The document discusses implementing FACTS controllers on a model 370km transmission line to improve performance. It defines FACTS as flexible AC transmission systems that use power electronics to control power flow. The objectives of FACTS are increasing power transfer capability and loading lines closer to their thermal limits. It models an uncompensated and compensated line with resistive and RL loads and finds the compensated line has lower losses and higher power transfer.

1. Practical Implementation of FACTs On A Model
Transmission Line For Performance
Improvement
Supervised By:
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fayyaz Khan
United International University (UIU)
Presented By:
Saifur Rahman 021 111 056
MD.Rakib Mohan 021 111 004
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain 021 111 117
MD.Jabaidur Rahman 021 101 107

2. CONTENTS
 What is FACTs?
 Objectives of FACTs
 Types of FACTS Controllers
 Transmission line Parameters & Design of FACTS
Controllers
 Advantages of FACTS Controllers
 Conclusion
 Reference

3. What is FACTs?
 FACTs is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission
Systems. FACTS uses solid state switching devices to
control power flow through a transmission network , So that
the transmission network is loaded to its full capacity.
 FACTs idea was put forward by Prof. Hingorani of EPRI,
USA in 1988 .
 A line can be loaded up to its full thermal limit by FACTs.
 Power transfer can be increased thru an old line by FACTs.

4. History Of FACTs
 Flexible AC Transmission Systems Technology (FACTS)
was first proposed by the Dr Narain G. Hingorani in 1988
of Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ), USA .
 The first FACTS installation was at the C. J. Slatt Substation
near Arlington, Oregon.
 This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was
developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration
and General Electric Company.
C. J. Slatt Substation near Arlington, Oregon., USA
(Google Map view)

5. OBJECTIVES OF FACTS
 To increase the power transfer capability of
transmission systems
 To keep power flow over designated routes.
 Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to
their thermal limits.
 Prevention of cascading outages by contributing
to emergency control.
 Damping of oscillations that can threaten security
or limit the useable line capacity.

6. Advantages Of FACTS
 Increase of transfer of power without adding new transmission line.
 Transmission cost is minimized.
 Smooth steady state and dynamic control.
 Active damping of power oscillations.
 Increase of reliability
 Improvement of system stability and voltage control.
 Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation .
 Control of power flow in transmission corridors by controlling line
impedance ,angle and voltage.
 Optimum power flow for certain objectives .
 Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities,
including short term and seasonal.

7. Overview Of Our Work
Source
Transmission line
L
O
A
D
1
3
4
1 Source
2 Transmission Line
3 FACTS Intelligence System
(i) Series Compensation
(ii) Shunt compensation
4 Load
Design and
implementation
of FACTS
Intelligence
System
2
Series
Compen
sation
Shunt
Compens
ation
(i) (ii)

8. Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
FACTS compensation are classified as
 Series Compensation
 Shunt Compensation
 Combined series-series compensation
 Combined series-shunt compensation
TALA
Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor in New Delhi, India
Beauly Substation , UK

9. Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
 Series Compensation
 It could be a variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, or a
power electronic based variable source of main frequency,
subsynchonous and harmonic frequencies to serve the desired
need.
 Inject a voltage in series with the line .
 If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the current, controller
supplies or consumes reactive power.
 Any other phase, involves control of both active and reactive
power.

10. Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation (TCSC)
TCSC : TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator ,which consists
of a series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor – controlled reactor in
order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
Basic module of TCSC

11. TCSC
The equivalent
impedance, Zeq, of
this LC combination
is expressed as
If ωC−(1/ ωL) > 0; The
combined reactance is
Capacitive.
If ωC−(1/ ωL) < 0; The
combined reactance is
Inductive.

12. Benefits of TCSC
 Current control
 Damping Oscillations
 Transient and Dynamic stability
 Voltage stability
 Fault current limiting

13. Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
 Shunt compensation
 It could be a variable impedance (capacitor ,reactor , etc.) or a
power electronic based variable source or combination of both .
 Inject a current in the system.
 If the current is in phase quadrature with the voltage ,controller
supplies or consumes reactive power.
 Any other phase ,involves control of both active and reactive
power.

14. Types Of Shunt Compensation
Shunt compensation are of 2 types :
1) inductive shunt compensation
2) capacitive shunt compensation
inductive shunt compensation :
If Vr > Vs ; usually happens due to no load or less load or leading load
capacitive shunt compensation:
If Vr < Vs ; usually happens due to high load or lagging load

15. FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Line specification:
Line=370 km (230 mile)
Conductor name = “Rook”
Flat horizontal Spacing =7.25 m (23.8 ft)
Load Specification:
𝑃𝑅 = 125 MW
𝑉𝑅 = 215 KV
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
Now, 𝐷𝑒𝑞 =3
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31=
3
23.8 ∗ 23.8 ∗ 2 ∗ 23.8
= 30.0 ft.
ACSR Conductor
Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) long
Medium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long

16. 1 2 3
𝐷31 2 * 23.8
𝐷12 23.8 𝐷23 23.8
FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd.
For 50 Hz Calculation C and L,
𝑟𝑎𝑐 50 𝐻𝑧 (50 degree) = 0.1603 Ω/mile ……..(1)
𝑋 𝐿 = 𝑥𝑙1 + 𝑥𝑙2
= (0.415 + 0.4127) Ω/mile …....(2)
𝑋 𝐶 = 𝑥 𝑐1 + 𝑥 𝑐2
= (0.0950 + 0.1009) MΩ .mile . . . . . . . .(3)
Now from 1
𝑟𝑎𝑐 =
0.1603
1.609344
Ω/km = 0.0996 Ω/km

17. FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd.From 2
𝑋 𝐿 = 0.8277 Ω/mile =
0.8277
1.609344
Ω / km = 0.5143 Ω/km
Now
𝑋 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓L
L=
𝑋 𝐿
2𝜋
=
0.5143
2𝜋×50
=1.364 × 10−3
H/Km
Now from 3
𝑋 𝐶 = 0.1959 × 106Ω.mile =195900 Ω.mile = 3.1527 × 105 Ω.km
𝑋 𝐶 =
1
2𝜋𝑓C
C =
1
2𝜋𝑓𝑋 𝐶
=
1
2𝜋×50×3.1527×105 = 8.4137 × 10−9
F/Km

18. Performance of Uncompensated
370 km line with Resistive Load

19. Results Of Uncompensated Line
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I
)
Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q)
Apparent
Power(S)
25MW 238.8 KV 183.3 A 65.65 MW 0 65.65 MVA
45MW 238.8 KV 202.1 A 72.39 MW 0 72.39 MVA
65MW 238.8 KV 227 A 81.32 MW 0 81.32 MVA
85MW 238.8 KV 254.6 A 91.2 MW 0 91.2 MVA
105M
W
238.8 KV 282.6 A 101.2 MW 0 101.2 MVA
125M
W
238.8 KV 309.7 A 110.9 MW 0 110.9 MVA
145M
W
238.8 KV 335.2 A 120.1 MW 0 120.1 MVA
Uncompensated Sending- End Side Uncompensated Receiving- End Side
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I
)
Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q)
Apparent
Power(S)
25MW 261.6 KV 71.39 A 28.02 MW 0 28.02 MVA
45MW 255.1 KV 125.3 A 47.95 MW 0 47.95 MVA
65MW 247.7 KV 175.7 A 65.31 MW 0 65.31 MVA
85MW 239.7 KV 222.4 A 79.98 MW 0 79.98 MVA
105M
W
231.4 KV 265.2 A 92.03 MW 0 92.03 MVA
125M
W
222.9 KV 304 A 101.6 MW 0 101.6 MVA
145M
W
214.4 KV 339.2 A 109.1 MW 0 109.1 MVA

20. Performance of Compensated 370
km line with Resistive Load

21. Results Of Compensated Line
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I
)
Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q)
Apparent
Power(S)
25MW 238.8KV 190A 68.06MW 0 68.06MVA
45MW 238.8KV 221.2A 79.25MW 0 79.25MVA
65MW 238.8KV 261.8A 93.78MW 0 93.78MVA
85MW 238.8KV 307A 110MW 0 110MVA
105M
W
238.8KV 354.3A 126.9MW 0 126.9MVA
125M
W
238.8KV 402.3A 144.1MW 0 144.1MVA
145M
W
238.8KV 450.2A 161.3MW 0 161.3MVA
Compensated Sending- End Side
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I
)
Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q)
Apparent
Power(S)
25MW 262.8KV 71.71A 28.27MW 0 28.27MVA
45MW 258.7KV 127.1A 49.3MW 0 49.3MVA
65MW 254.7KV 180.7A 69.03MW 0 69.03MVA
85MW 250.8KV 232.7A 87.55MW 0 87.55MVA
105M
W
247.1KV 283.1A 104.9MW 0 104.9MVA
125M
W
243.4KV 332.1A 121.2MW 0 121.2MVA
145M
W
239.8KV 379.5A 136.5MW 0 136.5MVA
Compensated Receiving- End Side

22. Performance of Uncompensated 370
km line with R-L Load

23. Results Of Uncompensated line
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I) Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q
)
Appare
nt
Power(S
)
PF
50MW 195 KV 159.33 A 36.09 MW 29.5MVar 46.6 MVA 0.7744
75MW 195 KV 210.38 A 51.5MW 33.66MVa
r
61.53
MVA
0.837
100MW 195 KV 261.8 A 65.61 MW 39.48MVa
r
76.57
MVA
0.8568
125MW 195 KV 311.29 A 78.24 MW 46.58MVa
r
91.05
MVA
0.8593
150MW 195KV 357.9 A 89.33MW 54.59MVa
r
104.7
MVA
0.8533
175MW 195 KV 401.3 A 98.9 MW 63.19MVa
r
117.4
MVA
0.8427
200MW 195 KV 441.2 A 107 MW 72.11MVa
r
129 MVA 0.8293
Uncompensated Sending End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage
(V)
Current
(I)
Active
Power(
P)
Reactiv
e
Power(
Q)
Appare
nt
Power(S
)
Pf
50MW 151.66 KV 327.77 A 32.62
MW
67.06MV
ar
74.57
MVA
0.4375
75MW 148.51 KV 357.234
A
46.92
MW
64.3MVar 79.59
MVA
0.5895
100MW 144.9KV 392.9 A 59.57
MW
61.22MV
ar
85.42
MVA
0.6973
125MW 140.99 KV 431.4 A 70.48
MW
57.95MV
ar
91.25
MVA
0.7724
150MW 136.85 KV 470.5 A 79.67
MW
54.59MV
ar
96.58
MVA
0.8249
175MW 132.57 KV 508.64 A 87.23
MW
51.23MV
ar
101.2
MVA
0.8623
200MW 128.3 KV 545.1 A 93.27
MW
47.93MV
ar
104.9
MVA
0.8894
Uncompensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)

24. Performance of Compensated 370 km
line with R-L Load

25. Results of Compensated lines
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I) Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q
)
Appare
nt
Power(S
)
PF
50MW 195 KV 267.6 A 66.04 MW 42MVar 78.26
MVA
0.8434
75MW 195 KV 353.8 A 95.32 MW 40.3 MVar 103.5
MVA
0.921
100MW 195 KV 443.15 A 123.6 MW 39.09MVa
r
129.6
MVA
0.9534
125MW 195 KV 532.05 A 150.8 MW 38.3 MVar 155.6
MVA
0.9693
150MW 195KV 619.4 A 177.1 MW 37.86MVa
r
181.1
MVA
0.9779
175MW 195 KV 704.55 A 202.6 MW 37.7MVar 201.6
MVA
0.9831
200MW 195 KV 787.3 A 227.1 MW 37.99MVa
r
230.3
MVA
0.9863
Compensated Sending End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage
(V)
Current
(I)
Active
Power(
P)
Reactiv
e
Power(
Q)
Appare
nt
Power(S
)
Pf
50MW 205.3 KV 400.20 A 59.7 MW 107.8MV
ar
123.2
MVA
0.4848
75MW 201.5 KV 446.9 A 86.37
MW
103.9MV
ar
135.1
MVA
0.6393
100MW 197.9 KV 503.8 A 111.1
MW
100.2MV
ar
149.6
MVA
0.7426
125MW 194.4 KV 431.4 A 133.9
MW
96.6MVar 165.2
MVA
0.8109
150MW 191.9 KV 632.03 A 155.2
MW
93.3
MVar
181.1
MVA
0.857
175MW 187.7 KV 698.7 A 174.9
MW
90.1MVar 196.7
MVA
0.8889
200MW 184.5 KV 765.36 A 193.1
MW
87.1MVar 211.9
MVA
0.8894
Compensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)

26. FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (practical)
 A single phase 2 Km line was taken for FACTs application and
implementation in the lab.
 Line parameters are calculated
 Line performance was simulated under different load conditions
 FACTs controller was designed to improve the line performance

27. Model Transmission Line Parameters
Calculation
Line specification:
Line= 2 km
Load Specification:
P = 500 W
V = 220 V
Conductor name = “Turky”
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
𝑟𝑎𝑐 = 0.750 Ω / 1000 ft = 5.4 Ω
Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) long
Medium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long
𝑋 𝐿 = 0.1390 Ω / 1000 ft.
= 0.182Ω
Now
𝑋 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓L
L =2.42 mH

28. Source
220 V
50 Hz
Block Diagram of Shunt Compensation
LINE
L
O
A
D
Full
Bridge
Voltage
Divider
POWER SUPPLY
Voltage Regulator
Circuit
ATMEGA 8
LCD
Capacitor
Triac
Driver

29. Source
220 V
50 Hz
Transmission Line
L
O
A
D

30. Schematic Diagram Of Shunt
Compensation

31. Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation
Load
Transmission Line
Source

32. Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation

33. Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation
Receiving
END Voltage
Capacitor Bank
DC Source
Intelligent Circuit

34. Results Of practical Uncompensated
line
Load
Ω
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
80 110 V 1.25 A 134 W 95 V 1.3 A 117 W
100 110 V 0.98 A 108 W 96 V 0.99 A 95 W
133.3
3
110 V 0.75 A 82 W 99 V 0.75 A 74 W
200 110 V 0.52 A 57 W 101 V 0.52 A 52 W
400 110 V 0.28 A 30 W 108 V 0.27 A 29 W
Uncompensated Sending End side Uncompensated Receiving End side

35. Results Of practical Compensated line
Load
Ω
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
80 110 V 2.12 A 199 W 111 V 2.16 A 162 W
100 110 V 1.91 A 167 W 114 V 1.93 A 133 W
133.33 110 V 1.82 A 140 W 119 V 1.33 A 107 W
200 110 V 1.71 A 105 W 121 V 1.73 A 74 W
400 110 V 0.55 A 38 W 110 V 0.58 A 32 W
Compensated Sending End side Compensated Receiving End side

36. Block Diagram of Series Compensation
for the line
220 V
50 Hz
Transmission Line Capacitor
L
O
A
D
S
O
U
R
C
E Back to Back
Thyristor Driver
Inductor

37. Block Diagram of Series
Compensation in the Matlab
Simulink

38. Series Compensation Output Curve
From Matlab Simulink

39. Future Work
1. Simulation of different heavily loaded transmission line
from FACTS. e.g East West Interconnector.
2. Measurement of stability and reliability study of Power
sector of Bangladesh from FACTS .

40. Conclusion
We see that in an uncompensated line, the output
voltage is less than the input voltage for the reason
of transmission line parameters. After adding shunt
compensation with the line we saw that the output
voltage is improved. As well as after adding series
compensation with the line the output voltage is also
improved. If we implement this FACTS Controller
in our transmission line network, economically it
will beneficial for us.

41. Reference
•Hingorani, N.G., "Power Electronics in Electric Utilities:
Role of Power Electronics in Future Power Systems,"
Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue Vol. 76, no. 4, April
1988.
•Thyristor-Based Facts Controllers For Electrical Ttransmission Systems by R.
Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma
•http://www.energy.siemens.com/co/pool/hq/power-
transmission/FACTS/FACTS_Series_Compensation_neues%20CD.pdf
• www.siemens.com/energy/facts
•http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol3_issue4%20(part-1)/C03411726.pdf
•http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/HBD855-D.PDF

42. Any Question?

43. Thank You