The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
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The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
types of pavement materials
types of paving material
types of road pavement
types of flexible pavement
flexible pavement of road construction
types of pavement for driveways
types of rigid pavements
asphalt pavement types
types of flexible pavements
flexible pavement design
flexible pavement manual
flexible pavement construction
flexible pavement vs rigid pavement
flexible pavement design example
flexible pavement of road construction
flexible pavement ppt
types of rigid pavements
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aashto rigid pavement design
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The Marshall stability and flow test provides the performance prediction measure for the Marshall mix design method. The stability portion of the test measures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute. Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum load is designated as stability. During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow (deformation) due to the loading. The flow value is recorded in 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the maximum load is recorded.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
Pavement component functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps for construction of highway on embankment and in cutting. Construction of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization. Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage layer, Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM, Construction of bituminous pavement layers- base course and surface course, prime coat and tack coat. Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components of cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of cement concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete pavement-function and construction
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Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
The Marshall stability and flow test provides the performance prediction measure for the Marshall mix design method. The stability portion of the test measures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute. Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum load is designated as stability. During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow (deformation) due to the loading. The flow value is recorded in 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the maximum load is recorded.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
Pavement component functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps for construction of highway on embankment and in cutting. Construction of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization. Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage layer, Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM, Construction of bituminous pavement layers- base course and surface course, prime coat and tack coat. Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components of cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of cement concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete pavement-function and construction
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
Improving Bucketwheel Reclaimer Performance and Asset Integrity using SCADA DataMark Biggs
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
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We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Structural Evaluation of FWD
Comparison of BBD & FWD
Principle of FWD
Specifications of FWD
Calibration of the FWD
Pavement evaluation survey and data
collection
Analysis of field data
Conclusion
References
3. introduction
Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is an impulse-loading
device in which a transient load is applied to the pavement
and the deflected shape of the pavement surface is
measured.
4. Structural Evaluation
structural evaluation of pavements involves application of
a standard load to the pavement and measuring its
response in terms of stress, strain or deflection.
5. Comparison of BBD & FWD
Benkelman beam has been among the earliest
equipment used for measuring deflection.
In this technique, a static load is applied to the pavement
surface and rebound deflections are measured.
Measurement of deflection under a static load does not
simulate the loading conditions produced in pavements by
a moving vehicle. And this method is labour-intensive &
time consuming.
6. Principle of FWD
The working principle of the FWD is a mass of weights is
dropped from a pre-determined height onto a series of
springs placed on top of a loading plate. The corresponding
peak load and peak vertical surface deflections at different
radial locations are measured.
14. In FWD 6-9 geophones are generally adequate for
measuring surface deflections of flexible pavement and this
geophones have reading resolution of at least 1micron.
S.NO Number of
geophones
Radial Distance from center of load plate (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 9 sensors 0 200 300 450 600 900 1200 1500 1800
2 7 sensors 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 - -
3 7 sensors 0 200 300 450 600 900 1500 - -
4 6 sensors 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 - - -
5 6 sensors 0 200 300 600 900 1200 - -
Table 1: Typical geophone position & Configuration
15.
16.
17. Calibration of the FWD
The period of Static calibration is nearly 365 days
The Standard deviation of the peak load in the load
repeatability test estimated from a minimum of 12
load drops should be less than 5% of the mean value of
peak load
Absolute calibration of geophones are calibrated by the
Stack test. The deflections produced in this test should
be in the range of 250µm to 600µm.Difference
between maximum and minimum of the recorded
(normalized) deflections should be within 4µm
18.
19.
20. Pavement evaluation survey and
data collection
Historical data about pavement
Pavement condition survey
Deflection measurements using FWD
21. Historical data about pavement
Historical data on pavement can be useful in identifying
the reasons for different distresses and in establishing
whether the distresses were caused by deficiency in
design, poor material selection,improper construction
and other reasons such as high water table and poor
drainage.
22. Pavement condition survey
Pavement condition survey shall precede the actual
deflection measurement and consists primarily of visual
observations supplemented by measurements for
estimation of cracking, rutting and other distresses in
the pavement.
24. NOTE: 90% confidence level and 10% margin of error (ME expressed as
percentage of mean) considered in the guidelines
Cv- coefficient of variation for
• Good – 15%
•Fair – 30%
•Poor – 45%
• Z value=1.285
25.
26. For Two lane/single carriage-way
Poor Fair Good
27. Steps involved in measuring the
deflection
Mark the test point on the pavement.
Raise the mass to a pre-determined height
required for producing a target load of 40 KN.
Raise the mass and drop. Record load and deflection data
into the computer through data acquisition system.
Record air & Pavement temperature at hourly interval.
Measure pavement temperature by drilling holes of
40mm depth into the pavement surface layer.
Deflection measurements should not be made when the
pavement temperature is more than 45 degree centigrade.
28.
29. Raw data extraction
Normalization & Average
Min & Max Ranges for BT, Granular, Sub grade layers
Crust thickness
KGP BACK Analysis (E values)
Temperature corrections
Seasonal corrections
Dividing Sections
15 percentile value
Calculating strains by IIT PAV
Calculating Fatigue & Rutting Life
Calculating Remaining life
Design over lay
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Conclusion
we concluded that the FWD is more better than the BBD
and we can handle easily. By using this FWD we can
determining the elastic moduli of pavement layers, and
using these moduli as inputs to a pavement design model
for overlay requirement. And we can also estimate the
residual life of an existing pavement and overlay
requirement.
35. References
Guidelines for structural evaluation and strengthening of
flexible road pavements using falling weight deflectometer
(FWD) technique IRC:115-2014.
www.eraymachinery.com