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Fake news and fact finding
- 1. T Deborah Kozdras: University of South Florida Stavros Center Visual Texts and Deborah Kozdras: dkozdras@usf.edu USF Stavros Center Fake News and Finding Facts Jodi B. Pushkin jpushkin@tampabay.com Tampa Bay Times NIE http://tinyurl.com/fakenewsworkshop
- 2. Unicorns on the Moon? From the Italian version of The Great Moon Hoax. Leopoldo Galluzzo, Altre scoverte fatte nella luna dal Sigr. Herschel (Other lunar discoveries from Signor Herschel), Napoli, 1836 (Smithsonian Institution Libraries) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian- institution/great-moon-hoax-was-simply-sign-its- time-180955761/
- 3. What is different today? Figure 1.1. Guardian at the Gate @ Created by James Seaman and Used with Permission
- 5. Read T
- 8. Wrote to a friend (Richard Price) about the power of the news . . . The ancient Roman and Greek Orators could only speak to the Number of Citizens capable of being assembled within the Reach of their Voice: Their Writings had little Effect because the Bulk of the People could not read. Now by the Press we can speak to Nations; and good Books & well written Pamphlets have great and general Influence. The Facility with which the same Truths may be repeatedly enforc’d by placing them daily in different Lights, in Newspapers which are every where read, gives a great Chance of establishing them. And we now find that it is not only right to strike while the Iron is hot, but that it is very practicable to heat it by continual Striking.— https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-37-02-0299
- 10. Yellow Journalism & the Yellow Kid: Spanish-American War, 1890’s, & Hearst vs. Pulitzer https://cartoons.osu.edu/digital_albums/yellowkid/1895/1895.htm
- 11. From Yellow Journalism to Click Bait • R.F. Outcault
- 13. What Consequences Could You Face?
- 14. Economics: Why Do They Do It?
- 15. The Economics of Why They Do It Monetary Benefits + Psychological Benefits > Psychological Costs of Committing the Crime + Monetary Opportunity Costs Probability of arrests and convictions (Expected Penalty Effect) http://wmcyberintrusion.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/FakeNews2017.pdf
- 16. How can fake news impact the stock market? “Did you hear what the CEO of XYZ Corp said about those widgets in Mexico? For the markets, what is "fake news"? It's rumors, and misinformation sometimes used to move the price of a security. It's not new. Some tech firms are working on detection mechanisms that will score a news articles reliability to help those who rely on the news to make investment decisions.”
- 17. How can fake news impact the stock market? “Zhan Chunxin, CEO of China's construction giant Zoomlion, saw his company's share price drop by 30% because of purposely misleading news flow airing on CCTV.” How can fake news impact the stock market? “Zhan Chunxin, CEO of China's construction giant Zoomlion, saw his company's share price drop by 30% because of purposely misleading news flow airing on CCTV.”
- 18. How can fake news impact the stock market? “All the b.s. detector algorithms in the world won't be able to detect media manipulation by equity analysts and CEOs. Martin Winterkorn, Volkswagen's former chairman, reacts during an earnings news conference back in 2012. The company misled investors about pollution controls on its diesel engines. The data was fake. It cost the company billions but the stock actually did excellent that year. Alas, it's not a perfect world.”
- 19. It’s Enough to Make . . .
- 20. TedED: How False News Can Spread
- 21. System 1 vs. System 2 Introduction to Behavioral Economics www.EconEdLink.org 21 System 1 System 2 Emotional Analytic Fast Slow Reflexive Reflective Effortless Effortful Impulsive Deliberative Short-sighted Patient
- 22. Emotions: A Trigger for Fact-Checking https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/chapter/building-a-habit-by-checking-your-emotions/
- 23. Fast and Slow Thinking = Fast and Slow Literacies
- 25. The Herd Behavior Problem
- 26. The Bias Problem
- 27. Fast Literacies • What happens when we are surfing the net? • What happens when we surf our news feeds? • What happens when we surf Facebook?
- 28. What Can We Do About Confirmation Bias? https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/bias-brain-kqed/why-do-our-brains-love-fake-news-above-the-noise/?#.W4BO_dPwZBx
- 29. Slow Literacies Strategy: Reciprocal Rhetorics
- 31. Should they sell the shirts? Newseum is a Washington D.C. attraction "dedicated to the importance of a free press and the first amendment." They had been selling "You are very fake news" T- shirts in their gift shop and recently made the decision to stop selling the shirts. While you read the passage, evaluate the benefits and costs of the decision. Then make an evidence-based decision.
- 33. Close Reading and the Checklist https://www.zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/
- 35. Beyond the Checklist . . . http://www.kappanonline.org/breakstone-need-new-approach-teaching-digital-literacy/
- 36. • Currency: The site’s home page features regular updates, has a 2018 copyright, and includes many functional links to other sites. • Relevance: If a student is seeking information about minimum wage policy, the site is filled with relevant information, including details about minimum wage in every state and links to research from outlets ranging from the Harvard Business School to the New York Times. • Authority: The site’s “About” page indicates that it is a project of the Employment Policies Institute. EPI provides a telephone number, an email address, and a street address inWashington, D.C. To further burnish its credentials, EPI’s “About” page describes the organization’s work: “EPI sponsors nonpartisan research which is conducted by independent economists at major universities around the country” (Employment Policies Institute, n.d.).
- 37. • Accuracy: The website is free of spelling, grammatical, and typographical errors. More important, it supplies a host of data sources to support its claims. From links to university research to polished reports produced by EPI, the site creates the impression of academic rigor. A careful reader of the site will identify clues that the site is opposed to raising the minimum wage. However, it attempts to do so in the detached tone of science, backed up by data-stuffed research reports. • Purpose: According to the site, EPI’s purpose is “studying public policy issues surrounding employment growth” (minimumwage.com,n.d.). Although it is difficult to identify its true purpose, one could conclude that the site opposed increasing the minimum wage on the basis of data from disinterested economists and policy experts.
- 38. Evaluating Evidence: The Challenge That’s Bigger Than Fake News https://www.aft.org/ae/fall2017/mcgrew_ortega_breakstone_wineburg
- 39. Four Moves for Student Fact Checkers https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/front-matter/web-strategies-for-student-fact-checkers/
- 40. What Fact Checkers Do https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/12/principles-truth-o-meter-politifacts-methodology-i/
- 41. Politifact’s Fact Checking Process • PolitiFact uses on-the-record interviews and publishes a list of sources with every fact-check. • We always contact or attempt to contact the person, website or organization that made the statement we are fact- checking. • Reporting includes: a review of what other fact-checkers have previously found; a thorough Google search; a search of online databases; consultation with experts; a review of publications and a final overall review of available evidence. • We emphasize primary sources and original documentation. • In cases where PolitiFact must cite news reports from other media that rely on unnamed or unattributed sources we note that we cannot independently verify their reporting.
- 44. Tampa Bay Times Resources Tampa Bay Times NIE: www.tampabay.com/nie All Eyes Blog: http://www.tampabay.com/photo-gallery/alleyes PolitiFact Florida: http://www.politifact.com/florida Jodi Pushkin, NIE Manager jpushkin@tampabay.com
- 45. Slow Thinking and Fast Media • Memes and replicators http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.731.4497&rep=rep1&type=pdf#p age=378 • the Macedonian teenagers who compose fake news stories to profit from click-bait ads. Those students are a powerful example of how students who can be so adept at finding information can be so “easily duped” by what they find. This problem has been surveyed by the Stanford History Education Group (SHEG), which provided a “bleak” assessment of the critical depth of click-and-flow literacies. The group’s argument is set out in the title of their widely influential report “Evaluating Information: Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning.” SHEG has proposed curricula that reach from middle schools to general education.
- 47. Strategy: Fact Checking Photos • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ewrx1lDhVPE&t=2s fact checking in the digital age by the news literacy project Photos • Reverse image search https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQQ1UsclrZI
- 48. Strategy: Reverse Image Search • Reverse image search https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQQ1UsclrZI
- 53. Click Bait
- 55. Findings Nearly four in 10 high school students believed, based on the headline, that this photograph of deformed daisies provided strong evidence of toxic conditions near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan, even though no source or location was given for the photo.
- 56. Stanford SHEG Project: Home Page Analysis https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf
Editor's Notes
- Traditionally, media hoaxes have often been perpetuated for mercenary reasons. The most notable early instance of fake news came in 1835, when credible New York newspaper The Sun published a story announcing the discovery of life on the Moon. Over a series of six articles, the newspaper reported a British astronomer had developed a powerful new telescope that had revealed life on the Moon. The articles were allegedly sourced from a fictitious scientific journal and described entire alien eco-systems in sensational detail. Unicorns, hairy human-like beings, oceans and temples were all seriously reported, with the story concluding after the Sun's rays reportedly destroyed the special telescope and burned the astronomer's observatory to the ground. The circulation of The Sun hit an all-time high due to the articles and it reportedly took weeks before the story was declared a hoax, one which the newspaper never even issued a retraction over. It was clear that fake news worked.
- Other fake news had less convoluted origins. Paul Horner runs a string of websites, some looking deceptively like mainstream news organizations. He created a post that said protesters at Trump rallies were paid $3,500 to disrupt the rally as a dirty tricks plot. He told the Washington Post he knew it wasn't true but wrote it as a parody that could make him money if people actually believed it. "I just wanted to make fun of that insane belief, but it took off," he said. What happened next is classic: Trump himself repeated the claim about paid protesters at a rally.
- Kahneman calls the “best-known and most controversial” of the experiments he and Tversky did together: “the Linda problem.” Participants in the experiment were told about an imaginary young woman named Linda, who is single, outspoken and very bright, and who, as a student, was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice. The participants were then asked which was more probable: (1) Linda is a bank teller. Or (2) Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement. The overwhelming response was that (2) was more probable; in other words, that given the background information furnished, “feminist bank teller” was more likely than “bank teller.” This is, of course, a blatant violation of the laws of probability. (Every feminist bank teller is a bank teller; adding a detail can only lower the probability.) Yet even among students in Stanford’s Graduate School of Business, who had extensive training in probability, 85 percent flunked the Linda problem. One student, informed that she had committed an elementary logical blunder, responded, “I thought you just asked for my opinion.”
- Herd behavior is the tendency of individual to follow the actions (rational or irrational) of a larger group. This herd mentality is the result of two reasons. Firstly, there may be a social pressure of conformity. Most people do not want to be outcast from the group they belong. Secondly, there is a common rational that a large group is unlikely to be wrong. Purchasing stocks based on price momentum while ignoring basic economic principles of supply and demand is known in the behavioral finance arena as herd behavior and that leads to faulty decision. In the late 1990s, Venture capitalist and private investors were frantically investing huge amount of money into internet related companies, even though most of them did not have financially sound business models.
- The most prominent digital literacy organizations in the United States and Canada instruct students to evaluate the trustworthiness of online sources using checklists of 10 to 30 questions. (Common Sense Media, the News Literacy Project, Canada’s Media Smarts, the University of Rhode Island’s Media Education Lab, and the American Library Association all disseminate website evaluation checklists.) Such lists include questions like: Is a contact person provided? Are the sources of information identified? Is the website a .com (supposedly bad) or a .org (supposedly good)?