Aims: Acquiring suitable land for agricultural purposes is a challenge for most prospective farmers in South-West, Nigeria. This makes them acquire lands in government-owned forest reserves with special contractual agreements. Therefore, we evaluate farmers’ preferences for selected attributes
of farming enclaves in four hypothetical forest reserves in South-West, Nigeria.
Study Design: An orthogonal main effects design was used to construct the choice sets used for
preference elicitation.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in December, 2017 in randomly selected communities of Oluyole Local government area of Oyo State, South-West, Nigeria.
Methodology: Focus group discussions and relevant literature search were conducted to identify
the relevant attributes. Four hypothetical forest reserves were considered and the selected attributes were size of the farmland, type of cropping system and land rent fee per hectare.
Multistage sampling techniques were used to select 100 farmers and data were collected via faceto-interview. Multinomial logit model was used to analyse the data and willingness to pay for each of the selected attributes was also calculated. Results and Conclusion: We find that farmers value intercropping system the most. The coefficient of land rent fee (per hectare) is negative and significant implying that farmers obtain higher utility from very low land rent fees. They are willing to pay an extra 12.50 US Dollars land
rent fees (per hectare) to have intercropping on a particular farming enclave while avoiding other enclaves with other cropping systems. Farm size and taungya do not contribute significantly to the farmers’ choice of farming enclave. These results will help forest reserve managers in formulating policies that will benefit farmers without jeopardising efficient management of forest resources.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Impact of Land Right Arrangements on the use of Irrigation Resources in the L...ijtsrd
The study examined the two tenancy conditions in the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority of Nigeria LNRBDA and the differences in the pattern that the farmers under both conditions use resources in the area. Hypotheses were put forward to test whether or not significant differences existed among the three types of efficiency indices obtained for each of the two tenure settings and whether the differences in the physical quantities of the resources used by farmers in both were significant. Data was drawn on 414 small scale irrigation farms under the two existing tenure Systems in 7 irrigation schemes located in 7 different Local Government Areas under the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority in both Kwara and Kogi States of North –Central Nigeria. The result showed that there were lots of discrepancies in the t tests results of the two settings. Consequently, government did not intentionally establish one setting to be superior to the other in terms of production performance. Ajiboye Abiodun | A. O Adekunmi | O. A Adeleke | A. O Awoyemi ""Impact of Land Right Arrangements on the use of Irrigation Resources in the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22927.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22927/impact-of-land-right-arrangements-on-the-use-of-irrigation-resources-in-the-lower-niger-river-basin-development-authority-of-nigeria/ajiboye-abiodun
Upland forest restoration and livelihoods in AsiaCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was given by CIFOR scientist Louis Putzel at the APFNet Workshop on Degraded Forest Rehabilitation and Sustainable Forest Management in Kunming on 10 July 2014.
The presentation gives an overview of the findings of a comparative study on sloping land restoration in three different countries in Asia
IRJET- Comparative Study of Integrated Farming System – A Case StudyIRJET Journal
The document compares crop-based farming systems to an integrated farming system including fisheries. It finds that the integrated farming system generates significantly more income and employment. Specifically:
1) The integrated farming system generated a gross income of Rs. 458,659 per year compared to Rs. 107,264 for the crop-based system, over 3.66 times higher.
2) Employment was also much greater in the integrated system, with 512 man-days of work compared to 197 for crops, over 2.6 times higher.
3) Income and employment were both substantially greater than traditional crop-horticulture systems used by local farmers as well, demonstrating the benefits of integrating fisheries.
This document is an assignment on precision agriculture submitted by Vidhan Chandra Singh to Dr. Amitesh Kumar Singh. It defines precision agriculture as a site-specific farming system designed to increase production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It discusses the history and basic concepts of precision agriculture, including the key components of GPS, GIS, variable rate technology, yield monitors, and remote sensing. It also covers the benefits and challenges of adopting precision agriculture in India.
Optimum combination of farm enterprises among smallholder farmers in umuahia ...Alexander Decker
The document presents the results of a study that used linear programming to determine the optimal combination of farm enterprises for smallholder farmers in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. A sample of 30 farmers was used to develop a model that maximized gross margin subject to resource constraints. The optimal plan included one crop enterprise, two crop mixtures, and two livestock enterprises. Sensitivity analysis found that increasing land by 25% increased gross margin by 13.48%, while increasing labor by 25% increased gross margin by 3.04%. The study recommends adopting more land and labor-saving technologies to improve farm production.
A survey experiment was conducted during the 2018 cropping season to assess the utilization of herbicides by farmers in Kogi state. The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaires administered to nine hundred (900) farmers across five (5) Local Government Areas (LGAs), (three villages per LGA and 20 farmers in each village were sampled) in each of the three senatorial districts of the state.Results showed that farmers across the three senatorial districts were mostly males (79%), married (78.7%) illiterates (55.31%) and aged (41-60 years). Very few farmers had post secondary education with Kogi west taking the lead (6.7%). A large proportion of farmers (94.6%) applied herbicides on their farms by using mostly (72.8%) CP15 sprayers which were most often borrowed. Results also indicated that in the three senatorial districts, majority of famers (91%) did not put on protective attire during spraying operation and mostly (82.4%) used milk tin in dispensing herbicides into the spray tank. The survey revealed that inspite of high acceptability of herbicides as a means of weed control, most farmers did not observe safety measures and purchased chemicals from the open market. Therefore, there is the need for advocacy by the State Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in order to reverse the trend for optimum herbicide utilization in the state.
Dr. B. L. Sinha discusses the history and definition of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture has been practiced for hundreds of years through adaptations like the transition from horse-drawn plows to tractors. In recent decades, technology like GPS, GIS systems, and remote sensing has allowed for more precise data collection and analysis at subfield levels. This enables variable applications tailored to spatial and temporal variability in fields. By improving efficiency and reducing waste, precision agriculture benefits farmers through increased profits and more sustainable practices.
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Impact of Land Right Arrangements on the use of Irrigation Resources in the L...ijtsrd
The study examined the two tenancy conditions in the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority of Nigeria LNRBDA and the differences in the pattern that the farmers under both conditions use resources in the area. Hypotheses were put forward to test whether or not significant differences existed among the three types of efficiency indices obtained for each of the two tenure settings and whether the differences in the physical quantities of the resources used by farmers in both were significant. Data was drawn on 414 small scale irrigation farms under the two existing tenure Systems in 7 irrigation schemes located in 7 different Local Government Areas under the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority in both Kwara and Kogi States of North –Central Nigeria. The result showed that there were lots of discrepancies in the t tests results of the two settings. Consequently, government did not intentionally establish one setting to be superior to the other in terms of production performance. Ajiboye Abiodun | A. O Adekunmi | O. A Adeleke | A. O Awoyemi ""Impact of Land Right Arrangements on the use of Irrigation Resources in the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22927.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22927/impact-of-land-right-arrangements-on-the-use-of-irrigation-resources-in-the-lower-niger-river-basin-development-authority-of-nigeria/ajiboye-abiodun
Upland forest restoration and livelihoods in AsiaCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was given by CIFOR scientist Louis Putzel at the APFNet Workshop on Degraded Forest Rehabilitation and Sustainable Forest Management in Kunming on 10 July 2014.
The presentation gives an overview of the findings of a comparative study on sloping land restoration in three different countries in Asia
IRJET- Comparative Study of Integrated Farming System – A Case StudyIRJET Journal
The document compares crop-based farming systems to an integrated farming system including fisheries. It finds that the integrated farming system generates significantly more income and employment. Specifically:
1) The integrated farming system generated a gross income of Rs. 458,659 per year compared to Rs. 107,264 for the crop-based system, over 3.66 times higher.
2) Employment was also much greater in the integrated system, with 512 man-days of work compared to 197 for crops, over 2.6 times higher.
3) Income and employment were both substantially greater than traditional crop-horticulture systems used by local farmers as well, demonstrating the benefits of integrating fisheries.
This document is an assignment on precision agriculture submitted by Vidhan Chandra Singh to Dr. Amitesh Kumar Singh. It defines precision agriculture as a site-specific farming system designed to increase production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It discusses the history and basic concepts of precision agriculture, including the key components of GPS, GIS, variable rate technology, yield monitors, and remote sensing. It also covers the benefits and challenges of adopting precision agriculture in India.
Optimum combination of farm enterprises among smallholder farmers in umuahia ...Alexander Decker
The document presents the results of a study that used linear programming to determine the optimal combination of farm enterprises for smallholder farmers in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. A sample of 30 farmers was used to develop a model that maximized gross margin subject to resource constraints. The optimal plan included one crop enterprise, two crop mixtures, and two livestock enterprises. Sensitivity analysis found that increasing land by 25% increased gross margin by 13.48%, while increasing labor by 25% increased gross margin by 3.04%. The study recommends adopting more land and labor-saving technologies to improve farm production.
A survey experiment was conducted during the 2018 cropping season to assess the utilization of herbicides by farmers in Kogi state. The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaires administered to nine hundred (900) farmers across five (5) Local Government Areas (LGAs), (three villages per LGA and 20 farmers in each village were sampled) in each of the three senatorial districts of the state.Results showed that farmers across the three senatorial districts were mostly males (79%), married (78.7%) illiterates (55.31%) and aged (41-60 years). Very few farmers had post secondary education with Kogi west taking the lead (6.7%). A large proportion of farmers (94.6%) applied herbicides on their farms by using mostly (72.8%) CP15 sprayers which were most often borrowed. Results also indicated that in the three senatorial districts, majority of famers (91%) did not put on protective attire during spraying operation and mostly (82.4%) used milk tin in dispensing herbicides into the spray tank. The survey revealed that inspite of high acceptability of herbicides as a means of weed control, most farmers did not observe safety measures and purchased chemicals from the open market. Therefore, there is the need for advocacy by the State Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in order to reverse the trend for optimum herbicide utilization in the state.
Dr. B. L. Sinha discusses the history and definition of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture has been practiced for hundreds of years through adaptations like the transition from horse-drawn plows to tractors. In recent decades, technology like GPS, GIS systems, and remote sensing has allowed for more precise data collection and analysis at subfield levels. This enables variable applications tailored to spatial and temporal variability in fields. By improving efficiency and reducing waste, precision agriculture benefits farmers through increased profits and more sustainable practices.
This document provides information on precision farming and site-specific nutrient management. It begins with definitions of precision farming and discusses its history. It then outlines the needs, concepts, objectives and components of precision farming. Some key tools and techniques of precision farming discussed include GPS, GIS, remote sensing, yield monitors, chlorophyll meters, and decision support systems. The document presents evidence that precision farming approaches like sensor-guided nutrient management and site-specific nutrient management can increase yields and profits while improving nutrient use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts compared to traditional blanket fertilizer recommendations.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
The study analyzes the acreage response of maize with respect to price and non-price factors in Swaziland during the period 1968-2017. Rainfall and agricultural policy are the non-price factors considered in this study. The Cointergration and Vector Error Correction Modeling approaches were used to estimate the short run and long run elasticities of price and non-price factors acreage response of maize in Eswatini. The results confirm that non-price factors seem to have more effect on acreage response in the long run. The introduction of the Maputo declaration policy in 2003 had not yeld the positive impact on maize annual acreage changes. The study also shows that climatological factors such as rainfall has a positive influence on maize production and resource allocation both in short and long run. Development of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies would assist the maize production sector in the country. The strategies cannot affect natural conditions like rainfall, but it can compensate for the negative impact of climate change by increasing investment in irrigation, promoting efficient use of water and encouraging adoption of drought resistant varieties of seeds.
11.comparison between irrigation payment systems and probability of using wat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines different irrigation payment systems in Bangladesh and their impact on the adoption of water saving technology. It finds that farmers in poorer areas prefer a crop share payment system as it provides higher average pay for irrigation owners. However, this system does not incentivize water saving. In contrast, cash payment systems are associated with greater use of water saving technology as farmers pay for the amount of water used. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to determine factors influencing the adoption of water saving practices, such as education levels, farm size, and household income.
Comparison between irrigation payment systems and probability of using water ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines different irrigation payment systems in Bangladesh and their impact on the adoption of water saving technology. It finds that farmers in poorer areas prefer a crop share payment system as it provides higher average pay for irrigation owners. However, this system does not incentivize water saving. In contrast, cash payment systems are associated with greater use of water saving technology as farmers pay for the amount of water used. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to determine factors influencing the adoption of water saving practices, such as education levels, farm size, and household income.
The document proposes a cooperative farming model using principles of alternative farming to boost agricultural productivity in India. Key features of the proposed model include farmers cooperating by grouping small land holdings without leasing land, using organic fertilizers and traditional seeds, and practicing strip farming and intercropping. This combines the advantages of alternative and cooperative farming while avoiding their disadvantages. The model is aimed at increasing yields, improving soil fertility, and providing financial security for small farmers in India.
This study examined farmers' perspectives on the adoption of smart farming techniques (SFT) in Jangoan Mandal, Telangana, India. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 100 farmers to understand their use of SFT, perceived benefits and challenges, and the impact on their livelihoods. The results showed that most farmers saw benefits of SFT such as increased yields and reduced environmental impact. However, high costs, lack of training and infrastructure posed adoption barriers. While SFT has potential to improve sustainability and productivity, more support is needed to assist small farmers in adopting these new technologies.
Do land disputes affect smallholder agricultural productivity evidence from k...Alexander Decker
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
Land disputes are common among smallholder farmers in Kenya and can negatively impact agricultural
productivity. A study examines how land disputes affect the use of fertilizers and overall crop productivity using
farm plot data from Kenya. The results show that active land disputes reduce the application of manure and other
long-term investments, and lower overall agricultural productivity on disputed plots by around 13% compared to
dispute-free plots.
An Efficient and Novel Crop Yield Prediction Method using Machine Learning Al...IIJSRJournal
This document describes a proposed method for crop yield prediction using machine learning algorithms. It begins with an introduction to the importance of agriculture in India and challenges faced by farmers in predicting crop yields. It then discusses previous related work on predicting yields based on environmental factors. The proposed method uses a random forest algorithm and backpropagation neural network to predict yields based on data like rainfall, temperature, and land area. It also describes predicting fertilizer needs and crop prices. The method is evaluated on a dataset and results are discussed. It is concluded that this approach can help farmers predict yields and make better decisions about crop selection and management.
Sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in uttar pradesh, indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. It finds that:
1. Among the practices studied (use of high-yielding varieties, application of farm yard manure, application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer, and irrigation), irrigation and application of farm yard manure had the highest sustainability scores according to farmers, while experts rated application of farm yard manure and irrigation as most sustainable.
2. Use of high-yielding varieties was found to be more socio-culturally compatible, technologically appropriate, stable, efficient, and productive according to the study, but government support for seeds was lacking. Application of farm yard manure was environment
Managing soil as a natural resource for sustainable intensification in East a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Kihara, J., Kimaro, A.A., Chikowo, R. and Swamila, M. for the Africa RISING Science for Impact Workshop, Dar es Salaam, 17-19 January 2017
This document discusses a proposed system called the Farmer's Analytical Assistant, which aims to help farmers in India maximize crop yields through predictive analysis and recommendations. It analyzes agricultural data on factors like soil properties, rainfall, and past crop performance using machine learning techniques to predict optimal crops for different regions based on the environmental conditions. The proposed system would allow farmers to input local data, receive personalized yield predictions and crop suggestions, and get advice from experts online. The methodology section describes how climate/rainfall and soil data is collected and analyzed using machine learning models to provide crop recommendations. The goal is to improve upon traditional crop selection methods and help increase farmers' incomes.
Perception of Farmers for Improved Maize Varieties on Local Maize Variety: Th...Premier Publishers
Agriculture is the most important for the developing countries to overcome poverty. It is from this ground the need to analyze the perception of small holder farmers towards improved maize varieties on local maize variety. Out of 19 kebeles in Kiremu district three kebeles were selected using simple random sampling. Simple random sampling was also employed to select the target households. Structured instrumental questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting data from 189 randomly selected households. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze data. Averagely marketability characteristics, yield characteristics, disease resistant characteristics and shattering resistant attributes of improved maize varieties were the most perceived on the local maize variety by the small holder farmers of the study area. Therefore, government and other development organization should create a favorable environment like strengthening farmers’ knowledge on modern agriculture production throughout strengthening of the extension service and giving more attention to farmers’ priorities and needs related to agriculture.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Agriculture machinery plays a significant role to enhance the productivity.
Geo-informatics is the science that gather data regarding field conditions (Accurately). These are computational model cum strong algorithm based machinery or equipment to obtain real time data with precise application
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
Farmers’ Knowledge and Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices in North Centr...BRNSS Publication Hub
Soil is the most crucial resource on which agriculture is based. Proper management of this valuable
resource is vital to sustain long-term agricultural productivity. Farmers’ knowledge level and adoption of
soil management practices have influenced agricultural productivity. This study therefore, investigated the
farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation practices in North Central Nigeria. A four-stage
random sampling technique was adopted for selecting 960 respondents from all the six states for the study.
Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to elicit information from the respondents. Data
collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency counts, percentages,
and mean, standard deviation, and knowledge gap and adoption indexes. The overall results for the six states
showed that 45.3% had low knowledge gap, 43.4% had medium knowledge gap, and only 11.3% had high
and wider knowledge gap of soil conservation practices. Benue have the largest (52.3%) number of farmers
with the lowest knowledge gap on soil conservation practices. Results showed that 37.2 and 38.6% of
respondents had low and moderate adoption rate, respectively, while only 24.2% had high adoption rate of
soil conservation practices. State-wise, Benue (0.74) had the highest adoption rate while Kogi (0.33) had
the lowest. Adoption rate of soil conservation practices is significantly influenced by farmers’ knowledge
level at varying degree. It is concluded that farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation
practices ranges between low and medium with wide knowledge gap were found mostly in the areas of
terracing, contour farming, conservation tillage, and vegetative barriers. The study recommend that training
with result demonstration through agricultural extension services should be organized for farmers on soil
conservation practices to bridge their knowledge gap, especially in the areas where wider gap was found
and increases its adoption.
The document discusses technologies for smart cultivation systems, including drip irrigation, covered cultivation, smart monitoring using sensors, and advanced machinery like sprayers, cotton harvesters, planters, and tree trimmers. It focuses on how these technologies can help optimize water and resource usage, control the growing environment, remotely monitor crop and soil conditions, and automate agricultural tasks to improve productivity and sustainability. The goal of smart cultivation systems is to apply modern information and communication technologies to agriculture for more precise, efficient, and data-driven farming.
Countdown to the 2030 Global Goals: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Research T...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
As we approach the deadline for achieving the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is less than a decade away, it is crucial for researchers and research institutions at both national and international levels to conduct rigorous scientific assessments of the progress made towards these goals. The assessment is of utmost importance as it will provide valuable insights and information to political leaders and other stakeholders, guiding their actions and efforts towards successfully attaining the SDGs by the year 2030. This study aimed at providing vivid descriptions of the SDG 2 – zero hunger-related research endeavour. It employed bibliometric analysis and geographical patterns of SDG 2-related publications extracted from Scopus database from 2015 to 2023. A total of 397 documents were extracted where Sustainability journal ranked 1st among the journal outlets of zero hunger-related publications. The publication of zero hunger-related documents grew from 1.5% in 2016 to 29.7% in 2022. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the top 2 institutions publishing zero hunger-related documents while the lead article was published by Journal of Cleaner Production with 128 citations. The funding sponsors of SDG 2-related publications were dominated by sponsors from developed countries (such as China, Belgium, United States, and United Kingdom) while no funding sponsors from developing countries were among the top 10. The United States and United Kingdom were the two most productive countries while only one African country (South Africa) made the list of top 10 countries publishing zero hunger-related documents. This study provided political leaders and key stakeholders with in-depth understanding of the SDG 2-related research activities and highlighted research funding and collaboration gaps facing the developing nations.
Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria: A Systematic Review Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Given the recent increase in the number of Nigerians estimated to be at risk of food insecurity, it is crucial to explore the array of tools used to quantify food insecurity (FI). This exploration will help determine the prevalence and severity of FI in Nigeria. This review explored the scope of FI research carried out in Nigeria to examine how the design was quantified. A systematic review was performed to compile the accessible Nigerian studies. Seventy-nine studies were reviewed. Eighteen used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale module (HFIAS) to investigate FI status; thirteen used the recommended daily calorie requirement approach; twelve employed the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM); ten used the food insecurity index (through household per capita food expenditure); seven used the Food Insecurity Experienced Scale (FIES); two used the Food Consumption Score (FCS); and the others employed less standardized or thorough approaches. Different prevalence levels and gravities of FI in the Nigerian populations were documented. The prevalence of FI varied from 12% to 100%, based on the instrument and demography being studied. In accordance with the findings of this review, the authors propose standardization of the FI instrument and highlight the need for a measurement tool that would be appropriate for the Nigerian setting. This will enable researchers to attain a comprehensive knowledge of the occurrence rate of FI in Nigeria, leading to improved food-and nutrition-sensitive policy development.
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This document provides information on precision farming and site-specific nutrient management. It begins with definitions of precision farming and discusses its history. It then outlines the needs, concepts, objectives and components of precision farming. Some key tools and techniques of precision farming discussed include GPS, GIS, remote sensing, yield monitors, chlorophyll meters, and decision support systems. The document presents evidence that precision farming approaches like sensor-guided nutrient management and site-specific nutrient management can increase yields and profits while improving nutrient use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts compared to traditional blanket fertilizer recommendations.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
The study analyzes the acreage response of maize with respect to price and non-price factors in Swaziland during the period 1968-2017. Rainfall and agricultural policy are the non-price factors considered in this study. The Cointergration and Vector Error Correction Modeling approaches were used to estimate the short run and long run elasticities of price and non-price factors acreage response of maize in Eswatini. The results confirm that non-price factors seem to have more effect on acreage response in the long run. The introduction of the Maputo declaration policy in 2003 had not yeld the positive impact on maize annual acreage changes. The study also shows that climatological factors such as rainfall has a positive influence on maize production and resource allocation both in short and long run. Development of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies would assist the maize production sector in the country. The strategies cannot affect natural conditions like rainfall, but it can compensate for the negative impact of climate change by increasing investment in irrigation, promoting efficient use of water and encouraging adoption of drought resistant varieties of seeds.
11.comparison between irrigation payment systems and probability of using wat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines different irrigation payment systems in Bangladesh and their impact on the adoption of water saving technology. It finds that farmers in poorer areas prefer a crop share payment system as it provides higher average pay for irrigation owners. However, this system does not incentivize water saving. In contrast, cash payment systems are associated with greater use of water saving technology as farmers pay for the amount of water used. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to determine factors influencing the adoption of water saving practices, such as education levels, farm size, and household income.
Comparison between irrigation payment systems and probability of using water ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines different irrigation payment systems in Bangladesh and their impact on the adoption of water saving technology. It finds that farmers in poorer areas prefer a crop share payment system as it provides higher average pay for irrigation owners. However, this system does not incentivize water saving. In contrast, cash payment systems are associated with greater use of water saving technology as farmers pay for the amount of water used. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to determine factors influencing the adoption of water saving practices, such as education levels, farm size, and household income.
The document proposes a cooperative farming model using principles of alternative farming to boost agricultural productivity in India. Key features of the proposed model include farmers cooperating by grouping small land holdings without leasing land, using organic fertilizers and traditional seeds, and practicing strip farming and intercropping. This combines the advantages of alternative and cooperative farming while avoiding their disadvantages. The model is aimed at increasing yields, improving soil fertility, and providing financial security for small farmers in India.
This study examined farmers' perspectives on the adoption of smart farming techniques (SFT) in Jangoan Mandal, Telangana, India. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 100 farmers to understand their use of SFT, perceived benefits and challenges, and the impact on their livelihoods. The results showed that most farmers saw benefits of SFT such as increased yields and reduced environmental impact. However, high costs, lack of training and infrastructure posed adoption barriers. While SFT has potential to improve sustainability and productivity, more support is needed to assist small farmers in adopting these new technologies.
Do land disputes affect smallholder agricultural productivity evidence from k...Alexander Decker
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
Land disputes are common among smallholder farmers in Kenya and can negatively impact agricultural
productivity. A study examines how land disputes affect the use of fertilizers and overall crop productivity using
farm plot data from Kenya. The results show that active land disputes reduce the application of manure and other
long-term investments, and lower overall agricultural productivity on disputed plots by around 13% compared to
dispute-free plots.
An Efficient and Novel Crop Yield Prediction Method using Machine Learning Al...IIJSRJournal
This document describes a proposed method for crop yield prediction using machine learning algorithms. It begins with an introduction to the importance of agriculture in India and challenges faced by farmers in predicting crop yields. It then discusses previous related work on predicting yields based on environmental factors. The proposed method uses a random forest algorithm and backpropagation neural network to predict yields based on data like rainfall, temperature, and land area. It also describes predicting fertilizer needs and crop prices. The method is evaluated on a dataset and results are discussed. It is concluded that this approach can help farmers predict yields and make better decisions about crop selection and management.
Sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in uttar pradesh, indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. It finds that:
1. Among the practices studied (use of high-yielding varieties, application of farm yard manure, application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer, and irrigation), irrigation and application of farm yard manure had the highest sustainability scores according to farmers, while experts rated application of farm yard manure and irrigation as most sustainable.
2. Use of high-yielding varieties was found to be more socio-culturally compatible, technologically appropriate, stable, efficient, and productive according to the study, but government support for seeds was lacking. Application of farm yard manure was environment
Managing soil as a natural resource for sustainable intensification in East a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Kihara, J., Kimaro, A.A., Chikowo, R. and Swamila, M. for the Africa RISING Science for Impact Workshop, Dar es Salaam, 17-19 January 2017
This document discusses a proposed system called the Farmer's Analytical Assistant, which aims to help farmers in India maximize crop yields through predictive analysis and recommendations. It analyzes agricultural data on factors like soil properties, rainfall, and past crop performance using machine learning techniques to predict optimal crops for different regions based on the environmental conditions. The proposed system would allow farmers to input local data, receive personalized yield predictions and crop suggestions, and get advice from experts online. The methodology section describes how climate/rainfall and soil data is collected and analyzed using machine learning models to provide crop recommendations. The goal is to improve upon traditional crop selection methods and help increase farmers' incomes.
Perception of Farmers for Improved Maize Varieties on Local Maize Variety: Th...Premier Publishers
Agriculture is the most important for the developing countries to overcome poverty. It is from this ground the need to analyze the perception of small holder farmers towards improved maize varieties on local maize variety. Out of 19 kebeles in Kiremu district three kebeles were selected using simple random sampling. Simple random sampling was also employed to select the target households. Structured instrumental questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting data from 189 randomly selected households. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze data. Averagely marketability characteristics, yield characteristics, disease resistant characteristics and shattering resistant attributes of improved maize varieties were the most perceived on the local maize variety by the small holder farmers of the study area. Therefore, government and other development organization should create a favorable environment like strengthening farmers’ knowledge on modern agriculture production throughout strengthening of the extension service and giving more attention to farmers’ priorities and needs related to agriculture.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Agriculture machinery plays a significant role to enhance the productivity.
Geo-informatics is the science that gather data regarding field conditions (Accurately). These are computational model cum strong algorithm based machinery or equipment to obtain real time data with precise application
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
The natural environment of the Nsukka, is characterized by a combination of trees and grasses in different proportions. This readily provides conducive conditions for the combined cultivation of annual crops and perennial crops, or trees. But, some factors might have stalled the espousal and practice of agro forestry in Nsukka; this is because Nsukka until recently was generally inaccessible and lacked basic infrastructure. These have contributed negatively to result in wastage of farm products especially during harvest periods, and consequent loss of income to the farmers. The broad aim of the study was to analyze agro forestry land use practices of Nsukka farmers, assess the benefits, and draw up lessons and recommendations for sustainable agro forestry development in community-based forestry projects by describing the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, determining the type of agro forestry practiced in the area, identifying the reasons for farmers’ participation in agro forestry practices, identifying the constraints to sustainable agro forestry in the area and the measures for tackling the constraints and determining the benefits of agro forestry to participating farmers and their communities at large. The results of the study showed that most farmers sale greater part of their produce as the only source of income and most farmers spend less because they use animal dropping as a source of fertilizer. The land tenure system of the entire study area is largely by inheritance, and land use is determined by the male head and, on whom the right of usage is vested. Similarly, the ownership, sponsorship and management of agro forestry farms are largely by the families.
Farmers’ Knowledge and Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices in North Centr...BRNSS Publication Hub
Soil is the most crucial resource on which agriculture is based. Proper management of this valuable
resource is vital to sustain long-term agricultural productivity. Farmers’ knowledge level and adoption of
soil management practices have influenced agricultural productivity. This study therefore, investigated the
farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation practices in North Central Nigeria. A four-stage
random sampling technique was adopted for selecting 960 respondents from all the six states for the study.
Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to elicit information from the respondents. Data
collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency counts, percentages,
and mean, standard deviation, and knowledge gap and adoption indexes. The overall results for the six states
showed that 45.3% had low knowledge gap, 43.4% had medium knowledge gap, and only 11.3% had high
and wider knowledge gap of soil conservation practices. Benue have the largest (52.3%) number of farmers
with the lowest knowledge gap on soil conservation practices. Results showed that 37.2 and 38.6% of
respondents had low and moderate adoption rate, respectively, while only 24.2% had high adoption rate of
soil conservation practices. State-wise, Benue (0.74) had the highest adoption rate while Kogi (0.33) had
the lowest. Adoption rate of soil conservation practices is significantly influenced by farmers’ knowledge
level at varying degree. It is concluded that farmers’ knowledge gap and adoption of soil conservation
practices ranges between low and medium with wide knowledge gap were found mostly in the areas of
terracing, contour farming, conservation tillage, and vegetative barriers. The study recommend that training
with result demonstration through agricultural extension services should be organized for farmers on soil
conservation practices to bridge their knowledge gap, especially in the areas where wider gap was found
and increases its adoption.
The document discusses technologies for smart cultivation systems, including drip irrigation, covered cultivation, smart monitoring using sensors, and advanced machinery like sprayers, cotton harvesters, planters, and tree trimmers. It focuses on how these technologies can help optimize water and resource usage, control the growing environment, remotely monitor crop and soil conditions, and automate agricultural tasks to improve productivity and sustainability. The goal of smart cultivation systems is to apply modern information and communication technologies to agriculture for more precise, efficient, and data-driven farming.
Similar to Farmers’ Preferences for Farming Enclaves in Forest Reserves of South-West, Nigeria: A Discrete Choice Experiment (20)
Countdown to the 2030 Global Goals: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Research T...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
As we approach the deadline for achieving the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is less than a decade away, it is crucial for researchers and research institutions at both national and international levels to conduct rigorous scientific assessments of the progress made towards these goals. The assessment is of utmost importance as it will provide valuable insights and information to political leaders and other stakeholders, guiding their actions and efforts towards successfully attaining the SDGs by the year 2030. This study aimed at providing vivid descriptions of the SDG 2 – zero hunger-related research endeavour. It employed bibliometric analysis and geographical patterns of SDG 2-related publications extracted from Scopus database from 2015 to 2023. A total of 397 documents were extracted where Sustainability journal ranked 1st among the journal outlets of zero hunger-related publications. The publication of zero hunger-related documents grew from 1.5% in 2016 to 29.7% in 2022. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the top 2 institutions publishing zero hunger-related documents while the lead article was published by Journal of Cleaner Production with 128 citations. The funding sponsors of SDG 2-related publications were dominated by sponsors from developed countries (such as China, Belgium, United States, and United Kingdom) while no funding sponsors from developing countries were among the top 10. The United States and United Kingdom were the two most productive countries while only one African country (South Africa) made the list of top 10 countries publishing zero hunger-related documents. This study provided political leaders and key stakeholders with in-depth understanding of the SDG 2-related research activities and highlighted research funding and collaboration gaps facing the developing nations.
Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria: A Systematic Review Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Given the recent increase in the number of Nigerians estimated to be at risk of food insecurity, it is crucial to explore the array of tools used to quantify food insecurity (FI). This exploration will help determine the prevalence and severity of FI in Nigeria. This review explored the scope of FI research carried out in Nigeria to examine how the design was quantified. A systematic review was performed to compile the accessible Nigerian studies. Seventy-nine studies were reviewed. Eighteen used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale module (HFIAS) to investigate FI status; thirteen used the recommended daily calorie requirement approach; twelve employed the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM); ten used the food insecurity index (through household per capita food expenditure); seven used the Food Insecurity Experienced Scale (FIES); two used the Food Consumption Score (FCS); and the others employed less standardized or thorough approaches. Different prevalence levels and gravities of FI in the Nigerian populations were documented. The prevalence of FI varied from 12% to 100%, based on the instrument and demography being studied. In accordance with the findings of this review, the authors propose standardization of the FI instrument and highlight the need for a measurement tool that would be appropriate for the Nigerian setting. This will enable researchers to attain a comprehensive knowledge of the occurrence rate of FI in Nigeria, leading to improved food-and nutrition-sensitive policy development.
Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: ev...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Access tohealthyandaffordablediethingedontherealizationofSustainableDevelopmentGoal2,higherproductivity and, economic prosperity while it is difficult for a poorly nourished people to achieve optimum production of goods and services. This study assessed whether dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adult men are associated with crop commercialization index (CCI) levels of agricultural households in two states of Southwestern Nigeria. This research utilized 352 farm households, comprising 277 adult malemembers. The individualversionofdietary diversity score (DDS)of9foodgroupswasusedtocalculateadultmen’sDDSovera24-hrecall.Anthropometricdatawas obtained using bodymass index(BMI)whileCCIlevelswas estimatedfor eachagricultural household. Logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to examine the determinants of adult men’s dietary diversity and nutritional status respectively. Hundred percent of adult men consumed starchy staples, with 11.2% consuming egg, 5.8% milk andmilkproducts and 0.4%consumingorganmeatover24-hrecall. Adultmen ofCCI2andCCI4agriculturalhouseholds recorded overweight prevalence of >20% in Ogun state while the association between DDS and CCI was statistically insignificant suggesting that being a member of any of the CCI households may not guarantee the consumption of healthy diets among adult men. From Logit regression analysis, it is more likely for adult men with higher farm size toattaintheminimumDDSof4foodgroupsthanthosewithsmallersizeoffarmland(OR=4.78;95%CI:1.94,11.76; p =0.001). The age, farm experience, and cassava marketing experience were positively related to the likelihood of obtaining the minimum DDS. For adult men to achieve a healthy diet, their diet pattern must incorporate a more diversifiedintakeoffoodfromdifferentfoodgroupscapableofimprovingtheirnutritionalstatus.Thisstudyemphasized the need for relevant stakeholders to provide adequate nutrition knowledge intervention programmes capable of improving the diets and nutrition of adult men and other members of farm households.
Measuring the economic performance of smallholder organic maize farms; Implic...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture is associated with some health and environmental issues. This led to a call for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture without health issues. However, there is low participation in organic farming in Nigeria, which could be linked to less knowledge about its profitability. The study investigated smallholder organic maize farming profitability in Northern Nigeria. We employed descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, and a multiple regression model to analyse data collected from 480 maize farmers. The results revealed that organic maize farmers had a gross profit of USD 604.81 per hectare, a 0.46 profit ratio, a 0.54 gross ratio, a 0.32 operating ratio, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.85, and a 0.85 return on capital invested. Thus, organic maize farming is a productive and profitable venture. Organic manure, compost manure, farm size, selling price, cooperative membership, extension contact, access to credit, irrigation, education, and major occupation were factors that enhanced organic maize farming’s net profit. However, seed and transportation costs negatively influenced organic maize farming's net profit. Therefore, government and development agencies must intervene to make organic farming more sustainable and profitable by subsidizing seed costs and providing f inancial assistance to farmers.
Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: ev...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Access tohealthyandaffordablediethingedontherealizationofSustainableDevelopmentGoal2,higherproductivity and, economic prosperity while it is difficult for a poorly nourished people to achieve optimum production of goods and services. This study assessed whether dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adult men are associated with crop commercialization index (CCI) levels of agricultural households in two states of Southwestern Nigeria. This research utilized 352 farm households, comprising 277 adult malemembers. The individualversionofdietary diversity score (DDS)of9foodgroupswasusedtocalculateadultmen’sDDSovera24-hrecall.Anthropometricdatawas obtained using bodymass index(BMI)whileCCIlevelswas estimatedfor eachagricultural household. Logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to examine the determinants of adult men’s dietary diversity and nutritional status respectively. Hundred percent of adult men consumed starchy staples, with 11.2% consuming egg, 5.8% milk andmilkproducts and 0.4%consumingorganmeatover24-hrecall. Adultmen ofCCI2andCCI4agriculturalhouseholds recorded overweight prevalence of >20% in Ogun state while the association between DDS and CCI was statistically insignificant suggesting that being a member of any of the CCI households may not guarantee the consumption of healthy diets among adult men. From Logit regression analysis, it is more likely for adult men with higher farm size toattaintheminimumDDSof4foodgroupsthanthosewithsmallersizeoffarmland(OR=4.78;95%CI:1.94,11.76; p =0.001). The age, farm experience, and cassava marketing experience were positively related to the likelihood of obtaining the minimum DDS. For adult men to achieve a healthy diet, their diet pattern must incorporate a more diversifiedintakeoffoodfromdifferentfoodgroupscapableofimprovingtheirnutritionalstatus.Thisstudyemphasized the need for relevant stakeholders to provide adequate nutrition knowledge intervention programmes capable of improving the diets and nutrition of adult men and other members of farm households.
Concerns about food safety issues have put considerable pressure on pesticide producers in Europe and worldwide to reduce the levels of pesticide residues in food. The aim of this work is to assess the use of traditional pesticides and their effects, to present perspectives in this field and to identi-fy regulatory needs for their use and implementation. The work is based on a systematic review in which the research problem was defined, primary sources were selected and critically appraised, data were collected, analysed and evaluated, and conclusions were formulated. The state of the pesticide market and the current legal requirements for risk assessment in relation to exposure to chemical sub-stances were reviewed. Food safety issues are presented through the prism of pesticide residues in food. Their widespread use and considerable persistence have made them ubiquitous in the natural environment and their residues pose a threat to the environment and to human and animal health. It has been shown that the most important factor influencing the search for new tools to control diseas-es and pests of crops is the progressive development of resistance of these populations to currently used pesticides. Various alternatives to the phasing out of synthetic pesticides in the form of natural products are therefore being developed to support the development of the natural products market.
Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: ev...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Access to healthy and affordable diet hinged on the realization of Sustainable Development Goal 2, higher productivity and, economic prosperity while it is difficult for a poorly nourished people to achieve optimum production of goods and services. This study assessed whether dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adult men are associated with crop commercialization index (CCI) levels of agricultural households in two states of Southwestern Nigeria. This research utilized 352 farm households, comprising 277 adult male members. The individual version of dietary diversity score (DDS) of 9 food groups was used to calculate adult men’s DDS over a 24-h recall. Anthropometric data was obtained using body mass index (BMI) while CCI levels was estimated for each agricultural household. Logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to examine the determinants of adult men’s dietary diversity and nutritional status respectively. Hundred percent of adult men consumed starchy staples, with 11.2% consuming egg, 5.8% milk and milk products and 0.4% consuming organ meat over 24-h recall. Adult men of CCI 2 and CCI 4 agricultural households recorded overweight prevalence of >20% in Ogun state while the association between DDS and CCI was statistically insignificant suggesting that being a member of any of the CCI households may not guarantee the consumption of healthy diets among adult men. From Logit regression analysis, it is more likely for adult men with higher farm size to attain the minimum DDS of 4 food groups than those with smaller size of farmland (OR = 4.78; 95% CI: 1.94, 11.76; p = 0.001). The age, farm experience, and cassava marketing experience were positively related to the likelihood of obtaining the minimum DDS. For adult men to achieve a healthy diet, their diet pattern must incorporate a more diversified intake of food from different food groups capable of improving their nutritional status. This study emphasized the need for relevant stakeholders to provide adequate nutrition knowledge intervention programmes capable of improving the diets and nutrition of adult men and other members of farm households.
COVID-19 Pandemic impacted food security and caused psychosocial stress in so...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on society class were associated (p < 0.05) with food security and hunger due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological stress was observed to be greater in the low-income earning group, household heads with medium and high family income were more likely to have satisfactory experiences regarding food security and hunger. It is recommended that socio-economic groups should be mapped and support systems should target each group to provide the needed support in terms of health, social, economic, and mental wellness.
Exploring dietary diversity, nutritional status of adolescents amongfarmhouse...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Purpose –This study aims to explore dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adolescents among rural farm households in Southwestern Nigeria. It analyses whether higher commercialization levels of farm households translate to better nutrition. Design/methodology/approach –This study was conducted in Ogun and Oyo States of Southwestern Nigeria, using primary data from352 farm households with a total of 160 adolescent members. The individual version of dietary diversity score (DDS) of nine food groups was used to calculate adolescent DDS over a 24-h recall period. World Health Organization AnthroPlus software was used in analyzing adolescents’ anthropometric data (height-for-age z-score and body mass index-for-age z-score) while household crop commercialization index (CCI) was estimated for each farm household. Separate logit models were used to examine thedriversof adolescents’ DDandmalnutrition. Findings –Thestudyfindings indicated that 100% of the adolescents consumed starchy staples while 0%, 3.1% and 12.5% consumed organ meat, milk/milk products and eggs, respectively. Results revealed that 74.1%and21.2%ofboyswerestuntedandthinwhiletheprevalenceinadolescent girls was 50.7%and9.3%, respectively. Prevalence of stunting was found to be very high (60%–83%) in all the four CCI levels’ households indicating that belonging to highly commercialized households (CCI 3–4) may not necessarily translate to better nutrition of adolescent members. Food expenditure (p < 0.01) and access to piped water (p <0.01) negatively influenced adolescents’ stunting mainly because of lower expenditure on food items and lower percent of household having access to piped water, respectively, while education (p < 0.01) had positive effects on adolescents’ DD. Originality/value –Previous studies have contributed to the body of knowledge concerning the link between agricultural commercialization and nutrition using under-five children of the households. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the influence of CCI on DDSandnutritional status of adolescent members of farm households in Nigeria. This study fills this existing knowledge gap in investigating adolescents’ DD and malnutrition among smallholder farm households.
Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. T he mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.
Exploring women's preferences for attributes of long-acting reversible contr...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
There is low LARC uptake in Nigeria and not much is documented about Nigerian women‟s preferences for these products and how these preferences affect women‟s choices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the decision-making behavior of Nigerian women regarding LARCs. Three hypothetical LARCs were presented. Informed by results obtained from the review of relevant literature and focus group discussion held with selected family planning services providers, the identified attributes were effect on weight, cost, LARC effectiveness and effect on bleeding patterns, each at three levels. A D-optimal design was used to construct nine choice sets. An additional choice set was included to conduct the testretest stability test. The choice sets and other socio-demographic questions formed the discrete choice experiment questionnaire. A random sample of 150 eligible women was selected from women who enrolled and attended family planning clinics in public healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria through a three-stage sampling technique. Mixed logit modelling was used to obtain estimates of the parameters and willingness to pay (WTP) for each attribute was calculated. The test-retest stability result showed that 76.7% of the respondents responded in a consistent and rational manner. The women preferred LARCs that have no effect on their weights compared to LARCs that cause either slight weight loss or gain. Also, they preferred LARCs that offer 1/1000 level of effectiveness in a year. The most preferred attribute level, „women experience infrequent bleeding‟, increases WTP by NGN 13,984.584 (USD 33.68) while the least preferred level, „women experience frequent/prolonged bleeding‟, has a negative mean WTP (-NGN 19,598.378 (-USD 47.20)) indicating dispreference for the level. Furthermore, women derived higher utilities from very cheap LARCs. Evidence-based information on women‟s preferences regarding LARC usage would help policymakers in the deployment of strategies that would ensure that preferred LARCs are procured and made readily available to women.
Nutrition Outcomes of Under-five Children of Smallholder Farm Households: Do ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The study investigated the nutritional status of under-five children of farm households. The study utilized primary data from 352 farm households with 140 under-five children. Household crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to estimate cassava farm household crop sale ratio and categorize the households into four commercialization levels while WHO Anthro software was employed to analyze under-five children anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Logit regression model (LRM) was used to examine the drivers of under-five children’s nutritional status of farm households. The study found that 42.9%, 7.9% and 3.6% of the children are stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. The highest stunting level was recorded in zero level households (CCI 1). Although, some higher CCI households (medium-high and very-high level) recorded increased percent of stunted children. This revealed that being a member of low or high-level commercialization households may not guarantee better nutritional status of young children of farm households. The results of LRM indicated that the predictors of children nutritional status were child’s age, farm size, access to electricity, healthcare and commercialization variables. Moreover, weak positive and negative relationships exist between CCI and children’s nutrition outcomes as measured by the z-scores. The study recommended maternal nutrition-sensitive education intervention that can improve nutrition knowledge of mothers and provision of infrastructure that enhance increased farm production and promote healthy living among farm households.
Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Abstract: This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. T he mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.
How far has Africa gone in achieving zero hunger target? evidence from Nigeria Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Sustainable Development Goal 2 is hinged on achieving zero hunger, worldwide, by the year 2030. Many developing countries, especially African countries, are faced with extreme hunger often caused or compounded by bad governance, conflicts and climate change. In this paper, we review patterns of Global Hunger Index scores across Africa from 2000 to 2018 noting advances and setbacks in the fight against hunger in relation to the underlying causes of hunger in these nations, using Nigeria, the poverty capital of the world, as a case study. We also review selected policies of the Nigerian government and development partners aimed at reducing hunger in Nigeria and proffer solutions that can help actualise the target of zero hunger by 2030.
Nutrition outcomes of under-five children of smallholder farm households: do ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The study investigated the nutritional status of under-five children of farm households. The study utilized primary data from 352 farm households with 140 under-five children. Household crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to estimate cassava farm household crop sale ratio and categorize the households into four commercialization levels while WHO Anthro software was employed to analyze under-five children anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Logit regression model (LRM) was used to examine the drivers of under-five children’s nutritional status of farm households. The study found that 42.9%, 7.9% and 3.6% of the children are stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. The highest stunting level was recorded in zero level households (CCI 1). Although, some higher CCI households (medium-high and very-high level) recorded increased percent of stunted children. This revealed that being a member of low or high-level commercialization households may not guarantee better nutritional status of young children of farm households. The results of LRM indicated that the predictors of children nutritional status were child’s age, farm size, access to electricity, healthcare and commercialization variables. Moreover, weak positive and negative relationships exist between CCI and children’s nutrition outcomes as measured by the z-scores. The study recommended maternal nutrition-sensitive education intervention that can improve nutrition knowledge of mothers and provision of infrastructure that enhance increased farm production and promote healthy living among farm households.
Dietary Diversity Choices of Women: Evidence from Cassava Farming Households ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
In this study, we examined dietary diversity of women in cassava farming households of South-
West, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect data on 352 farming households comprising 212 women members (158 women of child-bearing age (20-49 years) and 54 women
above 49 years) between December 2019 and March 2020 in Oyo and Ogun States of South-
West, Nigeria. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the dietary diversity scores (DDS) of women of child bearing age over a 24-hour recall period. The individual version of the Household dietary diversity questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the DDS of women above 49 years. Separate logistic regression models were
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category (20-49 years) did not attain the minimum score of 5 out of 10 food groups. In the older
women category (> 49 years), more than half of the women (68.5%) met the required 4 or more food groups. In the child-bearing age category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity
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female household heads were approximately three times more likely to attain the minimum dietary diversity level than women who did not have female household heads. In the older women category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity level were 98.9% smaller for women
with good road condition than for women with poor road condition. These results are useful for
evidence-based decision making that can have positive impact on the lives of women in cassava
farming households.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
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the dry weight for leaves; and 241.15.4 mg GAE/g, 47.64.5 mg QE/g, and 22.01.3 mg TAE/g of the dry weight for flower buds, respectively. Analysis of the ethereal and butanolic leaf extracts using Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method coupled with a Photodiode-Array Detector identified thirteen phenolic compounds, including ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and orientin.
Plant-derived stimulants and psychoactive substances – social and economic as...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
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Farmers’ Preferences for Farming Enclaves in Forest Reserves of South-West, Nigeria: A Discrete Choice Experiment
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: E-mail: oluseunoteks@gmail.com;
Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry
7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
ISSN: 2581-7418
Farmers’ Preferences for Farming Enclaves in
Forest Reserves of South-West, Nigeria: A Discrete
Choice Experiment
Oluwaseun A. Otekunrin1*
, Alice T. Ademigbuji2
, Olutosin A. Otekunrin3
and Mojisola O. Kehinde3
1
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2
Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria.
3
Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author OAO conceptualized the study,
designed the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author ATA collected the data. Author
OAO managed the literature searches. Author MOK performed the statistical analysis. All authors
read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJRAF/2021/v7i330131
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Hamid El Bilali, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute, Italy.
Reviewers:
(1) Eunjai Lee, National Institute of Forest Science, South Korea.
(2) Mohsen Bahmani, Sharekord University, Iran.
Complete Peer review History: https://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/70939
Received 20 May 2021
Accepted 26 July 2021
Published 31 July 2021
ABSTRACT
Aims: Acquiring suitable land for agricultural purposes is a challenge for most prospective farmers
in South-West, Nigeria. This makes them acquire lands in government-owned forest reserves with
special contractual agreements. Therefore, we evaluate farmers’ preferences for selected attributes
of farming enclaves in four hypothetical forest reserves in South-West, Nigeria.
Study Design: An orthogonal main effects design was used to construct the choice sets used for
preference elicitation.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in December, 2017 in randomly selected
communities of Oluyole Local government area of Oyo State, South-West, Nigeria.
Methodology: Focus group discussions and relevant literature search were conducted to identify
the relevant attributes. Four hypothetical forest reserves were considered and the selected
Original Research Article
2. Otekunrin et al.; AJRAF, 7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
39
attributes were size of the farmland, type of cropping system and land rent fee per hectare.
Multistage sampling techniques were used to select 100 farmers and data were collected via face-
to- interview. Multinomial logit model was used to analyse the data and willingness to pay for each
of the selected attributes was also calculated.
Results and Conclusion: We find that farmers value intercropping system the most. The
coefficient of land rent fee (per hectare) is negative and significant implying that farmers obtain
higher utility from very low land rent fees. They are willing to pay an extra 12.50 US Dollars land
rent fees (per hectare) to have intercropping on a particular farming enclave while avoiding other
enclaves with other cropping systems. Farm size and taungya do not contribute significantly to the
farmers’ choice of farming enclave. These results will help forest reserve managers in formulating
policies that will benefit farmers without jeopardising efficient management of forest resources.
Keywords: Farmland acquisitions; cropping systems; willingness to pay; multinomial logit model.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the resources required for the efficient
production of goods and services is land. Other
resources, referred to as factors of production,
are labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability [1].
Land encompasses all natural resources
obtainable from fishing, agriculture and mining. It
is critical to the attainment of sustainable
development goals (SDGs) because of its major
role in driving economic growth and serving as a
source of livelihood, helping to reduce hunger
and poverty for billions worldwide [2, 3, 4].
According to UN World Population Prospects [5],
Nigeria has approximately 923,768 sq.km total
surface area with a current estimated population
of 2.1 hundred million people. About 70% of
Nigerians are in the agricultural sector making
land an important asset and its acquisition a
major issue for many Nigerians [6, 7, 8]. Land
acquisitions involve the purchase of ownership
rights, acquisition of user rights over short or long
period of time [9, 10]. One of the factors affecting
land availability is the land tenure system. This
system involves rights and institutions that
governs the accessibility and usage of land [10].
The Land Use Act of 1978 gave state governors
major roles in land administration activities while
customary authorities have limited roles [11].
Despite this, most rural communities still practice
the traditional land tenure system where land is
acquired through inheritance. This leads to
continuous land fragmentation making it
impossible for the owners especially farmers to
have a large expanse of land required for
commercialized agriculture. Also, land acquisition
through rent/lease especially for smallholder
farmers has its limitations as most these farmers
can only farm on the piece of land for a limited
number of years making them prefer mostly
arable crops over cash crops and discouraging
agricultural commercialization [6, 10, 12].
Furthermore, available lands are in high demand
for other purposes other than agriculture. This
makes them to be very expensive and
unaffordable for prospective farmers. Thus, these
farmers move from one area to the other in
search of farmlands that are fertile, bigger in size
with cheaper land rent fees and possibly longer
years of use [13, 14].
Farmers practice different cropping systems
including monocropping, intercropping, taungya,
relay and strip cropping systems among others.
Monocropping is the planting of the same crop
year after year on the same field. Intercropping is
a system of growing two or more crops on the
same field at the same time. Relay cropping is a
system whereby a crop is planted first and
another crop is planted on the same farmland
before harvesting the first. Strip cropping is the
planting of broad strips two or more crops on the
same field [15]. The taungya system is a system
where farmers are allowed to cultivate food crops
but only side by side forest tree seedlings in
designated farming enclaves. This continues for
about 3 years until the shade of the young trees
becomes too dense to accommodate further
growth of the food crops. The farmers then move
on to a different area to repeat the process [16,
17]. This relationship enhances farmers’ means
of livelihood as well as contributing positively to
the sustainable management of forest resources.
In this study, we examine attributes of farming
enclaves in government forest reserves in south-
west, Nigeria, focusing on the preferences of the
farmers using a discrete choice experiment
(DCE). DCEs quantitatively estimate end-user
preferences for different attributes in addition to
their trade-offs against one another [18].
Quantitative preference valuations are especially
useful for decision-makers as this would assist
3. Otekunrin et al.; AJRAF, 7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
40
them in formulating viable decisions. Forest
reserve managers are not left out, they need
farmers’ quantitative preference valuations to
enable them to formulate good policies that will
benefit prospective farmers in their farming
enclaves without jeopardising efficient
management of forest resources.
Studies on farmers’ preferences on different
subject matters using DCE abound in the
literature. Farmers’ preferences for high-input
production systems for maize using an ICT-
based extension tool were studied using a choice
experiment. The results showed that maize
farmers strongly preferred switching from general
to ICT-enabled site-specific soil fertility
management systems [19]. Farmers’ preferences
for the future agricultural land use given the
possibility of future climate change were
examined using a DCE in Austria. The results
indicated that Austrian farmers would embrace
opportunities for crop intensification thus making
continuity of current traditional landscapes
unlikely in future [20]. A choice experiment was
used to examine farmers’ preferences for the
implementation of Biodiversity Offset (BO)
contracts on arable lands in Picardy, France.
The results showed that farmers did not have a
preference for signing up BO contracts [21].
Assessment of farmers’ preferences for soil
management technologies in South Ethiopia was
conducted using a DCE. From the results,
secured land tenancy right significantly
influenced positively farm household’s decision
to invest in these technologies [22]. Also, an
investigation of rice farmers’ preferences for
Fairtrade contracting in Benin using a DCE
showed that farmers preferred domestic
contracts over Fairtrade contracts because of
fewer requirements. Furthermore, their results
implied that introducing organic requirements to
Fairtrade contracts may discourage its adoption
among the farmers [23].
Not much is known about farmers’ preferences
for farming enclaves in Nigerian forest reserves.
Earlier studies have focused on land acquisition
by farmers for agricultural purposes especially on
methods of land acquisition, including challenges
associated with each method of land acquisition
and the choices farmers have made to enable
them to overcome these challenges [6,13, 24,
25]. Therefore, this study contributes to existing
literature by evaluating attributes of farming
enclaves focusing on the preferences of the
farmers. The farmers’ willingness to pay for the
attributes are also determined.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Experimental Design, Survey and
Data Collection
2.1.1 Attribute and attribute levels
Searches we first conducted relevant literature to
identify attributes of forest reserves in South-
West, Nigeria [26, 27, 28]. Furthermore, focus
group discussions were held with representatives
of farmers in selected communities in Oyo State
to determine what they value before acquiring
land in a particular farming enclave for
agricultural purposes. Three most important
factors that emerged from the group discussions
are selected and these, with their levels are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Attributes and their levels
Attribute Levels
Farm Size 1/2 hectare
1 hectare
3 hectares
5 hectares
Cropping System Monocropping
Taungya
Relay
Intercropping
Land rent (per hectare) 4.86 US $
9.72 US $
14.58 US $
19.44 US $
2.1.2 Experimental design and choice sets
There are different classes of experimental
designs with diverse applications, including
DCEs in literature [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35].
Some of these include the use of balanced
incomplete block designs, full and fractional
factorial designs [36, 37]. The full factorial design
gives all the possible choices that can be
presented to the respondents that is,
combinations of each level of each attribute with
every level of the other attributes. But, as the
number of attributes increases, the size of the
design becomes very large making
implementation difficult. In this study, the full 4
factorial design was obviously too large for our
experiment, so we opted for an orthogonal main
effects design which reduced the size of the
experiment to 16 treatment combinations
arranged in 4 choice sets with 4 options each.
The orthogonal main effects design, therefore
formed the basis of our DCE questionnaire. An
example of a choice set is given in Table 2.
4. Otekunrin et al.; AJRAF, 7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
41
Table 2. Example of a choice set
Attributes of farming
enclave
A B C D
Size of the farmland 1/2 hectare 1 hectare 3 hectares 5 hectares
Type of cropping Monocropping Taungya Relay Intercropping
Land rent fee per hectare
(Naira)
14.58 US $ 19.44 US $ 4.86 US $ 9.72 US $
I prefer (tick one box only)
2.1.3 Survey and data collection
The study was conducted in Adebayo Idi-Ayunre
multi-ethnic community of Oluyole Local
government area of Oyo State. Three villages
were randomly selected from the community.
They were Aba Onidajo, Alata Oke and Alata
Isale. Furthermore, simple random sampling
technique was used to select 35, 30 and 35
farmers from the aforementioned villages
respectively giving a total of 100 respondents.
The sample size complied with appropriateness
rule for reliable model estimation given our
research budget and other constraints [38, 39].
The map of the study area is presented in Fig. 1.
Face-to-face interview method was used in the
administration of the questionnaire so that
necessary guidance especially in answering the
choice questions, could be provided. The
questionnaire was divided into three sections.
Information about the purpose of the study,
including explanation of the concepts and
attributes, was provided in the first section. The
second section contained the sequence of the
four choice questions while anonymized
demographic information of the respondents was
collected in the third section.
2.2 Econometric Modelling
2.2.1 Random Utility Theory (RUT)
The RUT assumes that utility for individual
based on choice can be decomposed into
deterministic (observable) and random
(unobservable) component giving the model
= + , ( = 1, … . , ; ℎ ≥ 2) (1)
Fig. 1. Map of the study area
5. Otekunrin et al.; AJRAF, 7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
42
The deterministic component is, most times,
assumed to be a linear function of the attributes
of the good/service and characteristics of
individual choosers often represented as
= ′
+ ′
(2)
where ′
is the vector of attributes of good j as
viewed by individual i, ′
is a vector of
characteristics of individual i while β and γ are
vectors of coefficients to be estimated [34, 35,
38, 40, 41, 42].
2.2.2 Multinomial Logit model
In this study, the respondent has to choose from
= 1, … . , alternatives where our = 4 . The
respondent will evaluate the utility to be derived
from each alternative and select the one with the
highest utility. Assuming that a respondent
chooses alternative 1 if and only if its utility is the
highest among all other alternatives. So, the
probability that utility is maximized by choosing
alternative 1 is given by
( = 1) = >
= + > +
= − > − ∀ ≠ 1 (3)
where is a random variable denoting the
choice outcome. If the errors are assumed to be
independently and identically distributed (iid)
extreme value type 1 random variates, then
( = 1) =
( )
∑
, = 1, … ,4 (4)
where represents a scale parameter usually
normalized to 1 for any data set.
Equation (4) can be rewritten as
( = 1) =
′ ′
∑ ′ ′ , = 1, … ,4 (5)
(using equation (2)).
Equation (5) is known as the multinomial logit
model (MNL) [34, 41, 38, 43].
2.2.3 Marginal Willingness to pay (MWTP)
The MWTP is the marginal rate of substitution
between the non-monetary attribute and the price
attribute with the assumption that only one
product is available and that it is chosen with
100% certainty. In this study, we compute
for a single non-monetary attribute using
−1 [18, 43, 44]. The confidence
intervals are computed using the Fieller’s method
[45, 46].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-demographic characteristics of the
respondents are presented in Table 3. Forty-five
percent (45%) of the respondents have basic
(primary) education while five percent (5%) of the
respondents do not have any form of formal
education. Almost half of the respondents (47%)
are aged fifty (50) years and above. Majority
(80%) of the farmers are males while 50% of the
respondents have household size ranging
between 6 and 10.
Table 3. Socio-demographic characteristics
of the respondents
Variables Frequency
Education
No Education 5
Primary 45
Secondary 40
Tertiary 10
Total 100
Age
Less or equal to 30 11
31-40 20
41-50 22
50 and above 47
Total 100
Gender
Male 80
Female 20
Total 100
Religion
Christianity 67
Islam 28
Others 5
Total 100
Marital Status
Married 88
Single 10
Others 2
Total 100
Household Size
Less than 3 12
3-5 26
6-10 50
Above 10 12
Total 100
6. Otekunrin et al.; AJRAF, 7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
43
Table 4. Results of the multinomial Logit model estimation
Choice β-
Coefficient
Standard
Error
Z P > |z| (95% Confidence Interval)
Farm size -0.138 0.121 -1.14 0.254 -0.375 0.099
Monocropping -1.315 0.256 -5.14 0.000 -1.817 -0.813
Taungya -0.661 0.831 -0.8 0.426 -2.290 0.968
Intercropping 1.904 0.842 2.26 0.024 0.253 3.555
Land rent -0.0004 0.0002 -2.03 0.042 -0.0007 -1.4E-05
Wald chi
2
(47) = 1159.86
Log pseudolikelihood = -372.013
Prob > chi
2
= 0
Table 5. Marginal Willingness to Pay (MWTP) Estimates
Variables MWTP (US$) 95% Confidence Interval
Farm size -0.91 (-1.10, -0.73)*
Monocropping -8.64 (-9.63, -7.81)*
Taungya -4.34 (-5.55, -3.22)*
Intercropping 12.50 (10.98, 14.27)*
* confidence interval does not include zero
The results of the multinomial logit model
estimation are presented in Table 4.
The attribute, “type of cropping system” is a
qualitative variable with 4 levels (L). Dummy
variables were used to represent − 1 of the
levels to avoid perfect linear dependence. The
omitted level, relay cropping, is set as the base
(coefficient in the model is set at zero) so that the
other parameters estimated display differences in
choice probabilities between the base level and
specific attribute levels. The coefficient of
intercropping is positive and significant indicating
that farmers prefer intercropping to relay
cropping. Negative coefficients for both
monocropping and taungya systems show that
farmers prefer relay cropping to both systems.
Therefore, the more intercropping is allowed on a
particular farming enclave, the higher the
probability that it will be chosen. This
corroborates the result of [47] which identified
intercropping system as the commonest cropping
system in south-west Nigeria. The coefficient
for land rent (per hectare) is negative and
significant indicating that farmers obtain higher
utility from very low land rent fees. This is in line
with the result of [6] which identified financial
constraints as one of the factors affecting land
acquisition among farmers in south-west,
Nigeria.
The coefficient of monocropping is negative and
significant implying that farmers have a strong
aversion for this cropping system. Furthermore,
the coefficients of farm size and taungya are
negative but not significant; each of their 95%
confidence intervals contains zero. This indicates
that farm size and taungya system of farming do
not contribute significantly to farmers’ choice of
farming enclave. From the focus group
discussions conducted, the farmers identified
inability to engage in any agricultural endeavour
of their choice, incessant conflicts between them
and forest reserves managers among others as
reasons for not favouring the taungya system.
Most of the farmers preferred personal lands
they can claim ownership of, having freedom to
engage in any agricultural endeavour at any time
as opposed to taungya where they are
constrained to plant agricultural crops for about 1
– 3 years along with tree crops (usually
specified) and are forced to move to another
area when the shades of the trees become too
dense to repeat the process. This result
corroborates the findings of [48] which showed
that only 6% of sampled farmers embraced
taungya. The authors opined that majority of the
farmers were discouraged by land availability
problems in the study area and their inability to
plant tree species of their choice in the forest
estates. Furthermore, [17] highlighted some of
the sources of conflict between farmers and
forest reserve managers. These included forest
land encroachment, over-pruning of trees and
destruction of tree seedlings by farmers in a bid
to have more land for cultivation and also stay on
the land for longer periods of time.
The MWTP estimates for the attributes and their
95% confidence intervals are presented in Table
7. Otekunrin et al.; AJRAF, 7(3): 38-47, 2021; Article no.AJRAF.70939
44
5. Farmers are willing to pay an extra 12.50 US $
land rent fees (per hectare) to have intercropping
on a particular farming enclave. Furthermore, the
MWTP estimates for farm size, monocropping
and taungya are negative and significant
indicating that farmers would substantially avoid
farming enclaves where monocropping and
taungya systems are being practised. These
results further corroborate results presented in
Table 4 above and the findings of [17, 48].
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, we investigated farmers’
preferences for farming enclaves in government-
owned forest reserves in south-west, Nigeria
using selected attributes in a discrete choice
experiment. Farmers prefer farming enclaves
where intercropping is allowed over other
identified cropping systems. Furthermore, they
are willing to pay an extra 12.50 US $ land rent
fees (per hectare) to have intercropping on a
particular farming enclave while avoiding other
enclaves with other cropping systems. These
results will help forest reserve managers in
formulating policies that will benefit farmers
without jeopardising efficient management of
forest resources.
CONSENT
As per international standard or university
standard, Participants’ written consents have
been collected and preserved by the authors.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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