by introducing license-free generation, open access to transmission and gradual implementation of open access in distribution. Currently, India ranks 5th in production but faces issues like shortage of fuel, infrastructure gaps and high transmission losses that impact reliable supply.
The document discusses the history and development of electricity in India. It notes that the first demonstration of electric light in India was in Calcutta in 1879. It then provides statistics on India's current electricity sector, including total installed capacity as of 2015 of 281.423 GW, with 29% from renewable sources. It also states that India became the third largest electricity producer in the world in 2013. The document then discusses the government's "Power for All" scheme to ensure 24/7 electricity availability nationwide by 2022.
Indian energy scenario by saikat ghosh Saikat Ghosh
The document summarizes India's energy scenario and institutional structure for energy administration. It discusses the key ministries and policies related to energy sectors like power, coal, petroleum and gas. The power sector is a major focus, outlining the historical development and reforms since the 1990s to privatize generation and make the sector more competitive. Key policies and programs are mentioned like the Electricity Act of 2003, rural electrification efforts, ultra mega power projects and issues around transmission/distribution losses. The document provides an overview of India's energy landscape and the split of responsibilities between central and state governments.
DESIGN PLANNING OF MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLANT IN JANGAILULU RIVERIAEME Publication
Jangailuluvillage is a village that has not been reached by PLN, so people still use diesel fuel as a fuel for generators. Whereas in the village, there is potential for discharge and high fall which can be used as a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The PLTMH is planned to use a water level regulator (weir) that directs the flow to the intake channel and flows back towards the Jangailulu River. To determine the design debit using a mainstay discharge with a probability of 90%. The discharge is then used to determinethe hydraulic design of the carrier channel. Also, weirs are also needed to raise the water level. Determination of turbines using a graph of the ratio of height to fall and discharge. The results of Q90 discharge calculation = 0.650 m3 /s. The dam is planned with a width of 18 m and a height of 1.5 m. With a height falling of 8 m, the Jangailulu MHP uses a turbine propeller. The power generated from Jangailulu MHP is 33.39 kW
IRJET- The Power of Electricity and it’s Problems in IndiaIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses electricity generation and its role in India's economic development. It highlights how all sectors rely on electricity for basic needs and operations.
2) The major sources of electricity in India are described as hydroelectric, thermal using coal and gas, and nuclear. However, problems have arisen due to delays in projects, financial issues of state electricity boards, and high transmission and distribution losses.
3) While generation capacity has increased significantly over time, gaps remain between targets and achievements. Issues like cost recovery and inefficiencies have also contributed to regular power shortages across the country.
Future potential of small hydro power project in indiaIAEME Publication
This document discusses the future potential of small hydro power projects in India. It provides an overview of small hydro power, including its advantages compared to other renewable energy sources. Key points include:
- India has an estimated potential of 15,000 MW from small hydro projects. Over 14,000 MW of potential has been identified from 5,415 sites.
- Small hydro has lower generation costs, higher efficiency, and a longer lifespan than other renewable sources like biomass, wind, and solar.
- The document outlines the typical components of a small hydro power plant, including the reservoir, dam, intake gates, penstock, turbines, and generators.
Energy Management through Bio-gas Based Electricity Generation System during ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The scarcity of energy especially electrical energy is an acute problem and hinders the modern
economic development of a country. Most of the time only a small percentage of peoples have access to
use continuous electricity supply. But in this modern era, all types of arena like economies, households
and companies have extensive demand for electricity which is due to industrializat ion, extensive
urbanization, population growth, rising standard of living and modernization of the agricultural sector of a
country. Electricity generation from bio-gas plant through cowdungs of a dairy firm can mitigate the
electricity demand to some extends in rural areas, where biogas plant will act act as a backup supply
especially during load shedding. This research paper proposed an electricity generation system from bio -
gas, which can work as a secondary source of the electricity for all electrical appliances of a particular area
in a cost effective manner.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy resources and rural development in Myanmar. It details Myanmar's energy sector, policies, and status. Key renewable resources include hydropower (108,000 MW potential), biomass (significant potential from forestry and agriculture), and solar and wind power. The goals of renewable energy development are to ensure energy security and food security while reducing poverty and pollution. Examples of renewable projects discussed include solar home systems, micro-hydropower plants, biogas digesters, and the use of agricultural residues for gasification. The document also examines CDM possibilities in Myanmar.
The document provides information about Myanmar Engineering Society (MES) and the current status of energy in Myanmar. MES is the largest professional organization for engineers in Myanmar, with over 36,000 members. It aims to develop the engineering profession through various training programs. MES also works closely with the government on energy matters and has been coordinating energy activities with regional partners like ACE. Currently, Myanmar is aiming to increase energy access and electric power capacity to support its growing economy, while also promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Sustainable energy in India: A Paradigm ShiftAdarsh Tripathi
This presentation briefly introduces with the current scenario of Sustainable & Renewable Energy in India. It also includes various government policies & various case studies from the very remote villages & locations of India.
India has set capacity addition targets of 62,374 MW, 79,690 MW and 79,200 MW for the 11th, 12th and 13th five-year plans respectively. Thermal power remains India's most important energy source but there is still a supply-demand gap that has been increasing. The document discusses various options and challenges for increasing domestic coal production and supply as well as increasing imports to help meet demand. Demand side management including smart grids and demand response are presented as potential solutions to optimize resource utilization and strengthen energy security.
The document summarizes a seminar on energy efficiency and renewable energy held in Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. The seminar focused on the need for conservation of energy resources and use of renewable resources to meet growing energy demands. Speakers emphasized using renewable resources as fossil fuels are declining rapidly. Arunachal Pradesh has significant hydroelectric potential but many projects are facing delays. The seminar aimed to discuss issues, showcase technologies, and suggest ways forward for a sustainable energy future.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
This document discusses power development in Tamil Nadu. It notes that power infrastructure is critical for economic growth. While Tamil Nadu has one of the better power utilities in India, growing demand has led to power shortages. The state aims to become power surplus by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan through several strategies, including adding 20,000 MW of new generation capacity, prioritizing green energy like wind and solar, and investing in transmission and distribution networks. Key issues include dependence on coal, transmission constraints, and integrating variable renewable energy into the grid.
India has made progress in developing various sources of energy to meet its growing demand. Thermal power using coal is the largest source, providing over half of installed capacity. Hydropower and nuclear energy also contribute, with solar and wind power capacity expanding. However, transmission and distribution losses remain high at 23% and about one-third of rural areas still lack access to electricity. Energy efficiency and conservation measures can help address these challenges.
The document discusses the future of hydro power development in India. It notes that India has an identified hydro power potential of 145,320 MW but has only developed 40,195 MW so far, representing around 27.6% of its potential. Several challenges are hindering further development, including lengthy forest clearance processes, uncertainty around project approvals, issues evacuating power from remote areas, and high costs of land acquisition. The document calls for reforms like upfront forest clearances, restarting stalled projects, subsidies for infrastructure development, and clarifying policies around forest payments and land costs to boost hydro power development and meet India's energy needs.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
Introduction To India's Energy And Proposed Rural Solar-PV Electrification Najib Altawell
The document discusses rural electrification in India through solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It notes that over 400 million Indians lack access to electricity and many rely on biomass for cooking and kerosene for lighting. The government aims to achieve universal electrification by 2022 but has so far only met 1% of rural energy needs through renewables. The document advocates for solar PV as a way to bridge India's electricity gap and outlines various government incentives to promote solar development and installation of over 2 MW of solar capacity to date.
This document outlines the Government of Uttarakhand's policy for harnessing renewable energy sources with private sector participation. It aims to tap the state's significant potential for hydroelectric power (estimated at over 20,000 MW), as well as other renewable sources like biomass, waste-to-energy, solar, wind and geothermal power. Specific targets are set to develop over 1,000 MW of renewable capacity by 2020 through micro, mini and small hydro projects (600 MW), cogeneration (220 MW), biomass/waste (300 MW) and other sources. The policy provides measures like tax incentives to encourage private investment and help meet rural energy needs through decentralized renewable projects.
This document provides an overview of hydropower development in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's significant hydropower potential due to its abundant water resources and mountainous terrain. Key points include:
- Nepal has an estimated technical potential of 83,000 MW of hydropower, with over 50% considered financially feasible. However, only about 1% of this potential has been harnessed so far.
- The national power generation strategy aims to generate 4,000 MW of hydropower by 2027 to meet domestic demand and allow for exports.
- Hydropower projects are classified based on generation capacity as mini/micro, small, medium, or large. The majority of existing capacity comes from small hy
Final proof electricity ijbel vol 2-201308819641377
This document discusses a study examining the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in six economic corridors in Indonesia from 1984-2010. It provides background on electricity infrastructure and policy in Indonesia, reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the causal relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Indonesia, and describes the methodology used in this study, which employs Granger causality tests and error correction models on annual time series data from the six corridors. The key findings were uni-directional relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in some corridors but not others. The study aims to better inform regional electricity and development policies in Indonesia.
The power sector in India has undergone significant changes since independence in 1947. Initially, the sector was controlled by the British with a generating capacity of 1,362 MW. Post independence, the Electricity Supply Act of 1948 established the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Boards to regulate and supply power. Until the 1990s, state governments managed generation, transmission and distribution. Economic reforms in 1991 introduced privatization. The Electricity Act of 2003 further restructured the sector by introducing license-free generation, open access to transmission and gradual implementation of open access in distribution. Currently, India ranks 5th in production but faces issues like shortage of fuel, infrastructure gaps and high transmission losses that impact reliable supply.
The document discusses the history and development of electricity in India. It notes that the first demonstration of electric light in India was in Calcutta in 1879. It then provides statistics on India's current electricity sector, including total installed capacity as of 2015 of 281.423 GW, with 29% from renewable sources. It also states that India became the third largest electricity producer in the world in 2013. The document then discusses the government's "Power for All" scheme to ensure 24/7 electricity availability nationwide by 2022.
Indian energy scenario by saikat ghosh Saikat Ghosh
The document summarizes India's energy scenario and institutional structure for energy administration. It discusses the key ministries and policies related to energy sectors like power, coal, petroleum and gas. The power sector is a major focus, outlining the historical development and reforms since the 1990s to privatize generation and make the sector more competitive. Key policies and programs are mentioned like the Electricity Act of 2003, rural electrification efforts, ultra mega power projects and issues around transmission/distribution losses. The document provides an overview of India's energy landscape and the split of responsibilities between central and state governments.
DESIGN PLANNING OF MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLANT IN JANGAILULU RIVERIAEME Publication
Jangailuluvillage is a village that has not been reached by PLN, so people still use diesel fuel as a fuel for generators. Whereas in the village, there is potential for discharge and high fall which can be used as a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The PLTMH is planned to use a water level regulator (weir) that directs the flow to the intake channel and flows back towards the Jangailulu River. To determine the design debit using a mainstay discharge with a probability of 90%. The discharge is then used to determinethe hydraulic design of the carrier channel. Also, weirs are also needed to raise the water level. Determination of turbines using a graph of the ratio of height to fall and discharge. The results of Q90 discharge calculation = 0.650 m3 /s. The dam is planned with a width of 18 m and a height of 1.5 m. With a height falling of 8 m, the Jangailulu MHP uses a turbine propeller. The power generated from Jangailulu MHP is 33.39 kW
IRJET- The Power of Electricity and it’s Problems in IndiaIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses electricity generation and its role in India's economic development. It highlights how all sectors rely on electricity for basic needs and operations.
2) The major sources of electricity in India are described as hydroelectric, thermal using coal and gas, and nuclear. However, problems have arisen due to delays in projects, financial issues of state electricity boards, and high transmission and distribution losses.
3) While generation capacity has increased significantly over time, gaps remain between targets and achievements. Issues like cost recovery and inefficiencies have also contributed to regular power shortages across the country.
Future potential of small hydro power project in indiaIAEME Publication
This document discusses the future potential of small hydro power projects in India. It provides an overview of small hydro power, including its advantages compared to other renewable energy sources. Key points include:
- India has an estimated potential of 15,000 MW from small hydro projects. Over 14,000 MW of potential has been identified from 5,415 sites.
- Small hydro has lower generation costs, higher efficiency, and a longer lifespan than other renewable sources like biomass, wind, and solar.
- The document outlines the typical components of a small hydro power plant, including the reservoir, dam, intake gates, penstock, turbines, and generators.
Hydropower projects in Nepal_Country ReportHari Shrestha
Hydropower Projects in Nepal: Status, Issues and Solutions document summarizes Nepal's hydropower potential and development status. Nepal has over 83,000 MW of hydropower potential but has only developed 851 MW so far. Key issues facing hydropower development include difficult financing, lack of coordination between agencies, transmission infrastructure challenges, and managing community expectations. The government is working to address these issues through policies supporting private investment and measures to increase local community benefits and participation in projects.
Designing of Micro-grid for Rural Electrification Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a microgrid for rural electrification in India. It begins with background on the need for rural electrification in India, where about 20% of the population still lacks access to electricity. It then provides an overview of microgrids and their advantages over traditional grids. The document describes using HOMER software to simulate and optimize microgrid designs based on net present cost. It also presents a case study of designing a microgrid for an unelectrified rural area in India with a daily average load of 499.64 kW and peak load of 1747.4 kW, to be powered by solar, wind, and hydro renewable sources along with an energy storage system. Key considerations for the microgrid design are
This document presents the results of a case study on residential energy consumption and awareness of energy management systems in Kajang and Putrajaya, Malaysia. Questionnaires were distributed to 384 residents to collect data on appliance usage and opinions. Actual energy consumption was also measured using a power quality analyzer. The study found that average daily energy use was 25.8 kWh on weekends and 21.9 kWh on weekdays, with air conditioners accounting for 11.5 kWh daily. Most respondents (89.1%) reported awareness of energy usage and willingness to use home automation to reduce bills.
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Feasibility study of un tapped small hydropower potential sites in tanzania
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Volume7, Issue 6, June 2018
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF UN-TAPPED SMALL HYDROPOWER
POTENTIAL SITES IN TANZANIA
Daniel H. Ngoma1)
, Kishiwa Magembe2)
, ,Halidini H. Sarakikya3)
, Baraka Nzoshe4)
, Ramadhani Kupaza5)
todngoma@yahoo.com1
, kmagembe@live.com2
, sarakikyazablon@yahoo.com3
, bnzoshe@gmail.com4
, rkupaza@gmail.com5
1
Mechanical Engineer, Renewable Energy Expert and Assistant Lecturer, Arusha Technical College (ATC), P. O. Box 296, Arusha –
Tanzania and PhD Candidate, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
2
Civil Engineer and Assistant Lecturer, Arusha Technical College (ATC), P. O Box 296, Arusha – Tanzania
3
Electrical Engineer and PhD Candidate, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
4
Land Surveyor, Geomatic Engineer and Assistant Lecturer, Arusha Technical College (ATC), P. O Box 296, Arusha – Tanzania
5
Environment and Development Consultant, P. O. Box 4 Duluti, Arusha – Tanzania
Abstract
Small hydropower resources can play a very important role in providing electricity and power to the remote and rural
areas of Tanzania where there is no feasible future for the grid extension. These types of small schemes can generate
electricity up to a range of 1 MW. Tanzania has substantial number of small hydropower potential sites for electricity
generation and to date it is estimated to be around 315 MW, however, only about 25MW (8%) of this potential have been
developed so far, which means several number of potential sites, have not been studied and documented or have not been
developed. This research presents the results of the feasibility study of six (6) un-tapped and un-studied small hydropower
potential sites in Tanzania. The methodology used in this research was based on site visits, data measurements and
collection (hydrological and Energy demand), information gathering, interviews and consultation, data analysis, designs
and cost estimation.
The results showed that all the six (6) small hydropower sites studied are feasible and can potentially been developed to
produce and supply cost effective electricity to the local off-grid areas as small hydropower plants.
Keywords: Feasibility, Micro hydropower, Energy, Power, kW, REA, TZS, Tanzania.
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General overview of the study
The majority of rural Tanzanians has no access to modern energy services and relies on traditional type of energy sources
which are harmful to their health and the environment [1]. The government maintains that rural Tanzania cannot be
transformed into a modern economy and that rural Tanzanian’s livelihoods cannot be improved significantly without a
dramatic improvement in their access to modern energy services [2].
Tanzania National Energy Policy 2015 sets national energy objectives to ensure availability of reliable and affordable
energy supplies, promote efficient energy supplies, and also promote efficient energy use in order to support national
development goals [3]. The Policy recognizes that the main thrust has to be based on private initiatives and investments
for exploitation of local energy sources. The Policy sets an entirely new approach to modern energy in rural areas of
Tanzania and the government has committed itself to develop and implement the new strategy to address modern energy
needs of over 85% of Tanzanians living in rural areas [4].
An improved energy supply in the rural areas of Tanzania through public and private sector participation, will contribute
significantly in improvement of the livelihoods of the rural population and attainment of sustainable economic growth [5].
In realizing this, the Rural energy Agency (REA) and other organs were established and entrusted to promote and
facilitate rural energy development by working in partnership and collaboration with the private sector, Non-
Governmental Organizations, Community-Based Organizations and Government Agencies [6].
With these reasons and the support from the Rural Energy Agency (REA) and Arusha Technical College, the research
team managed to conduct feasibility studies of six (6) un-tapped potential small hydropower sites in Tanzania in order to
update the current small hydropower potential studies.
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1.2 Objectives of the study
• Conducting detailed feasibility study of six (6) potential small hydropower potential sites: Mtombozi, Likwela,
Nungu, Mambwe, Kasansa and Ludende as shown on Figure 1.
• Determining, design and provide estimates of the structures required to construct Micro and Mini Hydropower
systems at each of the potential site
• Conducting financial analysis on each of the six (6) small hydropower sites
II. MATERIALS
The six (6) proposed hydropower development schemes are located in the following Tanzania mainland districts of
Kasansa – Mpanda, Mambwe - Rungwe, Nungu – Makete, Likwela – Mbinga, Mtombozi – Rural Morogoro and Ludende
– Ludewa as shown on Figure 1.
Figure 1: Six (6) schemes location of the small hydropower potential sites
2.1 Mtombozi Scheme:
This scheme will have the installed capacity of 100 kW with design discharge of 580 l/s and gross head of 25 m. The
nearest road head for this scheme is Morogoro – Matombo - Lugeni Village and the site is about several meters from
Lugeni village. The project area is located in Lugeni Village, Mtombozi Ward, Matombo Division, Morogoro Rural
District, in Morogoro Region. Matombo lies to the south in the area of Uluguru Mountains. Specifically, the project site is
located along Mtombozi river on the eastern side of Uluguru Mountains at Lat/Long: -6.82, 37.67. Mtombozi is accessible
by road from Morogoro town which is 36 Km away and it is accessible by road from Dar es Salaam which is 169 Km
away. Main load power center will be in ward no. 1 of Lugeni village. Lighting is the primary use and as a secondary use,
small businesses, shops and agro-processing mills and social centers are proposed. 450mm dia. mild steel pipe, 4mm thick
has been proposed in the penstock. The total length of the penstock is 400m. There will be three (3) expansion joints and
ten (10) anchor blocks. There will be fifteen (15) support piers. The discharge from the penstock will be passed through
135 kW shaft power, Cross flow or Francis turbine and generator system will be used for the scheme which will have is
150 kVA, 3-Phase, synchronous, brushless generators. The total project cost of the Mtombozi scheme is TZS.
1,081,860,679 (Including VAT and Contingency). The cost of Mechanical works, electrical works, civil works and other
expenses are TZS. 325,865,250, TZS. 36,508,000, TZS. 416,808,000 and TZS. 236,657,024 respectively. Cost per kW of
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the project is TZS. 10,818,606.8. Tariff for business use has been fixed to TZS.150 per unit (kWh). Tariff rate at 500 Watt
per household is fixed for lighting purpose after conducting financial analysis. The proposed sources of finance to develop
Mtombozi small hydropower project is summarized on Table 2.1.
Financial Features:
Total Investment Cost of Scheme : TZS. 1,081,860,679 (Including VAT and Contingency)
Investment Cost per kW : TZS. 10,818,606.8
IRR : 18.5%
NPV : TZS. 413,576,842
B/C Ratio : 1.33
Payback Period : 7.5 Years
Annuity Payment : TZS. 21,638,167
Table 2.1: Proposed Sources of Finance
Amount Share
S/N Source (TZS) (%) Remarks
1 World bank Grant or other 540,930,339.5 50
2 REA Grant/Subsidy 270,465,169.5 25
3 Local government support 54,093,033.95 5
4 Local Labour & Materials 21,637,213.58 2 Item 4, 5 and 6
should be collected5 Community cash contribution 32,455,820.37 3
by community6 Bank Loan by Community 162,279,101.9 15
Total 1,081,860,679 100
2.2 Likwela Scheme:
The scheme will have the installed capacity of 150 kW with design discharge of 1,220 l/s and gross head of 20 m. The
nearest road head for this scheme is Songea – Mbinga - Likwela Village and the site is about few meters from Likwela
village. Likwela proposed small hydropower scheme is in Likwela village, Mbinga district, Ruvuma region. It is about 25
km (through gravel road) from Mbinga town. The site is located at an average elevation of about 1475m above mean sea
level. The site is located along Lumeme river. The river floor has a gentle slope along the river valley and fairly steep
across the river-valley. Main load power center will be in ward no. 1 of Likwela village. Lighting is the primary use and as
a secondary use, small businesses, shops and agro-processing mills and social centers are proposed. A 500mm diameter
mild steel pipe, 4mm thick has been proposed in the penstock. The total length of the penstock is 350m. There will be
three (3) expansion joints and twelve (12) anchor blocks. There will be eighteen (18) support piers. The discharge from
the penstock will be passed through 175 kW shaft power, Cross flow or Francis turbine and generator system will be used
for the scheme which will have 200 kVA, 3-Phase, synchronous, brushless generators. The length of Transmission is
1,525m. Transmission network is designed for both single phase and three phase connections. The total project cost of the
Likwela scheme is TZS. 1,043,856,155 (Including VAT and Contingency). The cost of Mechanical works, electrical
works, civil works and other expenses are TZS. 387,027,250, TZS. 61,108,250, TZS. 520,597,000 and TZS. 292,279,724
respectively. Cost per kW of the project is TZS. 8,907,572. Tariff for business use has been fixed to TZS.150 per unit
(kWh). Tariff rate of 500 Watt per household is fixed for lighting purpose after conducting financial analysis. The
proposed sources of finance to develop Likwela small hydropower project is summarized on Table 2.2.
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Financial Features:
Total Investment Cost of Scheme : TZS. 1,336,135,879 (Including VAT and Contingency)
Investment Cost per kW : TZS. 8,907,572.5
IRR : 21.5%
NPV : TZS. 945,514,753.7
B/C Ratio : 1.62
Payback Period : 7.5 Years
Annuity Payment : TZS. 26,721,847
Table 2.2: Proposed Sources of Finance
Amount Share
S/N Source (TZS) (%) Remarks
1 World bank Grant or other 521,928,077.5 50
2 REA Grant/Subsidy 260,964,038.8 25
3 Local government support 52,192,807.75 5
4 Local Labour & Materials 20,877,123.1 2 Item 4, 5 and 6
should be collected5 Community cash contribution 31,315,684.65 3
by community6 Bank Loan by Community 156,578,423.3 15
Total 1,043,856,155 100
2.3 Nungu Scheme:
This scheme will have the installed capacity of 125 kW with design discharge of 700 l/s and gross head of 25 m. The
nearest road head for this scheme is Makete – Matamba – Nungu Village and the site is about several meters from Nungu
village. It is about 20 km (through earth road) from Chimala neighborhood. The site is located at an average elevation of
about 1,925 m above mean sea level. The site is located along Misi river. The river has a fairly steep slope across the
river-valley and a small fall along the valley just near the site. Main load power center will be in ward no. 1 of Nungu
village. Lighting is the primary use and as a secondary use, small businesses and agro-processing mills and social centers
are proposed. 450mm diameter mild steel pipe, 4mm thick has been proposed in the penstock. The total length of the
penstock is 200m. There will be three (3) expansion joints and ten anchor blocks. There will be fifteen (15) support piers.
The discharge from the penstock will be passed through 140 kW shaft power, Cross flow or Francis turbine and generator
used for the scheme is 150 kVA, 3-Phase, synchronous, brushless generators. The length of Transmission is 2,508m.
Transmission network is designed for both single phase and three phase connections. The total project cost of the Nungu
scheme is TZS. 1,143,740,999 (Including VAT and Contingency). The cost of Mechanical works, electrical works, civil
works and other expenses are TZS. 324,187,250, TZS. 55,708,000, TZS. 447,630,000 and TZS. 250,193,344 respectively.
Cost per kW of the project is TZS. 9,149,928. Tariff for business use has been fixed to TZS. 150 per unit (kWh). Tariff
rate at 500 Watt per household is fixed for lighting purpose after conducting financial analysis. The proposed sources of
finance to develop Nungu small hydropower project is summarized on Table 2.3.
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Financial Features:
Total Investment Cost of Scheme : TZS. 1,143,740,999 (Including VAT and Contingency)
Investment Cost per kW : TZS. 9,179,928
IRR : 21%
NPV : TZS. 753,539,011.7
B/C Ratio : 1.57
Payback Period : 7.7 Years
Annuity Payment : TZS. 22,874,820
Table 2.3: Proposed Sources of Finance
Amount Share
S/N Source (TZS) (%) Remarks
1 World bank Grant or other 571,870,499.5 50
2 REA Grant/Subsidy 285,935,249.8 25
3 Local government support 57,187,049.95 5
4 Local Labour & Materials 22,874,819.98 2 Item 4, 5 and 6
should be collected5 Community cash contribution 34,312,229.97 3
by community6 Bank Loan by Community 176,061,149.9 15
Total 1,143,740,999 100
2.4 Mambwe Scheme:
The scheme will have the installed capacity of 100 kW with design discharge of 160 l/s and gross head of 78 m. The
nearest road head for this scheme is Tukuyu - Ruangwa-Mambwe and the site is about several meters from Mambwe
village. Mambwe proposed small hydropower scheme is in Lupatu village, Rungwe district, Mbeya region. It is about 25
km (through gravel road) from Tukuyu town. The site is located along Kapiyu river at an average elevation of about 1,250
m above mean sea level. This river has a gentle slope across the stream-valley, and a small fall along the stream just near
the site. Main load power center will be in ward no. 1 of Mambwe village. Lighting is the primary use and as a secondary
use, small businesses and agro-processing mills and social centers are proposed. 400mm diameter mild steel pipe, 4mm
thick has been proposed in the penstock. The total length of the penstock is 700m. There will be four (4) expansion joints
and twenty (20) anchor blocks. There will be thirty (30) support piers. The discharge from the penstock will be passed
through 2 x 65 kW shaft power, Pelton turbine and generator used for the scheme is 2 x 60 kVA, 3-Phase, synchronous,
brushless generators. The length of Transmission is 760 m. Transmission network is designed for both single phase and
three phase connections. The total project cost of the Mambwe scheme is TZS. 950,647,879 (Including VAT and
Contingency). The cost of mechanical works, electrical works, civil works and other expenses are TZS. 276,132,250,
TZS. 38,108,000, TZS. 346,572,000 and TZS. 207,954,224 respectively. Cost per kW of the project is TZS. 9,506,478.8.
Tariff for business use has been fixed to TZS.150 per unit (kWh). Tariff rate of 500 watt per household is fixed for
lighting purpose after conducting financial analysis. The proposed sources of finance to develop Mambwe small
hydropower project is summarized on Table 2.4.
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Financial Features:
Total Investment Cost of Scheme : TZS. 950,647,879 (Including VAT and Contingency)
Investment Cost per kW : TZS. 9,506,478.8
IRR : 20%
NPV : TZS. 496,793,107.1
B/C Ratio : 1.45
Payback Period : 7.5 Years
Annuity Payment : TZS. 19,012,957
Table 2.4: Proposed Sources of Finance
Amount Share
S/N Source (TZS) (%) Remarks
1 World bank Grant or other 475,323,939.5 50
2 REA Grant/Subsidy 237,661,969.8 25
3 Local government support 47,532,393.95 5
4 Local Labour & Materials 19,012,957.58 2 Item 4, 5 and 6
should be collected5 Community cash contribution 28,519,436.37 3
by community6 Bank Loan by Community 142,597,181.9 15
Total 950,647,879 100
2.5 Kasansa Scheme:
This scheme will have the installed capacity of 9 kW with design discharge of 35 l/s and gross head of 35m. The nearest
road head for this scheme is Mpanda – Majimoto – Kasansa and the site is about few meters from Kasansa village.
Proposed Kasansa micro hydropower scheme is in Kasansa village, Mlele district, Katavi region. It is about 150 km (earth
road) from Mpanda town. The site is located at an average elevation of about 925 m above mean sea level. The scheme
stream has a fairly steep slope, both along and across the stream valley. The site is near the ending of the Kasansa small
river, where it opens to the Rukwa rift valley. Main load power center will be in ward no. 1 of Kasansa village. Lighting is
the primary use and as a secondary use small businesses and hospital vaccination and sterilization are proposed. 200mm
diameter mild steel pipe, 3.5mm thick has been proposed in the penstock. The total length of the penstock is 185 m. There
will be two (2) expansion joints and ten (10) anchor blocks. There will be fifteen (15) support piers. The discharge from
the penstock will be passed through 12 kW shaft power, Pelton turbine and generator used for the scheme is 15 kVA, 3-
Phase, synchronous, brushless generator. The total project cost of the Kasansa scheme is TZS. 194,754,505 (Including
VAT and Contingency). The cost of mechanical works, electrical works, civil works and other expenses are TZS.
45,313,250, TZS. 37,658,000, TZS. 62,400,000 and TZS. 49,316,472 respectively. Cost per kW of the project is TZS.
12,797,181.49. Tariff rate at 200 Watt per household is fixed for lighting purpose after conducting financial analysis. The
proposed sources of finance to develop Kasansa Micro hydropower project is summarized on Table 2.5.
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Financial Features:
Total Investment Cost of Scheme : TZS. 194,687,722 (Including Contingency and VAT)
Investment Cost per kW : TZS. 12,797,181.49
IRR : 14%
NPV : TZS. 21,992,951.27
B/C Ratio : 1.12
Payback Period : 6 Years
Annuity Payments : TZS. 3,235,090
Table 2.5: Proposed Sources of Finance
Amount Share
S/N Source (TZS) (%) Remarks
1 REA Grant/Subsidy 146,015,791.5 75
2 Local government support 9,734,386.1 5
3 Local Labour & Materials 3,893,754.4 2 Item 4, 5 and 6
should be collected4 Community Cash Contribution 5,840,631.7 3
by community5 Bank Loan by Community 29,203,158.3 15
Total 194,687,722 100
2.6 Ludende Scheme:
The scheme will have the installed capacity of 100 kW with design discharge of 164 l/s and gross head of 60 m. The
nearest road head for this scheme is through Njombe - Mlangali to Ludende and the site is about one Kilometer from
Ludende village and few additional Kilometers to the other three (3) villages of Madindo, Mlulu and Mhorong’wa. It is
about 130 km (through gravel road) from Njombe township. The site is located along Vombwi small river at an average
elevation of about 1,650 m above mean sea level. The main load power center will be in village no.1 of Ludende. Lighting
is the primary use and as of secondary use, small businesses and agro-processing mills and social centers are proposed.
For the design, 400mm diameter mild steel pipe, 4mm thick has been proposed for the penstock. The total length of the
penstock is 200 m. There will be three (3) expansion joints and twenty (20) anchor blocks. Also, there will be twenty-five
(25) support piers. The discharge from the penstock will be passed through 120 kW shaft power, Pelton turbine and
generator used for the scheme is 120 kVA, 3-Phase, synchronous, brushless generators. The length of Transmission to the
main load center (Ludende village) is about 1.5 Km. The transmission network to the other three (3) villages load power
centers from the main load center is designed for both single phase and three phase connections. The total project cost of
the Ludende scheme is TZS. 949,482.772 (Including VAT and Contingency). The cost of mechanical works, electrical
works, civil works and other expenses are TZS. 223,632.250, TZS. 121,278,000, TZS. 302,432,000 and TZS. 217,986,030
respectively. Investment cost per kW of the project is TZS. 7,314,967. Tariff for business use has been fixed to TZS.150
per unit (kWh). Tariff rate of 500 watt per household is fixed for lighting purpose after conducting financial analysis. The
proposed sources of finance to develop Ludende small hydropower project is summarized on Table 2.6.
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Financial Features
Total Investment Cost of Scheme : TZS. 949,482,772 (Including VAT and Contingency)
Investment Cost per kW : TZS. 7,314,967
IRR : 12 %
NPV : TZS. 129,096,425.09
B/C Ratio : 1.12
Loan Payback Period : 8 Years
Loan Annuity Payment : TZS. 12,352,025.60
Table 2.6: Proposed Sources of Finance
Amount Share
S/N Source (TZS) (%) Remarks
1 Donors/World Bank/European
Union Grant 474,741,386 50
2 REA Grant/Subsidy 284,844,837.6 30
3 Local government support 47,474,138.6 5
4 Local Labour & Materials 18,989,655.44 2 Item 4, 5 and 6
should be collected5 Community cash contribution 28,484,483.16 3
by community6 Bank Loan by Community 94,948,277.2 10
Total 100
III. METHODOLODY
3.1 Procedures
Several procedures have been conducted prior and during the feasibility study in order to facilitate the collection of site
information and conducting field work. Some of the procedures include:
(i) Consultations with stakeholders: Local government leaders were consulted
• To assess the leader’s extent of support to the projects
• To seek for official introduction to the members of the communities located at or near the project sites
• To collect information on major events like recent droughts or floods that have occurred at project sites
(ii) Detailed Assessment of Social and Environmental setting in relation to the proposed projects including
• Community energy needs
• Community willingness to volunteer labour
• Existing land systems and uses at the sites
• Land ownership regimes at the sites
• Ecology of natural resources at the sites
• Positive and negative influences of projects to society and environment
(ii) Collection of resource and social – development documents associated with the proposed sites
• District environmental profiles
• District economic profiles
• Administrative site reports
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(iv) Estimation and Economic Analysis
The methodology used to make estimations and economic analysis of the projects was as follows:
• Costing was done by collecting quotation of electrical, electronics, mechanical equipment, and the line materials
needed for the project from various manufacturers and suppliers
• Preparation of detailed estimates of the project construction costs and annual operation and management cost
based on approved designs and updated norms
• Calculation of tariff rates for the electricity uses, including all recommended end uses, so that the tariff is based on
an affordable range for all the users and the fund generated. The fund generated from the tariffs is calculated such
that it becomes sufficient for the annual operation and maintenance costs and replacement costs of the project
components
• Preparation of economic analysis showing economic parameters like IRR, NPV and Payback Period on the basis
of cash flows on each scheme
3.2 Energy potentials and uses
The main sources of energy in most of these site locations are fuel wood, kerosene, dry cell and charcoal. Household’s
uses firewood and charcoal for cooking, water heating and local brew making. Similarly, almost all houses use kerosene
lamp and lantern for lighting. There is a possibility of promoting hydropower technology in and around the project area
due to the availability of the flowing water from the nearby rivers.
Activities like cooking human food, animal food and making local brew are mostly carried out with firewood and
charcoal. Lighting is another important activity performed in the household. Lighting hours per day in the settlements are
about 6 -7 hours. However, the lighting hours in these project areas has been provisioned to 6.5 hours as per the
suggestion and demand from the community members.
The proposed hydropower potential sites would supply electricity to some of the nearby villages. Average power demand
per household has been taken as 150 Watts on average although a maximum of 500 Watts have been set. Moreover, the
communities are interested to run mills for maize milling and establish different energy end uses after the introduction of
hydropower plants.
3.3 Socio-economic condition and affordability
The projects areas is mostly inhabited by people whose livelihood is based on crop production particularly bananas,
maize, rice, sugar, bananas, potatoes, cassava, tobacco and yams. They also generate income by selling various types of
fruits and spices like cloves and ginger.
Income from agriculture is limited because land is scarce due to overpopulation and scarcity of land in these areas. The
population increase is up to 6.5% [7]. Deforestation and other resource degradation contribute to scarcity of land in the
site areas.
Some population from the project areas migrate to towns and cities where they work and do business. But they maintain
homes and families back in these project areas. Therefore, they are able to pay for electricity if it is installed in these areas.
3.4 Status of community mobilization process
Members of the community and politicians in the site areas have shown interests to contribute on the development of
hydropower plants in the villages. Members of the community in the villages discuss the need to establish hydropower
scheme in the site areas and they are willing to contribute the efforts to establish these schemes. They are also willing to
pay for electricity when these schemes are installed. However, there are no organization which are assigned to follow the
establishment of these hydropower schemes in the sites areas.
3.5 Scheme layout, plant size and power requirements
These rivers are the sources of discharge for the potential sites. The discharge of these rivers was measured by the survey
team during the site visit and data collection. All these rivers carry sufficient discharge even in dry season. Design
discharge used in the calculations has been taken after making provision for evaporation, flushing, seepage for
downstream release and environmental flow.
The estimated mechanical and electrical output power of each scheme has been calculated based on the following formula
[8] and calculated values are shown on Table 3.1 below.
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Mechanical Power in kW: (Turbine Power)
Turbine Power (Pt) = Q x Hg x g x ηt [kW], where: Q = discharge in m3
/s, Hg = gross head in m, g = acceleration due to
gravity = 9.81 m/s2
, ηt = turbine efficiency
Electrical Power in kW: (Generator Power)
Electrical Power (Pg) = Q x Hg x g x ηs [kW], where: ηs = system efficiency (ηt x ηg)
or
Electrical Power (Pg) = Turbine Power (Pt) x ηg [kW], where, ηg = generator efficiency
Table 3.1: Summary of the energy potential for the six (6) hydropower sites
Est.
Name of design Est. Est. Est.
the River/ flow design Mechanical Electrical System Penstock
project Stream rate Head Power Power Efficiency dia. Turbine
Scheme (m3
/s) (m) (kW) (kW) (%) (mm) Selection
Kasansa Kasansa 0.035 35 12 9 75 200 Pelton
Mambwe Kapiyu 0.16 78 124 96 77.4 400 Pelton
Crossflow/
Nungu Misi 0.7 25 174 125 71.8 450 Francis
Crossflow/
Likwela Lumeme 1.1 20 200 150 75 500 Francis
Mtombozi Mtombozi 0.58 25 140 100 71.4 450
Crossflow/
Francis
Ludende Vombwi 0.164 60 120 100 80.6 350 Pelton
Note: Values for design flow, Q and head, H have been obtained from the actual site measurements and also historical
data.
3.6 Cost Estimates
Hydropower is one of the least expensive sources of power since the cost of hydropower is dominated by the initial capital
cost of building the facilities while the ongoing operating and maintenance (variable) costs are low. Moreover, since
hydropower generation does not require burning fuels, operations costs are not vulnerable to fuel price fluctuations.
Existing hydropower facilities are very cheap to operate and they can operate for more than 25 years [9] without major
replacement. The cost of hydropower plants are highly site-specific and depends on different factors, including hydrologic
characteristics, site accessibility and distances for the transmission.
All the rates of the scheme have been worked out taking into consideration availability of local construction materials and
labor. In addition, the rates for skilled and unskilled manpower are based on the local practice in the community. The rate
of electro-mechanical equipment’s are taken from the current price quotation of the manufacturer/installer. The costs are
only indicative and close approximation, hence, should be used only for budgetary purposes. The cost of electro-
mechanical equipment’s may vary according to change in the market price in the given time. All costs of the material are
included VAT.
3.7 Financial and Economic Aspects
The financial and economic analysis of the scheme indicates the validity of these project in terms of its capital cost. It
focuses on the sources of funding for the project, annual income, annual expenditure and financial indicators of the project
such as Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio) and Internal Rate of Return on the Investment (IRR).
The financial and economic analysis of the scheme indicates that the proposed scheme is viable both financially and
economically.
3.8 Energy potential end use
Members of community in the project areas need electricity. Electricity from hydropower is an important alternative
source of energy because the existing energy sources in the areas are unreliable and readily available. The people use
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mainly fuel wood and charcoal as their major source of energy. End uses include lighting for households and shops. Other
uses involve electricity for saloons, phone charging, maize mills and small fruit or juice processing factories etc. The
annual energy consumption for Matombo - Lugeni village is estimated to be 327.6 GWh as shown on Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Typical list of end use energy demand (Matombo - Lugeni Village)
S/N Energy
use
Qty
Rated
capacity
(kW)
Operating
hours
per
day
Operating
days
per
month
Operating
months
per
year
Total
Energy
Consumption
per
year
(kWh/year)
Tariff
TZS per
kWh
Total Income
per year
(TZS)
A: Domestic use
Household
A.1 –
Lighting 50 0.5 24 30 12 216,000 100 21,600,000
and
Power
Sub-Total A 216,000 21,600,000
B: Productive use
Maize
B.1 Mill 1 5 5 25 12 7,500 150 1,125,000
B.2
Men
Saloon 1 2 8 25 12 4,800 150 720,000
B.3 Women
Saloon 1 2 8 25 12 4,800 150 720,000
B.4 Shops 4 2 12 30 12 34,560 150 5,184,000
Sub-Total B 51,660 7,749,000
C: Social Infrastructure
C.1 Social
Center 1 4 8 25 12 9,600 150 1,440,000
C.2 Health
centers 2 5 8 30 12 28,800 150 4,320,000
C.3 Schools 3 4 6 25 12 21,600 150 3,240,000
Sub-Total C 60,000 9,000,000
TOTAL (A + B + C) 327,600 38,349,000
3.9 Expected annual revenues
Based on the energy consumption per year in the area, the expected annual revenue for the Matombo small hydropower
project is Thirty Eight Million, Three Hundred and Forty Nine Thousands (TZS 38, 349,000) as shown on Table 3.2.
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In all the potential sites, domestic use tariff is fixed in terms of watts usage per month for lighting and power. However,
for other uses, tariff is being designed on unit basis as shown on Table 3.3. The tariffs are calculated by considering
aspects as follows:
• Demand for the services
• Purchasing capacity of the consumer
• Tariff from local regulatory authority - EWURA
• Income from end uses
• Total project cost
• Operating cost of the scheme
Table 3.3: Proposed tariff
Service Tariff
Lighting TZS. 100 per kWh per month
End use TZS.150 per kWh
Tariffs are to be reviewed and revised periodically as the price levels change based on the economy of the area.
3.10 Estimated Annual Expenses
The total annual expenses of the typical 100kW hydropower plant like Mtombozi Hydropower Scheme is TZS. 7,676,018
as shown on Table 3.4 below.
Table 3.4: Total annual expenses (Typical 100 kW Plant)
S/N Component Qty
Monthly
salary/Expenses
[TZS]
Month
Total
monthly
expenses
[TZS]
Remarks
1 Plant operator 1 100,000 12 1,200,000
2 Plant 1 150,000 12 1,800,000
Manager/Accountant
0.5% of
3 Repair & LS 4,226,018 the
Maintenance Project
Cost
4 Office Expenses LS 25,000 12 300,000
5 Miscellaneous LS 12,500 12 150,000
TOTAL EXPENSES 7,676,018
3.11 Financial Analysis
The financial analysis includes the financial status of the scheme. It focuses on the source of funding for the projects,
annual income, annual loss and financial indicator of the project such as Net Present Value, Benefit Cost Ratio and
Internal Rate of Return.
Material section shows the summary of the financial analysis of the schemes. The analysis includes VAT. The analysis
shows that the proposed scheme is financially viable and economically affordable from Grants and Loans for the local
people of the project areas.
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3.11.1 Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C ratio) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Based on the estimated income and expenditure and considering standard discount rate of 12% and economic life of the
plant to be 20 years, the NPV, IRR and B/C of the schemes are presented on section 2. The financial analysis has been
done considering total project cost excluding the amount from subsidy.
3.11.2 Investment Cost
The total investment cost has been calculated after deducting all the applicable VAT and taxes from the total project cost.
Investment cost has been calculated as follows:
Investment cost = Total project cost – VAT and Taxes
3.11.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost
The cost of system administration, management, operation and maintenance of the scheme have been considered as 0.5%.
3.12 Economic Benefits
The economic benefits are those benefits which the scheme will bring to the society. The assessment of economic benefits
covers quantifiable and non-quantifiable, direct as well as indirect benefits. Calculations in this case involve Economic
Rate of Return on quantifiable non-incremental benefits.
Benefits have been assessed based on the avoided cost of diesel generation in the case of supply to productive end uses
and the avoided cost of on kerosene use for lighting purposes in households. Members of community also avoid cost of
dry cell use.
3.12.1 Benefits from Kerosene Replacement
The average use of kerosene in the project areas is 10 litres per household per month. After generation of the electricity it
is assumed that a household would require only 2 litres of kerosene per household per month. Therefore, the hydropower
schemes will replace 8 litres of kerosene per month in turn TZS 201,600 will be saved annually in each household. The
calculation is based on the cost of kerosene at TZS 2,100 per litre.
3.12.2 Benefits from Diesel Replacement
It is envisioned that one maize mill will save three litre of diesel per operating hour on average. So, annually 4,500 liters
diesel equivalent to TZS 9,450,000 will be saved based on unit cost of TZS 2,100 per liters of diesel.
3.12.3 Benefits from Dry Cell Battery Replacement
It has been revealed that the beneficiary households use about two and half pairs of dry cell batteries per month on
average. The proposed hydropower scheme will save one and half pair of dry cell batteries per household per month,
which will make 1,440 pairs of dry cell batteries, will be replaced per year. Therefore, TZS 2,160,000 will be saved per
year by replacing dry cell batteries based on the cost of the dry cell at TZS 1,500
3.12.4 Incremental benefits
The benefits, which are not included in the analysis but could be mentioned, are the incremental benefits. The incremental
benefits are the benefits that come from the increase in modernity from the electricity uses due to low prices of the
available electricity. The benefits include the direct improvement in the quality of education as a result of availability of
electricity. Indirect educational benefits due to availability of electricity include extended reading hours and better-quality
lighting facility. Members of community will use electricity for media like TV, Radio and computer operations. Members
of community will get opportunity to engage in income generating activities, especially during evening hours and at dawn.
Reduction of air pollution will bring about health benefits.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the preceding analyses and discussions, it is found out that the studied hydropower potential schemes are technically
and financially feasible. The implementation of theses project will provide high quality lighting for household purpose as
well as reliable, affordable and environmentally safe power for end-use applications. A proposed hydropower potential
capacity of 9 kW for Kasansa, 96 kW for Mambwe, 125 kW for Nungu, 150 kW for Likwele, 100 kW for Mtombozi and
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100 kW for Ludende can be developed as hydropower plants based on Pelton, Crossflow or Francis turbines technology
operating at rated gross heads of 35m, 78m, 25m, 20m, 25, 60m and design flows of 35 l/s, 160 l/s, 700 l/s, 1,100 l/s, 580
l/s, 164 l/s respectively. Among the six (6) studied sites, Kasansa, Mambwe, Mtombozi and Ludende falls under the micro
hydropower scale due to their potential power capacity which is below 100 kW [10].
The financial analysis also shows that the NPV ranges between TZS 21,992,951.27 for 9 kW scheme to TZS
945,514,753.7 for 150 kW scheme with, B/C ratio from 1.12 to 1.62 and IRR from 12% to 21.5%, based on the electricity
price at TZS 100 for lighting and TZS 150 per unit for power based on the current energy prices. The above estimated cost
is below the standardized investment costs for such kind of of small scale hydropower projects of similar type which
ranges between TZS 500 Million for 25kW plant, TZS 900 Million for a 50kW plant and around TZS 1.5 Billion for a
100kW plant [11]. Thus due to their reasonable investment cost, both schemes should be considered beneficial from all
aspects viz. financially, environmentally, socially and economically. So, local governments or energy companies should
invest and develop these kinds of small scale hydropower projects in order to supply reliable electricity to rural and off-
grid areas of Tanzania or even connect to the national grid [12]. This will impact poverty reduction through introduction
of small businesses, agro-processing industries and improved living standard and services [13].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The feasibility study conducted in the six (6) small hydropower potential sites in Tanzania was done by the research team
from Arusha Technical College (ATC), in Tanzania. The work was part of the assignment that ATC was given by Rural
Energy Agency – REA, to conduct a feasibility study to a number of small hydropower potential sites, so as to update the
current status of small hydropower potential sites portfolio in Tanzania and to highlights the possibility of their
development.
I would like to thank the team members for their work related efforts and valuable inputs in conducting this study and also
the team would like to thank Arusha Technical College (ATC) as our employer for their support that they give us when
conducting the feasibility study and travelling at those different sites.
Lastly, but not least, we would like to thank Rural Energy Agency, Tanzania for giving Arusha Technical College (ATC)
the assignment and all the support for conducting the feasibility study on the specified small hydropower potential sites.
We hope these valuable information will underline the need to do and support more studies at different places of Tanzania
in order to properly document the existing small hydropower potential sites in the country.
REFERENCES:
1. UNIDO and ICSHP, 2013. World Small Hydropower Development Report – Tanzania.
2. Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd (TANESCO), 2014.
3. Ministry of Energy and Minerals, “Final Report on Join Energy Sector Review for 2010/11,” September 2011–
Tanzania.
4. International Monetary Fund, IMF (2006). United Republic of Tanzania: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
5. GTZ, 2009. Tanzania’s Small – Hydro Energy Market, Target Market Analysis.
6. Tanzania, Rural Energy Agency - REA. Annual Report 2009/2010
7. Kusakana K, Munda J. L. and Jimoh A. A. Economic and Environmental analysis of micro hydropower system for
rural power supply. In: Proceedings of the 2nd
IEEE Power and Energy Conference, 2008, p. 441-4.
8. Chhetri, A. B., G. R. Pokharel and M. R. Islam (2009). ‘Sustainability of Micro-Hydro Systems – A Case Study’,
Energy and Environment 20(4): 567-585.
9. Micro-Hydro Design Manual: A Guide to Small Scale Water Power Schemes, Adam Harvey et al, Practical Action
Publishing
10. Chhetri, A. B., G. R. Pokharel and M. R. Islam (2009). ‘Sustainability of Micro-Hydro Systems – A Case Study’,
Energy and Environment 20(4): 567-585.
11. http://www.renewablesfirst.co.uk/hydropower/hydropower-learning-centre/how-much-do-hydropower-systems-cost-
to-build/
12. Fulford, S., Mosley, P. and Gill, A. Recommendations on the use of micro-hydro power in rural development. J. Int.
Dev., 2000, 12, 975–983.
13. Paish, O. Making micro-hydro pay: economic issues and international experience. In International Conference on
Small Hydro Power Systems, New Delhi, India, March 1997 (British Council).