The document discusses the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union which led to the dissolution of the USSR and independence of former Soviet republics. It then discusses the aftermath of the Soviet collapse in Russia and former Eastern bloc countries, including conflicts in the Balkans arising from the breakup of Yugoslavia.
I. The Cold War ended as the Soviet Union dissolved in the early 1990s due to economic and political pressures. Reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost and perestroika that weakened the Soviet Union's grip on Eastern Europe and led to its collapse.
II. Democracy spread widely in the late 20th century, taking hold in parts of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. However, some regions like China and parts of the Middle East resisted democratization.
III. The end of the Cold War era gave rise to new conflicts as old tensions and ethnic divisions erupted. This included wars in the former Yugoslavia and disputes between neighbors like India and Pakistan. The United
1) The document discusses the origins and escalation of tensions between the US/Western allies and the Soviet Union following World War II, including the Berlin Blockade and Airlift and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
2) It also covers the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and the beginning of a dangerous arms race, as well as conflicts in areas like China and Korea as the Cold War spread globally.
3) Events in China are discussed in depth, including Mao Zedong's rise to power amid civil war, his radical reforms based on Marxism, and later disastrous social campaigns like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.
This document provides an overview of several chapters covering Europe and Eastern Europe from 1914 to the end of the Cold War. It summarizes the key causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and assassination. It then discusses the results of World War I, including the Treaty of Versailles and rise of fascism in Germany and Italy. It also summarizes the Russian Revolution of 1917 and rise of communism in Russia under Lenin and Stalin. Finally, it discusses the causes and key events of World War II, as well as the postwar establishment of the United Nations and division of Europe during the Cold War between Western democracies and the Soviet bloc.
The Cold War between the US and Soviet Union ended in the early 1990s. The Soviet Union's economy was inefficient and unable to compete with Western economies, contributing to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika further weakened Soviet control. Eastern European nations took advantage of this to gain independence. The Soviet Union ultimately collapsed, and the US emerged as the sole superpower with the end of the Cold War.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe and republics sought independence. Ethnic tensions and violence erupted in Yugoslavia as Serbia's Slobodan Milosevic attempted to dominate the republics. Wars broke out in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo as Milosevic carried out ethnic cleansing campaigns against non-Serbs. By 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia emerged as the dominant successor state led by Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin.
The document summarizes the fall of the Soviet Union in 3 main points:
1) The Soviet Union collapsed suddenly in 1991, dissolving into 15 independent countries, after years of economic struggles and reforms under Gorbachev weakened the centralized communist system.
2) The Soviet war in Afghanistan from 1979-1988 drained Soviet resources and unpopular, contributing to reforms and nationalist sentiments.
3) Life was difficult under Stalin's repressive communist rule but improved after his death, though the centralized command economy ultimately failed as the USSR dissolved.
The Korean peninsula was occupied after World War 2 by Soviet and American forces along the 38th parallel, dividing Korea into the Soviet-backed Communist north and the American-backed democratic south. In June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean War between the two Koreas. The United Nations backed South Korea and sent troops from over 21 countries led by the U.S. The war escalated as the Soviet Union and China backed North Korea. After heavy fighting and casualties, an armistice was signed in 1953, splitting Korea along essentially the same border. The Korean War cemented the division between the Communist north and democratic south that continues today.
Changing Cold War Relations - why did change happenmrmarr
The USSR went through many changes in the 1980s that ultimately led to the end of the Cold War. The Soviet Union was struggling with financial problems due to mismanagement of state-owned businesses and the high costs of military commitments. It was also failing to win the Afghanistan war and could no longer afford to maintain military control over Eastern Europe. Additionally, the Chernobyl disaster and poverty within the USSR and Eastern bloc countries increased pressure for reform. Meanwhile, US President Ronald Reagan intensified pressure on the Soviet Union through military buildup and initiatives like Star Wars, while figures like Pope John Paul II and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher also challenged Soviet influence. USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms like glasn
I. The Cold War ended as the Soviet Union dissolved in the early 1990s due to economic and political pressures. Reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost and perestroika that weakened the Soviet Union's grip on Eastern Europe and led to its collapse.
II. Democracy spread widely in the late 20th century, taking hold in parts of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. However, some regions like China and parts of the Middle East resisted democratization.
III. The end of the Cold War era gave rise to new conflicts as old tensions and ethnic divisions erupted. This included wars in the former Yugoslavia and disputes between neighbors like India and Pakistan. The United
1) The document discusses the origins and escalation of tensions between the US/Western allies and the Soviet Union following World War II, including the Berlin Blockade and Airlift and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
2) It also covers the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and the beginning of a dangerous arms race, as well as conflicts in areas like China and Korea as the Cold War spread globally.
3) Events in China are discussed in depth, including Mao Zedong's rise to power amid civil war, his radical reforms based on Marxism, and later disastrous social campaigns like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.
This document provides an overview of several chapters covering Europe and Eastern Europe from 1914 to the end of the Cold War. It summarizes the key causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and assassination. It then discusses the results of World War I, including the Treaty of Versailles and rise of fascism in Germany and Italy. It also summarizes the Russian Revolution of 1917 and rise of communism in Russia under Lenin and Stalin. Finally, it discusses the causes and key events of World War II, as well as the postwar establishment of the United Nations and division of Europe during the Cold War between Western democracies and the Soviet bloc.
The Cold War between the US and Soviet Union ended in the early 1990s. The Soviet Union's economy was inefficient and unable to compete with Western economies, contributing to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika further weakened Soviet control. Eastern European nations took advantage of this to gain independence. The Soviet Union ultimately collapsed, and the US emerged as the sole superpower with the end of the Cold War.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe and republics sought independence. Ethnic tensions and violence erupted in Yugoslavia as Serbia's Slobodan Milosevic attempted to dominate the republics. Wars broke out in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo as Milosevic carried out ethnic cleansing campaigns against non-Serbs. By 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia emerged as the dominant successor state led by Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin.
The document summarizes the fall of the Soviet Union in 3 main points:
1) The Soviet Union collapsed suddenly in 1991, dissolving into 15 independent countries, after years of economic struggles and reforms under Gorbachev weakened the centralized communist system.
2) The Soviet war in Afghanistan from 1979-1988 drained Soviet resources and unpopular, contributing to reforms and nationalist sentiments.
3) Life was difficult under Stalin's repressive communist rule but improved after his death, though the centralized command economy ultimately failed as the USSR dissolved.
The Korean peninsula was occupied after World War 2 by Soviet and American forces along the 38th parallel, dividing Korea into the Soviet-backed Communist north and the American-backed democratic south. In June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean War between the two Koreas. The United Nations backed South Korea and sent troops from over 21 countries led by the U.S. The war escalated as the Soviet Union and China backed North Korea. After heavy fighting and casualties, an armistice was signed in 1953, splitting Korea along essentially the same border. The Korean War cemented the division between the Communist north and democratic south that continues today.
Changing Cold War Relations - why did change happenmrmarr
The USSR went through many changes in the 1980s that ultimately led to the end of the Cold War. The Soviet Union was struggling with financial problems due to mismanagement of state-owned businesses and the high costs of military commitments. It was also failing to win the Afghanistan war and could no longer afford to maintain military control over Eastern Europe. Additionally, the Chernobyl disaster and poverty within the USSR and Eastern bloc countries increased pressure for reform. Meanwhile, US President Ronald Reagan intensified pressure on the Soviet Union through military buildup and initiatives like Star Wars, while figures like Pope John Paul II and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher also challenged Soviet influence. USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms like glasn
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, made up of 15 Soviet republics. It was established after the Russian Empire was overthrown in 1917. During World War II, the USSR helped the Allies with soldiers, artillery, and airplanes against Germany and its allies. After WWII, the USSR and US entered the Cold War period of global political and economic tension. In the late 1980s, the USSR experienced an economic crisis and the republics began declaring independence. In 1991, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union, officially ending its existence.
The Cold War began between the communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States. Joseph Stalin wanted to spread communism around the world and keep Eastern Europe under Soviet control. In response, President Truman enacted the Truman Doctrine and wanted free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin refused to allow free elections. This led to Stalin blocking food supplies to West Berlin, resulting in shortages for West Berliners and necessitating the Berlin Airlift to deliver supplies by air.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe began with reforms initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) gave citizens in Eastern Bloc nations more freedom and led them to push for democratic reforms. Nations like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia held free elections and peacefully overthrew their communist governments in 1989. Romania's transition was more violent, with dictator Nicolae Ceausescu being overthrown and executed that same year. By 1990, communism had collapsed across Eastern Europe.
During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union avoided direct military conflict by engaging in proxy wars where they supported opposing sides in regional conflicts. Some of the major proxy wars included the Greek Civil War where the US supported Greece and Soviet Union supported communists; the Korean War where the US supported South Korea and Soviet Union supported North Korea; and the Vietnam War where the US supported South Vietnam while the Soviet Union backed North Vietnam. These proxy wars increased tensions between the two superpowers as they battled for influence and control around the world during the Cold War.
The document provides background information on the start of the Cold War following World War II. It describes the rising tension and distrust between the US and Soviet Union, with the US viewing the Soviet Union as a threat. It then outlines several key conflict areas and proxy wars between the two superpowers during the Cold War from 1945 to 1962, including divisions in Germany and Berlin, the Korean War, Iranian coup, and Cuban Revolution.
The fall of the Soviet Union was caused by several economic and political factors over many years. Mikhail Gorbachev attempted reforms with glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, but these had unintended consequences like increased nationalism that contributed to the USSR's dissolution. An August 1991 coup failed to stop growing independence movements. By December 1991, the Soviet Union had dissolved and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Britain's role in the world changed significantly after 1945 as it retreated from global commitments due to limited economic resources and the rise of superpowers like the US and Soviet Union. While some prime ministers sought to maintain Britain's status as a major power through its special relationship with the US and nuclear weapons, others recognized the need to adapt to its reduced position. By the 1960s, Britain had lost its empire and struggled to define its new international role between Europe, the Commonwealth, and the US.
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 leading to a period of civil war. The Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek and Communists led by Mao Zedong fought for control of China from 1925-1937. Japan then invaded China in 1937. After World War 2, the civil war resumed until 1949 when the Communists declared the People's Republic of China. Under Mao's leadership, China underwent land redistribution, industrialization, and the consolidation of power by the Communist party through imprisoning dissidents. However, the Great Leap Forward failed and led to a famine causing over 20 million deaths.
World Wars Compared
The document compares World War I and World War II in several areas:
1) Both wars had complex causes related to nationalism, militarism, alliances and imperialism that led countries into a tragic series of events.
2) Warfare advanced significantly from trench warfare in WWI to blitzkrieg tactics and truly global combat in WWII, utilizing new weapons and technologies.
3) The results of both wars included massive human and economic destruction, redrawing of borders and restructuring of governments, emergence of new powers, and lasting impacts on society and international order.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It discusses how communism spread after World War 2 and the tensions that arose. Key events of the Cold War included the Berlin Blockade, NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances, the Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and arms race between the two superpowers. The Soviet Union's economy struggled to keep up militarily and politically with the US, leading to its fall in the late 1980s.
After WWII, Britain moved towards socialism under the Labour party government, establishing a welfare state with free healthcare and nationalized industries. However, the country faced economic problems as it lost workers, scientists, and colonies during and after the war. While Winston Churchill reversed some nationalization when he later became prime minister, the welfare state remained. Britain's economy declined over time as the global shift moved away from coal, and neither major political party was able to fully resolve the country's economic issues in the postwar period.
Dynastic monarchies in Russia and China faced economic and social problems in the early 20th century, leading to revolutions. In Russia, the tsar was overthrown and a provisional democratic government formed, but it failed amid World War I losses. Radicals like the Bolsheviks gained power, and their leader Lenin seized control. A civil war ensued as anti-communist forces fought back, but the Bolsheviks prevailed. Lenin established communist rule, redistributing land and industrializing through five-year plans. In China, the Qing dynasty fell in 1912 and a provisional government took over, but problems continued and communists gained victory in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China.
Cold War Flashpoints - Cuba: events before the crisismrmarr
Cuba is a small island in the Caribbean that was at the center of a nuclear crisis between the US and USSR in 1962. After Fidel Castro took power in a 1959 revolution, Cuba established diplomatic and economic ties with the Soviet Union, angering the US. In response, the US imposed an embargo on Cuba and attempted to overthrow Castro through the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. In 1962, US flights discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba, bringing the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis was eventually resolved through secret negotiations between Kennedy and Khrushchev that resulted in the Soviets removing the missiles in exchange for an American promise not to invade Cuba.
The Cold War began to thaw in the 1970s with détente between the US and Soviet Union, but tensions increased again in 1979 when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. In the 1980s, President Reagan escalated an arms race with the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and his reforms of glasnost and perestroika dramatically ended the Cold War. Gorbachev agreed to eliminate nuclear missiles and withdrew support for communist governments in Eastern Europe. Germany reunified in 1990, signaling the end of the Cold War. Ethnic tensions grew and Soviet republics declared independence in 1991, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The document provides background on the Korean War that began in 1950, including the division of Korea after WWII and rising tensions between North and South Korea. It summarizes key events in the war such as North Korea's initial invasion in June 1950, the successful UN counteroffensive led by General MacArthur that liberated Seoul, and the seesaw battles until the war ended in a stalemate in 1953. It also discusses the massive casualties incurred and ongoing issues like separated families and tensions on the Korean Peninsula today.
The document provides information about important people, dates, events, and reasons for the Civil War. It discusses how the South seceded from the Union due to issues of states' rights and protecting slavery. Key events included the Battle of Bull Run, the Emancipation Proclamation, the surrender of Lee's troops to Grant, and the assassination of President Lincoln after the war. The document also examines the split among Northern and Southern churches and viewpoints on slavery during this time period.
Hi guys this presentation helps you to focus and to get right information about this chapter.
Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers. 2. Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
Mao Zedong led the Communist forces to victory in China's civil war in 1949, establishing communist rule. His leadership brought major changes like collectivization of farms and the disastrous Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution programs. Communism also spread to North Korea, with the country dividing after WWII and Kim Il Sung establishing a communist dictatorship in the North. This led to the Korean War as the North invaded the South in 1950, which ended in a stalemate but firmly established communist rule in North Korea and capitalist influences in the recovering South Korea. Overall, communist victory in China and North Korea's division increased tensions between the US and Soviet-backed states in East Asia during the Cold War.
Stalin controlled Eastern Europe after WWII to spread communism and gain influence. He crushed any opposition and installed puppet governments. Life was difficult, with limited freedoms and secret police. Attempts to liberalize, like Czechoslovakia's "Prague Spring", were met with invasion by other Eastern Bloc countries to maintain communist rule. Resistance was brutally suppressed, as in Hungary in 1956 when the Soviet Union invaded after a popular uprising.
1. North Korea is located on the Korean Peninsula in Northeast Asia. It borders China and South Korea and has a mountainous terrain. North Korea has cold winters and hot, humid summers influenced by continental and oceanic climates.
2. North Korea is governed by the Workers' Party of Korea as a one-party state under the leadership of Kim Il-sung and his family. Key institutions of government include the Supreme People's Assembly and Central People's Committee.
3. The government and party are tightly intertwined, with the party guiding all aspects of government and society according to Juche ideology of self-reliance. Personal loyalty to the Kim family is essential to political power in North
The document summarizes the political, economic, and violent past issues concerning the Balkans region, specifically former Yugoslavia. Several ethnic groups gained independence after Yugoslavia broke up in 1991, causing tensions over borders and religious diversity. Redrawing boundaries has led to ongoing political issues. The Balkans have faced economic struggles due to a lack of resources and instability between ethnic groups. Before the 11th century, the Balkans were dominated by the Roman Empire and Christianity, but the region saw the rise of Islam under Ottoman rule through the 20th century.
The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, made up of 15 Soviet republics. It was established after the Russian Empire was overthrown in 1917. During World War II, the USSR helped the Allies with soldiers, artillery, and airplanes against Germany and its allies. After WWII, the USSR and US entered the Cold War period of global political and economic tension. In the late 1980s, the USSR experienced an economic crisis and the republics began declaring independence. In 1991, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union, officially ending its existence.
The Cold War began between the communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States. Joseph Stalin wanted to spread communism around the world and keep Eastern Europe under Soviet control. In response, President Truman enacted the Truman Doctrine and wanted free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin refused to allow free elections. This led to Stalin blocking food supplies to West Berlin, resulting in shortages for West Berliners and necessitating the Berlin Airlift to deliver supplies by air.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe began with reforms initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) gave citizens in Eastern Bloc nations more freedom and led them to push for democratic reforms. Nations like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia held free elections and peacefully overthrew their communist governments in 1989. Romania's transition was more violent, with dictator Nicolae Ceausescu being overthrown and executed that same year. By 1990, communism had collapsed across Eastern Europe.
During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union avoided direct military conflict by engaging in proxy wars where they supported opposing sides in regional conflicts. Some of the major proxy wars included the Greek Civil War where the US supported Greece and Soviet Union supported communists; the Korean War where the US supported South Korea and Soviet Union supported North Korea; and the Vietnam War where the US supported South Vietnam while the Soviet Union backed North Vietnam. These proxy wars increased tensions between the two superpowers as they battled for influence and control around the world during the Cold War.
The document provides background information on the start of the Cold War following World War II. It describes the rising tension and distrust between the US and Soviet Union, with the US viewing the Soviet Union as a threat. It then outlines several key conflict areas and proxy wars between the two superpowers during the Cold War from 1945 to 1962, including divisions in Germany and Berlin, the Korean War, Iranian coup, and Cuban Revolution.
The fall of the Soviet Union was caused by several economic and political factors over many years. Mikhail Gorbachev attempted reforms with glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, but these had unintended consequences like increased nationalism that contributed to the USSR's dissolution. An August 1991 coup failed to stop growing independence movements. By December 1991, the Soviet Union had dissolved and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Britain's role in the world changed significantly after 1945 as it retreated from global commitments due to limited economic resources and the rise of superpowers like the US and Soviet Union. While some prime ministers sought to maintain Britain's status as a major power through its special relationship with the US and nuclear weapons, others recognized the need to adapt to its reduced position. By the 1960s, Britain had lost its empire and struggled to define its new international role between Europe, the Commonwealth, and the US.
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 leading to a period of civil war. The Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek and Communists led by Mao Zedong fought for control of China from 1925-1937. Japan then invaded China in 1937. After World War 2, the civil war resumed until 1949 when the Communists declared the People's Republic of China. Under Mao's leadership, China underwent land redistribution, industrialization, and the consolidation of power by the Communist party through imprisoning dissidents. However, the Great Leap Forward failed and led to a famine causing over 20 million deaths.
World Wars Compared
The document compares World War I and World War II in several areas:
1) Both wars had complex causes related to nationalism, militarism, alliances and imperialism that led countries into a tragic series of events.
2) Warfare advanced significantly from trench warfare in WWI to blitzkrieg tactics and truly global combat in WWII, utilizing new weapons and technologies.
3) The results of both wars included massive human and economic destruction, redrawing of borders and restructuring of governments, emergence of new powers, and lasting impacts on society and international order.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It discusses how communism spread after World War 2 and the tensions that arose. Key events of the Cold War included the Berlin Blockade, NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances, the Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and arms race between the two superpowers. The Soviet Union's economy struggled to keep up militarily and politically with the US, leading to its fall in the late 1980s.
After WWII, Britain moved towards socialism under the Labour party government, establishing a welfare state with free healthcare and nationalized industries. However, the country faced economic problems as it lost workers, scientists, and colonies during and after the war. While Winston Churchill reversed some nationalization when he later became prime minister, the welfare state remained. Britain's economy declined over time as the global shift moved away from coal, and neither major political party was able to fully resolve the country's economic issues in the postwar period.
Dynastic monarchies in Russia and China faced economic and social problems in the early 20th century, leading to revolutions. In Russia, the tsar was overthrown and a provisional democratic government formed, but it failed amid World War I losses. Radicals like the Bolsheviks gained power, and their leader Lenin seized control. A civil war ensued as anti-communist forces fought back, but the Bolsheviks prevailed. Lenin established communist rule, redistributing land and industrializing through five-year plans. In China, the Qing dynasty fell in 1912 and a provisional government took over, but problems continued and communists gained victory in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China.
Cold War Flashpoints - Cuba: events before the crisismrmarr
Cuba is a small island in the Caribbean that was at the center of a nuclear crisis between the US and USSR in 1962. After Fidel Castro took power in a 1959 revolution, Cuba established diplomatic and economic ties with the Soviet Union, angering the US. In response, the US imposed an embargo on Cuba and attempted to overthrow Castro through the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. In 1962, US flights discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba, bringing the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis was eventually resolved through secret negotiations between Kennedy and Khrushchev that resulted in the Soviets removing the missiles in exchange for an American promise not to invade Cuba.
The Cold War began to thaw in the 1970s with détente between the US and Soviet Union, but tensions increased again in 1979 when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. In the 1980s, President Reagan escalated an arms race with the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and his reforms of glasnost and perestroika dramatically ended the Cold War. Gorbachev agreed to eliminate nuclear missiles and withdrew support for communist governments in Eastern Europe. Germany reunified in 1990, signaling the end of the Cold War. Ethnic tensions grew and Soviet republics declared independence in 1991, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The document provides background on the Korean War that began in 1950, including the division of Korea after WWII and rising tensions between North and South Korea. It summarizes key events in the war such as North Korea's initial invasion in June 1950, the successful UN counteroffensive led by General MacArthur that liberated Seoul, and the seesaw battles until the war ended in a stalemate in 1953. It also discusses the massive casualties incurred and ongoing issues like separated families and tensions on the Korean Peninsula today.
The document provides information about important people, dates, events, and reasons for the Civil War. It discusses how the South seceded from the Union due to issues of states' rights and protecting slavery. Key events included the Battle of Bull Run, the Emancipation Proclamation, the surrender of Lee's troops to Grant, and the assassination of President Lincoln after the war. The document also examines the split among Northern and Southern churches and viewpoints on slavery during this time period.
Hi guys this presentation helps you to focus and to get right information about this chapter.
Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers. 2. Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
Mao Zedong led the Communist forces to victory in China's civil war in 1949, establishing communist rule. His leadership brought major changes like collectivization of farms and the disastrous Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution programs. Communism also spread to North Korea, with the country dividing after WWII and Kim Il Sung establishing a communist dictatorship in the North. This led to the Korean War as the North invaded the South in 1950, which ended in a stalemate but firmly established communist rule in North Korea and capitalist influences in the recovering South Korea. Overall, communist victory in China and North Korea's division increased tensions between the US and Soviet-backed states in East Asia during the Cold War.
Stalin controlled Eastern Europe after WWII to spread communism and gain influence. He crushed any opposition and installed puppet governments. Life was difficult, with limited freedoms and secret police. Attempts to liberalize, like Czechoslovakia's "Prague Spring", were met with invasion by other Eastern Bloc countries to maintain communist rule. Resistance was brutally suppressed, as in Hungary in 1956 when the Soviet Union invaded after a popular uprising.
1. North Korea is located on the Korean Peninsula in Northeast Asia. It borders China and South Korea and has a mountainous terrain. North Korea has cold winters and hot, humid summers influenced by continental and oceanic climates.
2. North Korea is governed by the Workers' Party of Korea as a one-party state under the leadership of Kim Il-sung and his family. Key institutions of government include the Supreme People's Assembly and Central People's Committee.
3. The government and party are tightly intertwined, with the party guiding all aspects of government and society according to Juche ideology of self-reliance. Personal loyalty to the Kim family is essential to political power in North
The document summarizes the political, economic, and violent past issues concerning the Balkans region, specifically former Yugoslavia. Several ethnic groups gained independence after Yugoslavia broke up in 1991, causing tensions over borders and religious diversity. Redrawing boundaries has led to ongoing political issues. The Balkans have faced economic struggles due to a lack of resources and instability between ethnic groups. Before the 11th century, the Balkans were dominated by the Roman Empire and Christianity, but the region saw the rise of Islam under Ottoman rule through the 20th century.
The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The document provides information on Eastern Europe, including:
- The three main religions in the region since the fall of the USSR are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam.
- Economies in Eastern Europe are struggling due to years under communist rule and lack of experience with self-governance.
- The region experienced prolonged domination by various empires over 2000 years prior to brief independence after WWI before Soviet control during the Cold War behind the Iron Curtain. Nationalism remains a source of conflict.
The document provides historical context for conflict between ethnic groups in Rwanda:
- Rwanda has two main ethnic groups, the Hutu majority and Tutsi minority, who migrated from different parts of Africa.
- Under Belgian colonial rule from 1916-1962, the Tutsis gained privileges over the Hutus through a system of ethnic identification cards. This exacerbated existing tensions between the groups.
- After Rwanda gained independence in 1962, the Hutus took power and discriminated against Tutsis, leading to growing resentment and violence between the groups in the following decades.
Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika, as well as economic failures, rising nationalism, and public demand for change, contributed to the fall of European communist regimes in 1989. The opening of the Berlin Wall and revolutions in Eastern bloc countries ended the Soviet Union's control over Eastern Europe. By 1991, nationalist and reformist sentiments led by Boris Yeltsin overwhelmed the Soviet system, culminating in the dissolution of the USSR.
The document summarizes the political events surrounding the fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including:
1) The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and subsequent reunification of East and West Germany following mass protests and economic troubles in Eastern Europe.
2) The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia in 1989 which saw peaceful protests led by Vaclav Havel overthrow the communist government and establish democracy.
3) The breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s along ethnic lines which led to conflict and war between Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks and others over territory and independence.
Mikhail Gorbachev introduced political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union in the 1980s known as perestroika and glasnost. This loosening of control led Eastern European nations to overthrow their communist governments in 1989. Germany reunified in 1990 and the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Ethnic tensions also rose in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, leading to war as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo declared independence from Serbia.
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and introduced reforms like perestroika and glasnost to restructure the failing economy. However, his reforms destabilized the country and emboldened independence movements. By 1991, hardliners launched a coup against Gorbachev but failed, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Surrounding countries like those in Eastern Europe gained independence but struggled with transitioning to capitalism from communism and faced economic and social difficulties. The fall of the USSR continues to impact geopolitics today.
Section b exam questions end of cold warTom Martin
The document discusses key events in Eastern Europe during the Cold War period such as the Prague Spring of 1968 in Czechoslovakia and the formation of Solidarity in Poland in the 1980s. It analyzes three reasons for the collapse of Soviet control in Eastern Europe: i) the impact of Solidarity in Poland which grew to over 9 million members, ii) the reforms implemented by Soviet leader Gorbachev including glasnost and perestroika, and iii) the weakness of communist governments in Eastern Europe. The document concludes that all three factors contributed significantly to the fall of communism across Europe.
The document summarizes the end of the USSR, beginning with key events and figures in the early Soviet period through World War II under Stalin. It then discusses reforms under Gorbachev in the 1980s that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, including perestroika and glasnost. Major events of the dissolution included the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, independence of Baltic states in 1989-1991, a failed coup against Gorbachev in 1991, and the formal dissolution of the USSR on December 25, 1991, resulting in 15 new independent countries emerging from the former Soviet republics.
1. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 due to economic and political problems including a weak economy, widespread corruption, and rising nationalism in the republics.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost weakened the communist party's grip on power and emboldened independence movements.
3. The Soviet war in Afghanistan and military spending drained the economy while Gorbachev's openness policies destabilized communist rule, leading to the dissolution of the USSR and formation of 15 independent republics.
The Soviet Union collapsed between 1985-1991 due to reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev and rising nationalist sentiments. Gorbachev implemented policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the 1980s that weakened the Soviet system. This led to independence movements in the Soviet republics. By 1991, hardliners launched a failed coup against Gorbachev and republic leaders, like Boris Yeltsin, declared independence. The Soviet Union was formally dissolved that December.
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union between 1985 and 1991. Key events included Gorbachev implementing reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the late 1980s. This weakened the Communist Party's control and empowered independence movements. In 1991, hardliners attempted a coup against Gorbachev but failed, accelerating the collapse. The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991 and split into 15 independent nations.
The Soviet Union collapsed between 1985-1991 due to various political and economic factors. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and introduced reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) that weakened the Soviet system. By 1991, independence movements grew and republics began declaring independence. Gorbachev resigned in December 1991, dissolving the Soviet Union.
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
Political changes in the late 20th century led to the end of the Cold War and collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. This was accompanied by economic challenges and social changes like the growth of women's rights movements. New technologies also transformed society and culture, while issues like terrorism and conflicts in Yugoslavia and Kosovo emerged. The late 20th century was defined by major geopolitical shifts with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, German reunification, and the rise of the European Union.
End of Cold War - Poland's Solidarity, Gorbachev, Fall of USSRJoanie Yeung
The document discusses the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Soviet Union's increasing loss of control over Eastern Europe from the 1960s-1980s. It summarizes that Dubcek in Czechoslovakia attempted to reform communism with "socialism with a human face" but was crushed by the Soviet invasion of 1968, reaffirming the Brezhnev Doctrine. In the 1980s, the Solidarity movement in Poland challenged Soviet dominance and Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost further weakened Soviet control, culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and collapse of Soviet rule over Eastern Europe.
The Berlin Wall symbolized the division between East and West during the Cold War. Built in 1961, it separated East and West Berlin for 28 years until it was torn down in 1989, marking the reunification of Germany and the beginning of the end of the communist bloc. The document then discusses the origins and structure of the Soviet system and socialist bloc countries. It notes the bureaucratic and authoritarian nature of the Soviet system caused problems over time. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s led to growing nationalism that contributed to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This ended the Cold War and changed global power dynamics, leaving the US as the dominant superpower amid the transition of former Soviet states to capitalist dem
The Soviet Union began implementing reforms of openness (glasnost) and restructuring (perestroika) under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, but these failed to revive the struggling communist system and instead weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe, leading to independence movements and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War left the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower.
The document discusses key events and factors surrounding the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It discusses how former Soviet republics struggled with achieving stability and developing independent identities after the dissolution. It then focuses on Ukraine specifically, detailing the Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014 and the escalating conflict between Russian and Ukrainian forces that resulted in thousands of deaths.
The Soviet Union declined under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev from 1964-1982, as the economy stagnated and social problems increased. Mikhail Gorbachev attempted reforms with glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, liberalizing society and moving to a market economy, but rising nationalist movements led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 under Boris Yeltsin. The end of Soviet dominance also allowed Eastern European nations like Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia to transition to democracy.
- After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev publicly denounced Stalin and began destalinization, opening up the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, Nixon and Brezhnev initiated détente and SALT talks to limit nuclear weapons. Reagan took a stronger stance against communism in the 1980s.
- Mikhail Gorbachev implemented glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the 1980s to reform the Soviet Union. This led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990.
- Attempts to depose Gorbachev in a 1991 coup failed when Yeltsin and the people refused to back down. This
20th Century History : Core content : How secure was the USSR’s control over ...Wan Farida Hamimi
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background information on how countries like Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that challenged this control, like the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet Union used military force to assert its dominance each time. The rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland in the 1980s further declined Soviet influence in the region.
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...Serena Sephora
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
2. The Revolutionary Era in the
Soviet Union
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
Russia
CIS Member States
Associate States
Former Socialist Republics uninvolved in CIS
3. The Gorbachev Era (1985-1991)
When Mikhail Gorbachev
became leader of the Soviet
Union in 1985 he began to
institute a series of reform
programs that were
designed to save an empire
that was declining.
He felt that if the USSR was
to compete with the US and
the West, it had to change
and be more realistic about
its shortcomings.
Growth of nationalist
movements within USSR.
4. The End of the Soviet Union (1991)
Gorbachev struggled to please
conservatives and liberals.
Failed right-wing coup in
August 1991.
The USSR dissolved in
December 1991 after Ukraine
voted for independence, and
leaders of the republics
announced it “ceased to exist”
Replaced by a less powerful,
voluntary Commonwealth of
Independent States
Gorbachev resigned and Boris
Yeltsin became President
5. The New Russia (1991-1999)
Marred by a poor
economy, social disorder,
organized crime.
Yeltsin fought against
communists and
nationalists over the role
of president and the
structure of government
Financially burdening
war in Chechnya, a
Muslim region seeking
independence.
6. The Putin Era (1999-present)
Yeltsin resigned in 1999
and was replaced by
Vladimir Putin (ex-KGB).
Strengthened powers of
the central government.
Escalated the war in
Chechnya.
Growth of the economy
overall, but vast income
disparities
Silencing of media
dissent
7. Question 1
The ruling policies of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet
Union
a) included the forcible d) grew out of Russian
exportation of Russian misperceptions of United
Communism to Central and States strengths and failed
South America. to appreciate that American
b) evoked a "New Thinking" military spending and tax
about world affairs and the reductions under Ronald
balance of power leading to Reagan had greatly
new arms limitation treaties increased American budget
and greater autonomy for deficits.
Communist regimes in e) led to a reform of Soviet
Eastern Europe. Communism and the
c) increased political permanent strengthening of
repression in Russia and in the Soviet regime.
Eastern Europe.
8. Question 2
Mikhail Gorbachev's radical reforms included all of the
following except
a) the creation of a new d) to initiate policies of
Soviet Parliament. perestroika and
b) the creation of a market glasnost.
economy with limited e) the termination of the
free enterprise and office of president of
private property.
the Soviet Union.
c) to open discussion of
Soviet weaknesses in
public.
9. Question 3
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the leader of
Russia became
a) Boris Yeltsin.
b) Andrei Sakharov.
c) Leonid Brezhnev.
d) Josif Venediktov.
e) Vladimir Putin.
10. Question 4
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia struggled with all
of the following except:
a) a renewed d) economic hardships.
Communist Party e) a president who was
majority which took often ill.
over the government.
b) organized crime.
c) an uprising in largely
Muslim Chechnya.
11. Question 5
Under Vladimir Putin's presidency, all of the following
have occurred except:
a) power was centralized d) the economy grew
in the federal significantly and the
government. government had a
b) Russia ended its budget surplus.
involvement in e) the economy
Chechnya. significantly
c) as many as 40 percent depended upon
of the population lived
exports of oil and
natural gas.
in poverty.
12. Question 6
The first and most successful independence movements among the
Soviet republics during Gorbachev's rule occurred in the Baltic area of
a) Afghanistan.
b) Azerbaijan.
c) Lithuania.
d) Georgia.
e) Chechnya.
13. Question 7
Boris Yeltsin was succeeded as president of Russia by
a) Lech Walesa.
b) Mikhail Gorbachev.
c) Vladimir Putin.
d) Yuri Andropov.
e) Andrei Sakharov.
14. Eastern Europe: The Revolutions
of 1989 and the Collapse of
Communist Order
EASTERN EUROPE: AFTER THE FALL
Former Soviet Union
Formerly Under Soviet Influence
Former Czechoslovakia
Former Yugoslavia
Other Nations
15. The Fall
Under Gorbachev, the USSR
was no longer going to interfere
in the internal affairs of the
Eastern bloc nations. This
signaled the end of communist
regimes.
Each former satellite had a
slightly different transition to a
world without Russian control .
Poland, Czechoslovakia and
Hungary’s transformation was
relatively peaceful.
Romania’s army no longer
obeyed Ceausescu’s orders and
in fact, turned on him.
Cutting holes in flags was common
16. After the Fall
Once the initial euphoria of a
post-Soviet world set in many
East European nations faced
daunting problems including a
lack of democratic tradition
and weak economies. Ethnic
squabbling emerged
particularly in Czechoslovakia.
Many nations applied for
inclusion into the European
Union or NATO.
Some worried about West
Europe’s dominance.
17. The Reunification of Germany
Germany reunited in
1990. The former East
Germany was absorbed
by West Germany and
Berlin became the capital
once more.
The Christian Democrats
were the major party
engineering the re-
unification.
18. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
The change sweeping through
East Europe affected
Yugoslavia and without
strongman Marshal Tito the
situation turned violent.
Croatia and Slovenia tried to
leave the federation and the
largely Serbian Yugoslav army
battled them. Eventually
Slovenia and Croatia gained
independence.
Bosnia was to be a different
story.
Oh, the horror
19. War in Bosnia
In Bosnia a four year war drug
on with the Serbs attempting to
drive non-Serbs from the areas
under their control in a policy
of ethnic cleansing.
The US and NATO began a
bombing campaign that forced
the Serbs to sign a peace treaty
called the Dayton Accords.
Bosnia was split into a loose
union and NATO peacekeepers
have been there since 1995.
20. War in Kosovo
Fighting then erupted in
the province of Kosovo
which was inhabited by
Albanians and Serbs.
The Serbs, under the
leadership of Slobodan
Milosevic, a Serb
nationalist, attempted to
do in Kosovo what they had
done in Bosnia.
Again, under NATO
pressure, the Serbs had to
back down.
21. The Aftermath
From 1991 to 2000
Yugoslavia was torn
apart by war and ethnic
strife. All six republics
that had formed
Yugoslavia after WWI
are once again separate
republics but it is an
uneasy peace.
Slobodan Milosevic was
put on trial for crimes
against humanity but he
died while in prison.
22. Question 8
The Solidarity movement in Poland
a) was temporarily d) lacked solidarity and
crushed by General
Lech Walesa in 1981. quickly disintegrated
b) failed to gain massive and disappeared in
support due to stiff 1980.
opposition from the
conservative Polish e) ended the
Catholic church. Communist
c) was formed by monopoly of power in
Wladyslaw Gomulka in
1956. 1988-1989.
23. Question 9
In 1988, the first free parliamentary elections to occur in
Eastern Europe for forty years took place in
a) Hungary.
b) Austria.
c) Poland.
d) Estonia.
e) Lithuania.
24. Question 10
The leader of Czechoslovakia in 1990 who replaced the Communist
government was the former dissident writer and philosopher
a) Kádár.
b) Husák.
c) Dubcek.
d) Havel.
e) Dubrovnik.
25. Question 11
The brutal dictatorial Communist government of Nicolae
Ceausecu came to an end 1989 in
a) Czechoslovakia.
b) Bulgaria.
c) East Germany.
d) Romania.
e) Yugoslavia.
26. Question 12
An Eastern European republic that, fueled by ethnic rivalries, came
into existence in 1993 with the breakup of a previously existing state is
a) Lithuania.
b) Estonia.
c) Albania.
d) Lichtenstein.
e) Slovakia.
27. Question 13
Probably the most symbolic events ending the Cold War
was
a) the death of Mao. d) the fall of the Berlin
b) the Helsinki Accords. Wall.
c) Russia's defeat in the e) the election of Boris
Afghan war. Yeltsin as president of
the Soviet Union.
28. Question 14
The politician who kept the fractious state of Yugoslavia
together for decades after World War II was
a) Marshall Tito.
b) General Filopovic.
c) President Milosevic.
d) Prime Minister
Kostunica.
e) Marshall Petain.
29. Question 15
Yugoslavia was divided into warring factions because of
a) demands for ethnic
separatism.
b) differences of
political goals.
c) support of the Serbs.
d) lack of cultural
diversity.
e) religious uniformity.
30. Question 16
The Dayton Accords of November 1995
a) recognized the d) did not require the
recreation of a unified
Yugoslavia. use of military force
b) brought an end to the by NATO for their
war in Bosnia with a achievement.
peace plan acceptable
to Bosnian Muslims, e) failed due to
Croatians, and Serbs. intervention by the
c) were achieved despite European
the opposition of the
United States. Community.
31. Question 17
The tactic of "ethnic cleansing," murdering or forcibly removing ethnic
minorities from their lands in the former Yugoslavia, is a savage
strategy of modern political terror practiced most brutally by
a) Serbs.
b) Croatians.
c) Bosnians.
d) Herzgovenians.
e) Slovenes.
32. Question 18
The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was
subsequently put on trial for war crimes against humanity was
a) Vojislav Kostunica.
b) Nicolae Ceausescu.
c) Wladyslaw Gomulka.
d) Todor Zhivkov.
e) Slobodan Milosevic.
34. Germany Restored
Reuniting the two
Germanies proved
harder than first thought.
Integrating the East’s
command economy was
expensive and the
Christian Democrats
were punished in
subsequent elections.
The Social Democrats
were not any more
successful.
35. Post-Thatcher Britain
As Thatcher’s post-
Falkland War popularity
waned her conservative
economics caused her to
lose her post.
She was replaced by John
Major and then Labour
made a comeback with the
charismatic and Christian
Tony Blair.
The UK’s economy under
Blair was strong but his
foray into Iraq with George
Bush in 2003 cost him
politically.
36. France: A Move to the Right
France was attempting to
deal with high
unemployment
exacerbated by
immigration from her
former colonies in Africa.
As her politics shifted to
the right, riots broke out in
many of the Moslem
ghettoes surrounding the
urban centers.
Nicolas Sarkozy was
elected as a reformer.
37. Corruption in Italy
Since WWII Italy has
been plagued by
government instability
brought on by weak
coalition governments
Corruption and the
resulting public cynicism
have also troubled the
peninsula
Voters have turned to the
left in recent elections
38. The Unification of Europe
The European Union (EU) is a
huge economic and monetary
market but it is not a United
States of Europe especially in
regard to national politics and
foreign policy.
13 nations are using the Euro
as a common currency, travel
restrictions have been eased
Problems include the
inclusion of southeastern
Europe, immigration from
those poorer regions and
ethnic identity versus being a
“citizen of Europe.”
39. Question 19
The reunification of Germany was accomplished under
the leadership of
a) Willy Brandt.
b) Conrad Adenauer.
c) Helmut Schmidt.
d) Gunter Grass.
e) Helmut Kohl.
40. Question 20
The issue that fatally weakened Margaret Thatcher's government and
which eventually brought the Labour Party to power was
a) the Falklands War. d) a drastic increase in
b) race riots in London. air and water
c) the proposal for a pollution.
flat-rate poll tax. e) the nationalization of
Britain's railroads.
41. Question 21
The individual who succeeded Tony Blair as Britain's
prime minister in 2007 was
a) Gordon Brown.
b) John Major.
c) Clement Attlee.
d) Nicolas Sarkozy.
e) James Callaghan.
42. Question 22
The British prime minister who gave support to the United
States in the war on terror and in the Iraq War was
a) Margaret Thatcher.
b) James Callaghan.
c) John Major.
d) Tony Blair.
e) Ramsey McDonald.
43. Question 23
By 1995, a major issue in French society was
a) whether to support c) to leave the Common
America's "war on Market in protest to
terror." high subsidies to
b) to rejoin NATO, agriculture.
which France had left d) resentment against
in the 1960s. immigrants.
e) massive inflation.
44. Question 24
The new French president elected in 2007 was
a) Jacques Chirac.
b) Francois Mitterrand.
c) Jacques Le Pen.
d) Yves Montand.
e) Nicolas Sarkozy.
45. Question 25
The major issue that troubled Italian society in recent
decades has been
a) Islamic terrorism. d) a significant increase
b) Catholic in the birth rate.
fundamentalism e) economic collapse,
c) political corruption. with high
unemployment and
bankruptcies.
46. Question 26
The common currency that was initially adopted by eleven
member states of the European Union is the
a) continental.
b) euro.
c) maastricht.
d) francmark.
e) freipence.
47. Question 27
Challenges facing the Economic Union in the early
twenty-first century include
a) the lack of a common d) lack of economic
currency. assistance to Europe's
b) the lack of any military farming community.
force. e) the failure to create a
c) many Europeans truly single internal
remain committed to a market.
national identify and
do not see themselves
as "Europeans."
48. Question 28
By 2004, the population of the European Union was
a) 455 million.
b) 355 million.
c) 295 million.
d) 245 million.
e) 550 million.