1. A gravity dam is a solid structure made of concrete or masonry that is constructed across a river to create an upstream reservoir. It resists forces through its own weight and triangular cross-section, with the widest part at the bottom.
2. Forces acting on a gravity dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, and the weight of the dam itself. Uplift pressure is caused by water seeping through the dam and its foundation.
3. Dams are designed to withstand these forces through their weight and cross-sectional shape. Additional design considerations include drainage systems to relieve uplift pressure, and seismic design using coefficients and response spectrum analysis for earthquake forces.
Topics:
1. Types of Gravity Dam
2. Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
3. Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
4. Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
5. Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
6. Limiting height of Gravity Dam
7. Drainage and Inspection Galleries
This document provides information on analyzing the stability and safety of concrete gravity dams. It discusses the different loading cases to consider, including empty reservoir, full reservoir under normal and flood conditions, and with seismic forces. It describes analyzing the dam's stability against overturning, sliding, shear stresses, and foundation and concrete overstresses. The document outlines the assumptions made in stability analysis and the recommended safety factors. It also discusses determining normal and principal stresses in the dam, and ensuring compressive stresses are maintained.
This document discusses arch dams and buttress dams. It describes the key components and design considerations for each type of dam.
For arch dams, the main points are that they function as curved beams to transfer water loads to the canyon walls, reducing required thickness compared to gravity dams. Types include constant radius, variable radius, and constant angle arch dams. Forces acting on arch dams include water pressure, uplift, ice pressure, temperature changes, and potential yielding of abutments.
Buttress dams consist of a thin deck supported by triangular buttresses to transmit loads to foundations. Types are rigid, deck slab, and bulkhead buttress dams. They offer concrete savings compared to gravity dams but require more reinforcement.
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
- A gravity dam is an engineering structure that resists forces through its own weight. Forces that must be considered in dam design include the weight of the dam, water pressure, uplift, wave pressure, and earthquake forces.
- To calculate these forces, parameters like the material density, water depth, dam dimensions, and earthquake coefficients are used in specific equations. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate how to determine the expected forces on a given dam structure.
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
This document provides a classification of bridges based on various criteria such as material, alignment, location, purpose, superstructure type, flood hazard level, span, navigation facilities, loading, and lifespan. Some of the main bridge types discussed include slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, arch bridges, swing bridges, bascule bridges, and lift bridges. Bridges are also classified based on their span length from minor bridges to long span bridges. Temporary bridges discussed include pontoon, boat, and flying bridges while permanent bridges include RCC, masonry, and steel bridges.
Topics:
1. Types of Gravity Dam
2. Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
3. Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
4. Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
5. Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
6. Limiting height of Gravity Dam
7. Drainage and Inspection Galleries
This document provides information on analyzing the stability and safety of concrete gravity dams. It discusses the different loading cases to consider, including empty reservoir, full reservoir under normal and flood conditions, and with seismic forces. It describes analyzing the dam's stability against overturning, sliding, shear stresses, and foundation and concrete overstresses. The document outlines the assumptions made in stability analysis and the recommended safety factors. It also discusses determining normal and principal stresses in the dam, and ensuring compressive stresses are maintained.
This document discusses arch dams and buttress dams. It describes the key components and design considerations for each type of dam.
For arch dams, the main points are that they function as curved beams to transfer water loads to the canyon walls, reducing required thickness compared to gravity dams. Types include constant radius, variable radius, and constant angle arch dams. Forces acting on arch dams include water pressure, uplift, ice pressure, temperature changes, and potential yielding of abutments.
Buttress dams consist of a thin deck supported by triangular buttresses to transmit loads to foundations. Types are rigid, deck slab, and bulkhead buttress dams. They offer concrete savings compared to gravity dams but require more reinforcement.
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
- A gravity dam is an engineering structure that resists forces through its own weight. Forces that must be considered in dam design include the weight of the dam, water pressure, uplift, wave pressure, and earthquake forces.
- To calculate these forces, parameters like the material density, water depth, dam dimensions, and earthquake coefficients are used in specific equations. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate how to determine the expected forces on a given dam structure.
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
This document provides a classification of bridges based on various criteria such as material, alignment, location, purpose, superstructure type, flood hazard level, span, navigation facilities, loading, and lifespan. Some of the main bridge types discussed include slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, suspension bridges, arch bridges, swing bridges, bascule bridges, and lift bridges. Bridges are also classified based on their span length from minor bridges to long span bridges. Temporary bridges discussed include pontoon, boat, and flying bridges while permanent bridges include RCC, masonry, and steel bridges.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
This document summarizes the key loads and design considerations for concrete dams. It discusses the primary, secondary, and exceptional loads that act on gravity dams, including water load, self-weight, uplift, wave load, silt load, wind load, and earthquake load. It also covers the design of gravity dams against overturning, sliding, and material failure. Buttress and arch dam designs are briefly introduced. Thin cylinder theory for arch dam design is explained.
This document discusses canal irrigation and diversion head works. It begins by defining a canal as an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river, tank, or reservoir to fields. Canals are classified based on their source of supply, financial output, function, and boundary surface. Unlined canals are designed using either Kennedy's Theory from 1895 or Lacey's Theory from 1939. Kennedy's Theory is based on experiments observing eddy formation and silt suspension. Lacey's Theory considers drawbacks of Kennedy's Theory and designs for regime conditions. Both theories use empirical formulae and have limitations in achieving true regime conditions and defining characteristics precisely.
This document discusses the design of compression members under uniaxial bending. It notes that columns are rarely under pure axial compression due to eccentricities from rigid frame action or accidental loading. Columns can experience uniaxial or biaxial bending based on the loading. The behavior depends on the relative magnitudes of the bending moment and axial load, which determine the position of the neutral axis. Methods for designing eccentrically loaded short columns include using equations that calculate the neutral axis position and failure mode, or using interaction diagrams that graphically show the safe ranges of moment and axial load.
This document provides information about dams and spillways. It discusses different types of dams including gravity dams, earthen dams, rock and fill dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. For gravity dams specifically, it describes the key components, forces acting on them, theoretical and elementary profiles, galleries, and construction joints. Earthen dams are also briefly introduced.
This document discusses theories for designing weirs on permeable foundations to prevent failures from seepage. It describes Bligh's creep theory, Lane's weighted creep theory, and Khosla's theory. Bligh's theory calculates creep length and floor thickness but does not distinguish horizontal from vertical creep. Lane's theory assigns higher weight to vertical creep. Khosla's theory accounts for pressure distributions and recommends cut-offs and aprons. It is commonly used but requires corrections for floor thickness, pile interference, and slope. Inverted filters and launching aprons are also discussed.
PracticalProfileofSpillwaY
When the profile for the crest of the ogee spillway is plotted over the triangular profile the section of a gravity dam (non-overflow section) ,it is found that it goes beyond vie downstream face of the dam , thu requiring thickening of the section for the spillway .
However,this extra concrete can be saved by shifting the curve of the nappe in a backward direction until this curve becomes tangential to the downstream face of the dam .
Design of spillway
Design an ogee spillway for concrete gravity dam, for the following data :
(1) Average river bed level = 100.0 m
(2) R.L. of spillway crest =204.0 m
(3) Slope of d/s face of gravity dam = 0.7 H : 1 V
(4) Design discharge = 8000 cumecs
(5) Length of spillway = 6 spans with a clear width of 10 m each.
(6) Thickness of each pier = 2.5 m
If h/Hd is greater than 1.7 than high spillway so effect of velocity is neglected
The co-ordinates from x = 0 to x = 27.4 m are worked out in the table below :
The document discusses various methods for river training including constructing levees, guide banks, and spurs. Levees are embankments running parallel to rivers that are used to contain flood waters and protect areas from flooding. Guide banks are structures built to confine river flow within a reasonable waterway when constructing bridges or other works. Spurs are embankment structures built transverse to river flow to deflect currents away from banks and prevent erosion. The appropriate river training method depends on the river type, regime, and flow characteristics.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours.
Introduction of Transportation Engineering
Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.
1. The document discusses the key parameters to consider during the preliminary investigation and design of a bridge, including location, type of structure, traffic needs, hydraulic conditions, foundation exploration, and more.
2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
3. The preliminary investigation involves collecting topographic data, aerial images, preliminary soil exploration to inform the final design parameters like bridge type, width, span arrangement, pier and abutment design, and loading standards. Thorough investigation is needed to make
1. River training works include guide banks, marginal banks, spurs, and pitched islands that are constructed upstream of barrages and weirs. This is to ensure the river flows through the structure and to protect upstream lands and property from submergence.
2. Marginal banks are embankments on both sides of the river that maintain the river channel and prevent submergence of upstream areas. Spurs are fortified embankments built transverse to the banks that control the river's course and protect banks from erosion. Pitched islands artificially redistribute the river's force and sediment to attract and hold the channel.
The document discusses temperature effects and rib shortening effects in arches. Due to temperature changes, arches develop a horizontal thrust without any loading, known as the temperature effect. For circular arches, the horizontal thrust at supports creates a maximum bending moment equal to the thrust multiplied by the radius. For parabolic arches, the maximum bending moment equals the horizontal thrust multiplied by the height. Rib shortening occurs as the arch tries to become deeper under axial thrust, reducing the horizontal thrust. The combined effects of temperature and rib shortening on an arch can be expressed through equations that calculate the net horizontal thrust.
Strength Criteria - Types - choice of foundation - Location of depth - Safe Bearing Capacity - Terzaghi, Skempton and IS Method of Shallow Foundations - Settlement Criteria - Safe bearing pressure based on N- value – allowable bearing pressure; safe bearing capacity - allowable settlements of structures.
This document provides an overview of highway bridge design and construction. It discusses site selection, bridge types, bridge classifications, foundations including raft and pile foundations, piers, abutments, wing walls, approaches, cofferdams, and suspension bridges. The functions of bridge foundations are described as providing stability, a level base, preventing tilt or overturning, distributing load uniformly, and carrying the superstructure load. Different types of cofferdams are listed including earth fill, rock fill, single wall, double wall, and cellular cofferdams.
This chapter discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transforms to subcritical flow in open channels. It introduces the concept of specific energy and defines critical depth and velocity. The chapter also describes how to determine the depth of a direct or submerged hydraulic jump using formulas involving the Froude number. Finally, it classifies hydraulic jumps as direct or submerged depending on whether the tailwater depth is below or above the jump.
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
The document discusses foundation treatment and galleries in concrete gravity dams. Foundation treatment involves preparing the surface by excavating loose soil till bedrock and stepping the surface. It also involves consolidation grouting of the entire foundation before concreting and curtain grouting near the heel after some concreting. Galleries are horizontal or sloping passages in the dam body used for drainage, inspection, aeration, pipe installation, and foundation drilling/grouting. Common gallery types include foundation, inspection, and aeration galleries. Reinforcement is provided at gallery corners to reduce stress concentrations.
This document discusses bridge scour, which is the removal of sediment around bridge piers and abutments due to moving water. Scour can undermine bridge foundations and has caused 46 major bridge failures in the US from 1961-1976. The basic components of a bridge are the substructure, which includes piers, abutments and foundations, and the superstructure, which is the deck. Piers can be column or wall types and are vulnerable to scour, which forms scour holes through vortex formation and increased shear stress on sediments. The document presents photos of bridge failures from scour and methods to monitor and protect against scour using gravel bags, rock armor, and sonar scour monitors.
Gravity dams are solid structures constructed of concrete or masonry across a river to create an upstream reservoir. They resist forces through their own weight distributed in a triangular cross-section. Forces on gravity dams include the weight of the dam, water pressure, uplift pressure, silt pressure, wave pressure, and earthquake forces. Dams are designed to withstand these forces through computation of vertical and horizontal force components and consideration of factors like reservoir level, foundation type, and seismic zone.
This document provides information about forces acting on gravity dams. It discusses the main stabilizing and destabilizing forces, including the weight of the dam, water pressure on the upstream and downstream faces, uplift pressure, earth and silt pressures, ice pressure, and other loads. It defines key terms related to gravity dams such as structural height, base width, axis, and explains how to calculate the various forces per unit length of the dam. Uplift pressure is explained as being dependent on the permeability of the dam and foundation materials and effective drainage. Design criteria for calculating uplift forces according to Indian standards is also summarized.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
This document summarizes the key loads and design considerations for concrete dams. It discusses the primary, secondary, and exceptional loads that act on gravity dams, including water load, self-weight, uplift, wave load, silt load, wind load, and earthquake load. It also covers the design of gravity dams against overturning, sliding, and material failure. Buttress and arch dam designs are briefly introduced. Thin cylinder theory for arch dam design is explained.
This document discusses canal irrigation and diversion head works. It begins by defining a canal as an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river, tank, or reservoir to fields. Canals are classified based on their source of supply, financial output, function, and boundary surface. Unlined canals are designed using either Kennedy's Theory from 1895 or Lacey's Theory from 1939. Kennedy's Theory is based on experiments observing eddy formation and silt suspension. Lacey's Theory considers drawbacks of Kennedy's Theory and designs for regime conditions. Both theories use empirical formulae and have limitations in achieving true regime conditions and defining characteristics precisely.
This document discusses the design of compression members under uniaxial bending. It notes that columns are rarely under pure axial compression due to eccentricities from rigid frame action or accidental loading. Columns can experience uniaxial or biaxial bending based on the loading. The behavior depends on the relative magnitudes of the bending moment and axial load, which determine the position of the neutral axis. Methods for designing eccentrically loaded short columns include using equations that calculate the neutral axis position and failure mode, or using interaction diagrams that graphically show the safe ranges of moment and axial load.
This document provides information about dams and spillways. It discusses different types of dams including gravity dams, earthen dams, rock and fill dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. For gravity dams specifically, it describes the key components, forces acting on them, theoretical and elementary profiles, galleries, and construction joints. Earthen dams are also briefly introduced.
This document discusses theories for designing weirs on permeable foundations to prevent failures from seepage. It describes Bligh's creep theory, Lane's weighted creep theory, and Khosla's theory. Bligh's theory calculates creep length and floor thickness but does not distinguish horizontal from vertical creep. Lane's theory assigns higher weight to vertical creep. Khosla's theory accounts for pressure distributions and recommends cut-offs and aprons. It is commonly used but requires corrections for floor thickness, pile interference, and slope. Inverted filters and launching aprons are also discussed.
PracticalProfileofSpillwaY
When the profile for the crest of the ogee spillway is plotted over the triangular profile the section of a gravity dam (non-overflow section) ,it is found that it goes beyond vie downstream face of the dam , thu requiring thickening of the section for the spillway .
However,this extra concrete can be saved by shifting the curve of the nappe in a backward direction until this curve becomes tangential to the downstream face of the dam .
Design of spillway
Design an ogee spillway for concrete gravity dam, for the following data :
(1) Average river bed level = 100.0 m
(2) R.L. of spillway crest =204.0 m
(3) Slope of d/s face of gravity dam = 0.7 H : 1 V
(4) Design discharge = 8000 cumecs
(5) Length of spillway = 6 spans with a clear width of 10 m each.
(6) Thickness of each pier = 2.5 m
If h/Hd is greater than 1.7 than high spillway so effect of velocity is neglected
The co-ordinates from x = 0 to x = 27.4 m are worked out in the table below :
The document discusses various methods for river training including constructing levees, guide banks, and spurs. Levees are embankments running parallel to rivers that are used to contain flood waters and protect areas from flooding. Guide banks are structures built to confine river flow within a reasonable waterway when constructing bridges or other works. Spurs are embankment structures built transverse to river flow to deflect currents away from banks and prevent erosion. The appropriate river training method depends on the river type, regime, and flow characteristics.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours.
Introduction of Transportation Engineering
Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.
1. The document discusses the key parameters to consider during the preliminary investigation and design of a bridge, including location, type of structure, traffic needs, hydraulic conditions, foundation exploration, and more.
2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
3. The preliminary investigation involves collecting topographic data, aerial images, preliminary soil exploration to inform the final design parameters like bridge type, width, span arrangement, pier and abutment design, and loading standards. Thorough investigation is needed to make
1. River training works include guide banks, marginal banks, spurs, and pitched islands that are constructed upstream of barrages and weirs. This is to ensure the river flows through the structure and to protect upstream lands and property from submergence.
2. Marginal banks are embankments on both sides of the river that maintain the river channel and prevent submergence of upstream areas. Spurs are fortified embankments built transverse to the banks that control the river's course and protect banks from erosion. Pitched islands artificially redistribute the river's force and sediment to attract and hold the channel.
The document discusses temperature effects and rib shortening effects in arches. Due to temperature changes, arches develop a horizontal thrust without any loading, known as the temperature effect. For circular arches, the horizontal thrust at supports creates a maximum bending moment equal to the thrust multiplied by the radius. For parabolic arches, the maximum bending moment equals the horizontal thrust multiplied by the height. Rib shortening occurs as the arch tries to become deeper under axial thrust, reducing the horizontal thrust. The combined effects of temperature and rib shortening on an arch can be expressed through equations that calculate the net horizontal thrust.
Strength Criteria - Types - choice of foundation - Location of depth - Safe Bearing Capacity - Terzaghi, Skempton and IS Method of Shallow Foundations - Settlement Criteria - Safe bearing pressure based on N- value – allowable bearing pressure; safe bearing capacity - allowable settlements of structures.
This document provides an overview of highway bridge design and construction. It discusses site selection, bridge types, bridge classifications, foundations including raft and pile foundations, piers, abutments, wing walls, approaches, cofferdams, and suspension bridges. The functions of bridge foundations are described as providing stability, a level base, preventing tilt or overturning, distributing load uniformly, and carrying the superstructure load. Different types of cofferdams are listed including earth fill, rock fill, single wall, double wall, and cellular cofferdams.
This chapter discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transforms to subcritical flow in open channels. It introduces the concept of specific energy and defines critical depth and velocity. The chapter also describes how to determine the depth of a direct or submerged hydraulic jump using formulas involving the Froude number. Finally, it classifies hydraulic jumps as direct or submerged depending on whether the tailwater depth is below or above the jump.
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
The document discusses foundation treatment and galleries in concrete gravity dams. Foundation treatment involves preparing the surface by excavating loose soil till bedrock and stepping the surface. It also involves consolidation grouting of the entire foundation before concreting and curtain grouting near the heel after some concreting. Galleries are horizontal or sloping passages in the dam body used for drainage, inspection, aeration, pipe installation, and foundation drilling/grouting. Common gallery types include foundation, inspection, and aeration galleries. Reinforcement is provided at gallery corners to reduce stress concentrations.
This document discusses bridge scour, which is the removal of sediment around bridge piers and abutments due to moving water. Scour can undermine bridge foundations and has caused 46 major bridge failures in the US from 1961-1976. The basic components of a bridge are the substructure, which includes piers, abutments and foundations, and the superstructure, which is the deck. Piers can be column or wall types and are vulnerable to scour, which forms scour holes through vortex formation and increased shear stress on sediments. The document presents photos of bridge failures from scour and methods to monitor and protect against scour using gravel bags, rock armor, and sonar scour monitors.
Gravity dams are solid structures constructed of concrete or masonry across a river to create an upstream reservoir. They resist forces through their own weight distributed in a triangular cross-section. Forces on gravity dams include the weight of the dam, water pressure, uplift pressure, silt pressure, wave pressure, and earthquake forces. Dams are designed to withstand these forces through computation of vertical and horizontal force components and consideration of factors like reservoir level, foundation type, and seismic zone.
This document provides information about forces acting on gravity dams. It discusses the main stabilizing and destabilizing forces, including the weight of the dam, water pressure on the upstream and downstream faces, uplift pressure, earth and silt pressures, ice pressure, and other loads. It defines key terms related to gravity dams such as structural height, base width, axis, and explains how to calculate the various forces per unit length of the dam. Uplift pressure is explained as being dependent on the permeability of the dam and foundation materials and effective drainage. Design criteria for calculating uplift forces according to Indian standards is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of forces acting on concrete gravity dams and how to compute them. The key forces discussed are:
1. Weight of the dam which provides stability. Other forces include water pressure, uplift pressure, silt pressure, wave pressure, and earthquake forces.
2. Water pressure acts both vertically and horizontally on dam faces based on reservoir level and geometry. Uplift pressure acts upwards through pores and needs to be estimated.
3. Earthquake forces cause random vibrations that impart accelerations and stresses in the dam. The document provides guidelines for computing seismic forces based on dam height and location.
This document discusses the key forces acting on a gravity dam, including its weight, water pressure, uplift pressure, silt pressure, wave pressure, and earthquake forces. It defines key terms like structural height, maximum base width, and hydraulic height. It also provides details on how to calculate or estimate the various forces, for example explaining that water pressure acts normal to the face of the dam and can be calculated based on horizontal and vertical components. Uplift pressure is defined as the upward pressure of water seeping through the dam or its foundation. Earthquake forces cause random vibrations that impart accelerations to the dam's foundation.
This document discusses forces acting on concrete gravity dams, including uplift pressure. Uplift pressure is an important force to consider in gravity dam design and safety, as it can compromise structural integrity, especially in cracked dams. The document outlines the traditional approach to modeling uplift pressure as varying linearly from full reservoir pressure at the base upstream to zero pressure downstream. It notes that a more conservative modern approach is to apply uplift pressure across the full base area. Proper consideration of uplift pressure is crucial for gravity dam safety evaluations and design.
This document provides information about diversion and impounding structures. It discusses types of impounding structures like gravity dams and describes their components. Gravity dams are the most commonly used type of dam as they require little maintenance. The document outlines the forces acting on gravity dams and how they are designed. It also discusses earth dams, describing their components and advantages/disadvantages compared to gravity dams. Earth dams are constructed using local natural materials and are simpler and more economical than other dam types.
The document discusses the design of gravity dams. It begins with basic definitions related to gravity dam geometry and forces that act on gravity dams, such as water pressure, weight of the dam, uplift pressure, and pressure due to earthquakes. It then covers stability analyses to prevent overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension. Finally, it addresses designing the dam section to be economical while satisfying stability requirements, and categorizing dams as low or high based on height.
Types of Gravity Dam
Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
Limiting height of Gravity Dam
Drainage and Inspection Galleries
This document provides information on drainage and inspection galleries in dams. The key points are:
1. Drainage and inspection galleries are tunnels within dams used for inspection, drainage, and access to outlet gates and spillway gates. Large dams have multiple galleries at different levels.
2. Drainage galleries reduce uplift forces in the dam foundation and body. They also facilitate inspection of the dam body.
3. Drainage galleries are typically placed at 7.5% of the dam height and have a minimum distance of 3 meters from the upstream face and foundation. They are usually 1.5 meters wide and 2.5 meters high with reinforcement. Drainage holes release uplift forces in the foundation and body.
This document discusses gravity dams and earth dams. For gravity dams, it describes the typical cross-section and forces acting on the dam, including water pressure, dam weight, uplift pressure, and more. It also discusses potential failure modes like overturning, sliding, compression, and tension. For earth dams, it outlines the components including shells and cores, and failure causes such as hydraulic failure from overtopping, seepage failure, and structural failure from cracking or sliding. It provides details on preliminary sections for earth dams and criteria for their safe design.
A gravity dam resists external forces through its own weight. It is a solid, durable structure constructed of masonry or concrete. Forces acting on a gravity dam include water pressure, the weight of the dam, uplift pressure, silt pressure, wave pressure, ice pressure, and pressure from earthquake forces. Water pressure is the major external force and varies with depth, while the weight of the dam is the main resisting force.
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
This document discusses the forces acting on gravity dams and their environmental impacts. It outlines various forces like water pressure, weight of the dam, uplift pressure, earthquake pressure, and wave pressure. It also explains how these forces are calculated. Regarding failure, it notes dams can fail through overturning, sliding, compression, or tension. The document concludes by covering environmental impacts of dam construction like pollution, and impacts of reservoirs like habitat destruction and sedimentation.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation.
2. The key forces acting on a gravity dam include its self-weight, which provides stability, and water pressure from the reservoir, which acts to overturn the dam. Uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure, and ice pressure are other important forces that must be estimated based on assumptions and available data.
3. The weight of the dam per unit length is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and unit weight of the concrete or masonry used. The total weight acts at the centroid of the cross-section and is the main stabil
This document discusses the types of loads acting on concrete dams and the methods used for designing gravity dams. It describes primary loads like water pressure and self-weight, secondary loads like sediment and wind, and exceptional loads like seismic activity. It also covers load combinations, factors of safety against overturning and sliding, and considers the shear strength of the concrete and foundation. Design aims to satisfy equilibrium conditions and ensure stresses do not exceed allowable limits.
This document discusses the design and construction of gravity dams. It explains that gravity dams resist forces through their massive weight and have vertical or near-vertical faces. The key components, external forces, and methods of stress analysis are described. Failure can occur through sliding, overturning, cracking or crushing, so factors of safety are considered. Joints are used to aid construction and control cracking. High construction costs require stable foundations, but maintenance costs are lower with less water loss.
It contains detailed information about a Gravity Dam........it also conataims the information in brief & pictures giving a clear view of the Gravity Dams...........It also contains formulas with details of their terms.........
The document discusses gravity dams, which are dams that resist forces through their own weight. It describes the key components of gravity dams, the forces that act on them, and how their design factors in stability, stress levels, and preventing failure from overturning, sliding, cracking or crushing. Gravity dams are suitable for narrow valleys and have low maintenance costs but require strong foundations and are more expensive to initially construct than other dam types. Some famous examples are also listed.
This document discusses the various loads that act on a gravity dam. It identifies primary loads such as water load, self-weight, and uplift pressure as the major loads that are important for all dam types. Secondary loads like silt load, wave pressure, thermal load are also discussed. Exceptional loads include earthquake force, which exerts both vertical and horizontal components that must be designed for. The document provides details on calculating and accounting for these various dam loads in the planning and design of gravity dams.
A gravity dam is a solid structure, made of concrete or masonry, constructed across a river to create a reservoir on its
upstream. The section of the gravity dam is approximately triangular in shape, with its apex at its top and maximum width at bottom.
The section is so proportioned that it resists the various forces acting on it by its own weight. Most of the gravity dams are solid, so that
no bending stress is introduced at any point and hence, they are sometimes known as solid gravity dams to distinguish them from hollow
gravity dams in those hollow spaces are kept to reduce the weight. Early gravity dams were built of masonry, but now-a-days with
improved methods of construction, quality control and curing, concrete is most commonly used for the construction of modern gravity
dams.
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1. CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures
CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures
2. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
ƒA gravity dam is a solid structure, made of concrete or
masonry, constructed across a river to create a reservoir on its
upstream
ƒThe section of the gravity dam is approximately triangular in
shape, with its apex at its top and maximum width at bottom.
ƒ The section is so proportioned that it resists the various forces
acting on it by its own weight.
ƒ are usually consist of two sections; namely, the non-overflow
section and the overflow section or spillway section.
ƒ are particularly suited across gorges with very steep side slopes
where earth dams might slip and are usually cheaper than earth
dams if suitable soils are not available for their construction.
ƒWhere good foundations are available, gravity dams can be
built upto any height. It is the most permanent one, and requires
little maintenance. The most ancient gravity, dam on record was
built in Egypt more than 400 years B.C. of uncemented masonry.
3. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
1. Axis of the dam: is the line of the upstream edge of the top (or
crown) of the dam. The axis of the dam in plan is also called the
base line of the dam. The axis of the dam in plan is usually
straight.
2. Length of the dam: is the distance from one abutment to the
other, measured along the axis of the dam at the level of the top
of the dam.
3. Structural height of the dam: is the difference in elevations of
the top of the dam and the lowest point in the excavated
foundation. It, however, does not include the depth of special
geological features of foundations such as narrow fault zones
below the foundation. In general, the height of the dam means its
structural height.
Basic Definitions
4. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
4. Toe and Heel: The toe of the dam is the downstream edge of
the base, and the heel is the upstream edge of the base.
5. Maximum base width of the dam: is the maximum horizontal
distance between the heel and the toe of the maximum section of
the dam in the middle of the valley.
6. Hydraulic height of the dam: is equal to the difference in
elevations of the highest controlled water surface on the
upstream of the dam (i. e. FRL) and the lowest point in the river
bed
Basic Definitions
6. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
1. Weight of the dam
2. Water pressure
3. Uplift pressure
4. Wave pressure
5. Earth and Silt pressure
6. Earthquake forces
7. Ice pressure
8. Wind pressure
9. Thermal loads.
Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
7. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
These forces fall into two categories as:
a)Forces, such as weight of the dam and water pressure, which
are directly calculable from the unit weights of the materials and
properties of fluid pressures; and
b)Forces, such as uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure and ice
pressure, which can only be assumed on the basis of assumption
of varying degree of reliability.
It is in the estimating of the second category of the forces that
special care has to be taken and reliance placed on available
data, experience, and judgment.
It is convenient to compute all the forces per unit length of the
dam
Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
8. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
9 Main stabilizing force in a gravity dam
9 Dead load = weight of concrete or masonry or both + weight of
such appurtenances as piers, gates and bridges.
9 Weight of the dam per unit length is equal to the product of the
area of cross-section of the dam and the specific weight (or unit
weight) of the material.
9 Unit weight of concrete (24 kN/m3) and masonry (23 kN/m3)
varies considerably depending upon the various materials that
go to make them.
9 For convenience, the cross-section of the dam is divided into
simple geometrical shapes, such as rectangles and triangles, for
the computation of weights. The areas and controids of these
shapes can be easily determined. Thus the weight components
W1, W2, W3 etc. can be found along with their lines of action.
The total weight W of the dam acts at the C.G. of its section
Weight of Dam
10. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Water pressure on the upstream face is the main destabilizing
(or overturning) force acting on a gravity dam.
Tail water pressure helps in the stability.
Although the weight of water varies slightly with temp., the
variation is usually ignored. Unit Mass of water is taken as 1000
kg/m3 and specific weight = 10 kN/m3 instead of 9.81 kN/m3.
The water pressure always acts normal to the face of dam.
It is convenient to determine the components of the forces in the
horizontal and vertical directions instead of the total force on
the inclined surface directly.
Water Pressure (Reservoir and Tail Water Loads
11. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Water Pressure (Reservoir and Tail Water Loads
The water pressure
intensity p (kN/m2)
varies linearly with the
depth of the water
measured below the
free surface y (m) and is
expressed as
y
p w
γ
=
12. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Water Pressure (Reservoir and Tail Water Loads
U/s face vertical: When the upstream face of the dam is
vertical, the water pressure diagram is triangular in shape
with a pressure intensity of γwh at the base, where h is the
depth of water. The total water pressure per unit length is
horizontal and is given by
It acts horizontally at a height of h/3 above the base of the
dam.
2
2
1
h
P w
H γ
=
13. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Water Pressure (Reservoir and Tail Water Loads
U/s face inclined: When the upstream face ABC is either
inclined or partly vertical and partly inclined, the force due to
water pressure can be calculated in terms of the horizontal
component PH and the vertical component PV. The horizontal
component is given as earlier and acts horizontal at a height of
(h/3) above the base. The vertical component PV of water
pressure per unit length is equal to the weight of the water in
the prism ABCD per unit length. For convenience, the weight
of water is found in two parts PV1 and PV2 by dividing the
trapezium ABCD into a rectangle BCDE and a triangle ABE.
Thus the vertical component PV = PV1 + PV2 = weight of water
in BCDE + weight of water in ABE. The lines of action of PV1
and PV2 will pass through the respective centroids of the
rectangle and triangle.
14. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Uplift Pressure
ƒWater has a tendency to seep through the pores and fissures of
the material in the body of the dam and foundation material,
and through the joints between the body of the dam and its
foundation at the base. The seeping water exerts pressure.
ƒThe uplift pressure is defined as the upward pressure of water
as it flows or seeps through the body of dam or its foundation.
ƒA portion of the weight of the dam will be supported on the
upward pressure of water; hence net foundation reaction due to
vertical force will reduce.
ƒThe area over which the uplift pressure acts has been a
question of investigation from the early part of this century.
ƒ One school of thought recommends that a value one-third to
two-thirds of the area should be considered as effective over
which the uplift acts.
15. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Uplift Pressure
The second school of thought, recommend that the effective
area may be taken approximately equal to the total area.
Code of Indian Standards (IS : 6512-1984):
¾There are two constituent elements in uplift pressure: the area
factor or the percentage of area on which uplift acts and the
intensity factor or the ratio which the actual intensity of uplift
pressure bears to the intensity gradient extending from head
water to tail water at various points.
¾The total area should be considered as effective to account for
uplift.
¾The pressure gradient shall then be extending linearly to
heads corresponding to reservoir level and tailwater level.
16. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Uplift Pressure
Code of Indian Standards (IS : 6512-1984):
¾In case of drain holes: the uplift pressure at the line of drains
exceeds the tailwater pressure by one-third the differential
between the reservoir and tailwater heads. The pressure
gradient shall then be extended linearly to heads corresponding
to reservoir level and tailwater level.
¾In case of a crack: The uplift is assumed to be the reservoir
pressure from the u/s face to the end of the crack and from
there to vary linearly to the tailwater or drain pressure.
¾In absence of line of drains and for the extreme loading
conditions F and G, the uplift shall be taken as varying linearly
from the appropriate reservoir water pressure at the u/s face to
the appropriate tailwater pressure at the d/s face.
¾ Uplift pressures are not affected by earthquakes.
18. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earth and Silt Pressure
ƒGravity dams are subjected to earth pressures on the
downstream and upstream faces where the foundation trench is
to be backfilled. Except in the abutment sections in specific
cases, earth pressures have usually a minor effect on the
stability of the structure and may be ignored.
ƒ Silt is treated as a saturated cohesionless soil having full uplift
and whose value of internal friction is not materially changed
on account of submergence.
ƒ IS code recommends that a) Horizontal silt and water
pressure is assumed to be equivalent to that of a fluid with a
mass of 1360 kg/m3, and b) Vertical silt and water pressure is
determined as if silt and water together have a density of 1925
kg/m3.
20. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Ice Pressure
9Ice expands and contracts with changes in temperature.
9In a reservoir completely frozen over, a drop in the air
temperature or in the level of the reservoir water may cause the
opening up of cracks which subsequently fill with water and
freezed solid. When the next rise in temperature occurs, the ice
expands and, if restrained, it exerts pressure on the dam.
9Good analytical procedures exist for computing ice pressures,
but the accuracy of results is dependent upon certain physical
data which have not been adequately determined.
9Ice pressure may be provided for at the rate of 250 kPa
applied to the face of dam over the anticipated area of contact
of ice with the face of dam.
9The problem of ice pressure in the design of dam is not
encountered in India except, perhaps, in a few localities.
21. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Wind Pressure
9Wind pressure does exist but is seldom a significant factor in
the design of a dam.
9Wind loads may, therefore, be ignored.
Thermal Load
9The cyclic variation of air temperature and the solar radiation
on the downstream side and the reservoir temperature on the
upstream side affect the stresses in the dam.
9Even the deflection of the dam is maximum in the morning
and it goes on reducing to a minimum value in the evening.
9Measures for temperature control of concrete in solid gravity
dams are adopted during construction.
9 Thermal are not significant in gravity dams and may be
ignored.
22. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Wave Pressure
9The upper portions of dams are subject to the impact of
waves.
9Wave pressure against massive dams of appreciable height is
usually of little consequence.
9The force and dimensions of waves depend mainly on the
extent and configuration of the water surface, the velocity of
wind and the depth of reservoir water.
9The height of wave is generally more important in the
determination of the free board requirements of dams to
prevent overtopping by wave splash.
9 An empirical method has been recommended by T. Saville
for computation of wave height hw (m), which takes into account
the effect of the shape of reservoir and wind velocity over water
surface rather than on land by applying necessary correction.
23. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Wave Pressure
9 Wind velocity of 120 km/h over water in case of normal pool
condition and of 80 km/h over water in case of maximum
reservoir condition should generally be assumed for calculation
of wave height if meteorological data is not available.
9Sometimes the following Molitor’s empirical formulae are
used to estimate wave height
for F < 32 km
for F > 32 km
where Vw = wind velocity in km/hr and F = fetch length of
reservoir in km.
4
/
1
)
(
271
.
0
763
.
0
032
.
0 F
F
V
h w
w −
+
=
F
V
h w
w 032
.
0
=
24. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Wave Pressure
9Wave pressure diagrams can be approx by triangle l-2-3
w
w h
p 24
=
9Max pressure pw in
kPa occurs at 0.125
hw, above the still
water level and is
given by
9The total wave force
Pw, (in kN) is given by
the area of triangle
2
20 w
w h
P =
25. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
9An earthquake sets random vibrations (waves) in the earth's
crust, which can be resolved in any three mutually
perpendicular directions. This motion causes the structure to
vibrate.
9The waves impart accelerations to the foundations under the
dam and causes its movement.
9Acceleration introduces an inertia force in the body of dam
and sets up stresses initially in lower layers and gradually in the
whole body of the dam.
9The vibration intensity of ground expected at any location
depends upon the magnitude of earthquake, the depth of focus,
distance from the epicentre and the strata on which the
structure stands.
26. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
9 The response of the structure to the ground vibration is a
function of the nature of foundation soil; materials, form, size
and mode of construction of the structure; and the duration and
the intensity of ground motion.
9 Earthquake causes impulsive ground motion which is
complex and irregular in character, changing in period and
amplitude each lasting for small duration.
9 Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or
maximum flood or maximum sea waves.
9 The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required,
may be taken as for static analysis unless a more definite value
is available for use in such condition.
9Whenever earthquake forces are considered along with other
normal design forces, the permissible stresses in materials, in
the elastic method of design, may be increased by one-third.
28. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
9The earthquake force experienced by a structure depends on
its own dynamic characteristics in addition to those of the
ground motion.
9 Response spectrum method takes into account these
characteristics and is recommended for use in case where it is
desired to take such effects into account.
9 IS:1893 - 1984 code specifies design criteria under
earthquake condition.
9As per IS Code, for dams up to 100 m height, the seismic
coefficient method shall be used for the design of the dams;
while for dams over 100 m height the response spectrum
method shall be used.
29. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
9Basic seismic coefficients (α0) and seismic zone factors (F0) in
different zones shall be taken as given in Table. The design
seismic forces shall be computed on the basis of importance of
the structure I (Table) and its soil-foundation system β (Table).
9In Seismic Coefficient Method the design value of horizontal
seismic coefficient (αh) shall be computed as
In response Spectrum Method the response acceleration
coefficient is first obtained for the natural period and damping
of the structure and the design value of horizontal seismic
coefficient (αh) shall be computed using
0
α
β
α I
h =
g
S
IF a
h 0
β
α =
33. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
9Basic seismic coefficients (α0) and seismic zone factors (F0) in
different zones shall be taken as given in Table. The design
seismic forces shall be computed on the basis of importance of
the structure I (Table) and its soil-foundation system β (Table).
9In Seismic Coefficient Method the design value of horizontal
seismic coefficient (αh) shall be computed as
In response Spectrum Method the response acceleration
coefficient is first obtained for the natural period and damping
of the structure and the design value of horizontal seismic
coefficient (αh) shall be computed using
0
α
β
α I
h =
g
S
IF a
h 0
β
α =
34. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
where Sa/g = average acceleration coefficient as read from Fig
for a damping of 5 percent and fundamental period of
vibration of the dam corresponding to
where H = height of the dam in m, B = base width of the dam in
m, γm = unit weight of the material of dam in N/m3, g =
acceleration due to gravity in m/s2, and Em, = modulus of
elasticity of the material in N/m2. Where a number of modes are
to be considered for seismic analysis αh shall be worked out
corresponding to the various mode periods and dampings and
then design forces shall be computed. If actual response spectra
is available then the same may be used directly instead of the
above equation.
m
m
gE
B
H
T
γ
2
55
.
5
=
36. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
Inertia forces: The inertia force acts in a direction opposite to
the acceleration imparted by, earthquake forces and is equal to
the product of the mass of the dam and the acceleration. For
dams up to 100 m height the horizontal seismic coefficient shall
be taken as 1.5 times seismic coefficient αh at the top of the dam
reducing linearly to zero at the base. This inertia force shall be
assumed to act from upstream to downstream or downstream to
upstream to get the worst combination for design. It causes an
overturning moment about the horizontal section adding to that
caused by hydrodynamic force.
Effect of Horizontal Acceleration: causes
two forces: (1) Inertia force in the body of
the dam, and (2) Hydrodynamic pressure of
water.
37. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
where W = total weight of the masonry or concrete in the dam
in N, and = height of the centre of gravity of the dam above the
base in m. For any horizontal section at a depth y below top of
the dam shear force, Vy, and bending moment My, may be
obtained as follows
For dams over 100 m height the response spectrum method
shall be used. The base shear, VB and base moment MB may
be obtained by the following formulae:
h
B
h
B h
W
M
W
V α
α 9
.
0
6
.
0 =
=
B
m
y
B
v
y M
C
M
V
C
V '
'
=
=
39. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
where pey = hydrodynamic pressure intensity (Pa) at depth y, h
= depth of reservoir (m) and Cs = coefficient which varies with
shapes of u/s face and depth of water.
Hydrodynamic forces: Due to horizontal acceleration of the
foundation and dam there is an instantaneous hydrodynamic
pressure (or suction) exerted against the dam in addition to
hydrostatic forces. The direction of hydrodynamic force is
opposite to the direction of earthquake acceleration. Zanger
presented formulae based on electrical analogy and with
assumption that water is incompressible. The pressure variation
is elliptical-cum-parabolic. The hydrodynamic pressure at
depth y below the reservoir surface shall be determined as
follows h
C
p w
h
s
ey γ
α
=
41. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
where Cm = maximum value of Cs, which can be read from Fig.
or obtained from
Approximate values of Cs, for dams with vertical or constant
upstream slopes may be obtained as follows
⎪
⎭
⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪
⎩
⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
−
+
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
−
=
h
y
h
y
h
y
h
y
C
C m
s 2
2
2
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
−
=
90
1
735
.
0
θ
m
C
where θ = angle, in degrees the u/s face of the dam makes with
vertical. If the height of the vertical portion of u/s face is equal to
or greater than one-half the total height of the dam, analyze it as
if vertical throughout. Otherwise use a sloping line connecting
the point of intersection of u/s face and the reservoir surface with
the heel.
43. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
Similarly, the moment of pressure about the joint upto which
the pressure is taken is given by half the sum of the moments of
the quarter ellipse and semi-parabola. Hence
The total pressure at depth y may be found by integrating the
pressure curve above that plane. Taking the pressure variation
to be elliptical-cum-parabolic, the total pressure at depth y will
be equal to the average of the areas of the quarter ellipse and
semi parabola. Hence
where Pey = hydrodynamic shear in N/m at any depth y, and Mey
= moment in N.m/m due to hydrodynamic force at any depth y.
y
p
y
p
y
p
P ey
ey
ey
ey 727
.
0
3
2
4
2
1
=
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
+
=
π
2
2
299
.
0
15
4
3
1
2
1
5
2
3
2
3
4
4
2
1
y
p
y
p
y
y
p
y
y
p
M ey
ey
ey
ey
ey =
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
+
=
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
×
+
×
=
π
π
44. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
where PeV = increase (or decrease) in vertical component of load
due to hydrodynamic force, Pey2 = total horizontal component of
hydrodynamic force at elevation of the section being considered,
Pey1 = total horizontal component of hydrodynamic force at the
elevation at which the slope of dam face commences, and θ =
angle between the face of dam and the vertical. Moment due to
vertical component of reservoir and tail water load may be
obtained by determining lever arm from centroid of pressure dia.
Effect of Horizontal Acceleration on the Vertical Component of
Reservoir and Tail Water Load: Since the hydrodynamic
pressure (or suction) acts normal to the face of the dam, there
shall be a vertical component of this force if the face of the dam
against which it is acting is sloping, the magnitude at any
horizontal section being
( ) θ
tan
1
2 ey
ey
eV P
P
P −
=
45. GRAVITY DAMS
GRAVITY DAMS
Earthquake Forces
Effect of Vertical Acceleration: The effect of vertical
earthquake acceleration is to change the unit weight of water
and concrete or masonry. Acceleration upwards increases the
weight and acceleration downwards decreases the weight. Due
to vertical acceleration a vertical inertia force F = αVW is
exerted on the dam, in the direction opposite to that of the
acceleration. When the acceleration is vertically upwards, the
inertia force F = αVW acts vertically downwards, thus
increasing momentarily the downward weights. When the
acceleration is vertically downwards the inertia force F = αVW
acts upwards and decreases momentarily the downward weight.
For methods of design (seismic coefficient up to 100 m and
response spectrum over 100 m) Vertical seismic coefficient (αV)
shall be taken as 0.75 times the value of αh (of the respective
method) at the top of the dam reducing linearly to zero at the
base