Factors affecting enzyme activity
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This document discusses 5 key factors that affect enzyme activity: the concentration of the enzyme and substrate, temperature, pH, and the presence of activators. It notes that enzyme activity increases with higher enzyme and substrate concentrations up to a maximum point, and with temperature up to 40°C, beyond which the enzyme denatures. Activity also increases with pH up to an optimum level, and some enzymes require metal ions or other ions to function at optimal levels. Maintaining optimal levels of these factors is important to control enzyme activity.
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3. In the liver and other tissues, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA for energy production or ketone bodies during fasting.
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Factors affecting enzymatic activities of substrate
Factors which affect enzymatic functioning [1:37 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: Uncouplers of Oxidative
Phosphorylation:
• Uncouplers can
be defined as A substance
that uncouples phosphorylation of ADP from electron
transfer. • Uncoupling agents are compounds which dissociate the synthesis of ATP from the transport of electrons
through the cytochrome system. • This means that the electron transport continues to function, leading to oxygen consumption but
phosphorylation of ADP is inhibited.
[1:38 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: 2,4-Dinitrophenol:
• A classic uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
• was used as a weight-loss agent in the 1930s • The substance carries protons across the inner mitochondria
membrane. • In the presence of these uncouplers, electron transport from NADH to O, proceeds normally, but ATP is not formed by the
nitochondria.
• Body temperature is elevated as a result of hyper metabolism. • When phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron flow, a decrease in the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane and, therefore, impaired ATP synthesis is expected. • In an attempt to compensate for this defect in energy capture,
metabolism and electron flow to oxygen is increased. • This hyper metabolism will be accompanied by elevated body temperature be cause the energy in fuels is largely wasted,
appearing as heat.
[1:38 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: Dicoumarol (Vitamin.K analogue):
• Used as anticoagulant.
Calcium:
• Transport of Cat ion into mitochondria can cause uncoupling. • Mitochondrial transport of Cat is energetically coupled to
oxidative phosphorylation.
• It is coupled with uptake of pi
• When calcium is
transported into mitochondria, electron transport can proceed but energy is required to pump the4 Ca+2
into the mitochondria. Hence, no energy is stored as ATP.
CCCP (Chloro carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone):
• Most active uncoupler • These lipid soluble substances can carry protons across the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
[1:39 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: Dicoumarol (Vitamin.K analogue):
• Used as anticoagulant.
Calcium:
• Transport of Cat ion into mitochondria can cause uncoupling. • Mitochondrial transport of Cat is energetically coupled to
oxidative phosphorylation.
• It is coupled with uptake of pi
• When calcium is
transported into mitochondria, electron transport can proceed but energy is required to pump the4 Ca+2
into the mitochondria. Hence, no energy is stored as ATP.
CCCP (Chloro carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone):
• Most active uncoupler • These lipid soluble substances can carry protons across the inner
mitochondrial membrane
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Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
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2. The products of digestion including fatty acids are absorbed into the blood as chylomicrons or transported to the liver.
3. In the liver and other tissues, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA for energy production or ketone bodies during fasting.
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Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms and have many applications in industry. In the human body, enzymes are involved in essential processes like DNA replication and protein synthesis. Industrially, enzymes are used in detergents, textiles, and food processing. This document discusses the importance and mechanisms of enzyme activity, including how enzymes lower activation energy and use specific active sites. It also covers measuring enzyme activity, factors that affect it like temperature and pH, and examples of their use in industries like cheese and wine production.
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This document discusses enzymes and how various factors affect their activity. It explains that enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, and that their activity is influenced by temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration. The optimum temperature and pH are described as well as how rises or falls from these can impact activity. Isoenzymes, which are variants of the same enzyme found in different tissues, are also covered. The concept of rate-limiting enzymes, which determine the overall rate of a metabolic pathway, is defined.
Glycogen metabolism and it’s regulation
Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles as a fuel reserve that can be easily mobilized to generate energy in the absence of oxygen. Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis from glucose, requiring enzymes like glycogen synthase. Glycogenolysis is the degradation of stored glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate and glucose by glycogen phosphorylase. The activities of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase are regulated by allosteric effectors and hormones like glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin to balance glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Genetic defects in glycogen metabolism can cause glycogen storage diseases.
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The document discusses several disorders of carbohydrate metabolism including galactosemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, lactose intolerance, hypoglycemia, and diabetes mellitus. Galactosemia is caused by a deficiency of enzymes needed to break down galactose and can cause liver damage, jaundice, and intellectual disability if untreated. Hereditary fructose intolerance is caused by a lack of the aldolase B enzyme needed to break down fructose and consumption of fructose can lead to liver failure. Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the lactase enzyme resulting in gastrointestinal issues upon consuming dairy. Hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus are disorders characterized by low
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Similar to Factors affecting enzyme activity
Factors affecting enzymatic activities of substrate
Factors which affect enzymatic functioning [1:37 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: Uncouplers of Oxidative
Phosphorylation:
• Uncouplers can
be defined as A substance
that uncouples phosphorylation of ADP from electron
transfer. • Uncoupling agents are compounds which dissociate the synthesis of ATP from the transport of electrons
through the cytochrome system. • This means that the electron transport continues to function, leading to oxygen consumption but
phosphorylation of ADP is inhibited.
[1:38 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: 2,4-Dinitrophenol:
• A classic uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
• was used as a weight-loss agent in the 1930s • The substance carries protons across the inner mitochondria
membrane. • In the presence of these uncouplers, electron transport from NADH to O, proceeds normally, but ATP is not formed by the
nitochondria.
• Body temperature is elevated as a result of hyper metabolism. • When phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron flow, a decrease in the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane and, therefore, impaired ATP synthesis is expected. • In an attempt to compensate for this defect in energy capture,
metabolism and electron flow to oxygen is increased. • This hyper metabolism will be accompanied by elevated body temperature be cause the energy in fuels is largely wasted,
appearing as heat.
[1:38 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: Dicoumarol (Vitamin.K analogue):
• Used as anticoagulant.
Calcium:
• Transport of Cat ion into mitochondria can cause uncoupling. • Mitochondrial transport of Cat is energetically coupled to
oxidative phosphorylation.
• It is coupled with uptake of pi
• When calcium is
transported into mitochondria, electron transport can proceed but energy is required to pump the4 Ca+2
into the mitochondria. Hence, no energy is stored as ATP.
CCCP (Chloro carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone):
• Most active uncoupler • These lipid soluble substances can carry protons across the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
[1:39 am, 16/02/2024] Ajmal: Dicoumarol (Vitamin.K analogue):
• Used as anticoagulant.
Calcium:
• Transport of Cat ion into mitochondria can cause uncoupling. • Mitochondrial transport of Cat is energetically coupled to
oxidative phosphorylation.
• It is coupled with uptake of pi
• When calcium is
transported into mitochondria, electron transport can proceed but energy is required to pump the4 Ca+2
into the mitochondria. Hence, no energy is stored as ATP.
CCCP (Chloro carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone):
• Most active uncoupler • These lipid soluble substances can carry protons across the inner
mitochondrial membrane
ENZYMES
This document provides an introduction and overview of enzymes. It defines enzymes as biocatalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being changed themselves. It classifies enzymes into six main categories and lists some key properties of enzymes. The document then discusses several factors that can affect enzyme activity, such as concentration, pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. It also describes the active site of enzymes and the lock and key model and induced fit hypothesis for the mechanism of enzyme action. Finally, it outlines some common applications of enzymes in medical, analytical, manipulative, and industrial uses.
Enzymology ii factors affecting enzyme activity
what makes your enzyme work better?
temperature, pH, concentrations of substrate, enzyme and end product.
*factors that affect the enzyme activity#
biology-presentation.pdf
Increasing the concentration of substrate while keeping the concentration of enzymes fixed leads to an increased reaction rate and more products being created. A higher substrate concentration means more opportunities for effective collisions between substrate and enzyme molecules. The reaction rate increases until it reaches a maximum level where all of the enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate and further increases in substrate concentration will not impact the reaction rate.
العوامل المؤثرة على التفاعلات الانزيمية
1. Many factors affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions including substrate concentration, inhibitors, pH, temperature, pressure, and water content.
2. Enzyme activity is highest at its optimal pH and temperature, and decreases significantly above and below these values. It is also affected by the concentrations of inhibitors and activators.
3. Environmental factors like temperature, pressure, and water content can irreversibly denature enzymes and decrease their activity. Careful control of these factors allows for inhibition of undesirable enzyme reactions in food processing and storage.
Factors affec enz act. 3
The document discusses factors that influence enzymatic reactions, including pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. It states that enzymes have an optimum pH and temperature at which their activity is highest. Both higher and lower pH and temperatures can decrease enzyme activity or even denature the enzyme. The initial reaction rate increases with substrate concentration until the enzyme reaches saturation, at which point further increases in substrate have no effect. The Michaelis-Menten theory postulates that at low substrate concentrations the reaction rate is not at its maximum velocity due to lack of enzyme saturation.
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
This document discusses Michaelis-Menten kinetics and enzyme kinetics. It introduces enzymes and their role in catalyzing reactions by lowering activation energy. It describes how the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model explains how reaction rate depends on substrate and enzyme concentration. It also discusses key terms like Km, Vmax, and Lineweaver-Burk plots which can be used to determine Km and Vmax values and provide more precise measurements of enzyme kinetics.
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteinaceous substances that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, speeding up reaction rates without being used themselves. Enzymes operate through small amounts in cells but each enzyme speeds up reactions by many orders of magnitude through their active sites. The rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are affected by factors like substrate and enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and salinity, which influence the active site. Inhibitors can also reduce reaction rates by either competitively or non-competitively binding to enzymes and interfering with their catalytic activity.
ph enzymes2 .pptx
This document discusses factors that affect enzyme activity, focusing on the effects of temperature and pH. It states that each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which its activity is highest, and that activity generally doubles with every 10 degree Celsius increase until the temperature causes enzyme denaturation. It also notes that pH affects enzyme activity, with each enzyme having an optimum pH level, and that hydrogen ions and pH can impact the enzyme's structure and ability to bind to substrates. The document provides examples of how temperature and pH influence enzyme activity through these mechanisms.
100 10enzyme kineticscomm
1. The document discusses favorite winter activities like skiing, snowball fights, and building snowmen and forts.
2. It also mentions flying south as an option.
3. The document provides a brief list of winter activities but does not analyze them in detail.
Enzymes
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. They lower the activation energy of reactions allowing metabolic processes to occur faster. Enzymes achieve specificity through their tertiary structure and active site. The induced fit model describes how the active site changes shape upon substrate binding. Enzyme kinetics follow the Michaelis-Menten model where the substrate first binds the enzyme before products are released. Reaction rates depend on factors like substrate/enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and inhibitors. Enzymes can be immobilized in beads to make them reusable.
Enzymes
This powerpoint presentation talks about enzymes, specifically its functions, the different types according to its function, and the definition of enzyme activator and inhibitor. A picture diagram is also included to show the process of enzyme activity and as well as a table differentiating apoenzyme and coenzyme. The different factors that affects the enzyme activity are also explained and lastly, the other uses of enzyme in medicine, food and etc.The content of the powerpoint presentation has undergone a research through internet and the best answers has been selected for better understanding. The resources of all the research made that was in this presentation are acknowledged as shown in the Reference part of the slide.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
The document discusses factors that affect enzyme activity, including concentration of the enzyme and substrate, temperature, pH, and presence of inhibitors or activators. It explains that enzyme activity increases with increasing enzyme and substrate concentration up to a saturation point. It also notes that enzymes have optimal temperatures and pH levels at which they are most active, and outside these ranges their activity decreases. Other factors like metal ions can activate some enzymes.
Grade 8 Chapter 4 Enzymes.pptx i
This document summarizes information about enzymes from a biology textbook chapter. It defines enzymes as protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without changing. It describes how enzymes work with substrates at active sites to produce products. It explains that enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH, functioning best at optimal levels, and outlines experiments investigating the effects of these factors on the enzyme amylase.
Factors affecting enzymes
The document discusses factors that affect enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including substrate concentration, inhibitors, pH, temperature, and pressure. It explains how the reaction rate depends on substrate and enzyme concentrations and can be influenced by activators and inhibitors. It also describes how each enzyme has an optimal pH range and temperature, and discusses how temperature affects reaction rates, microbial growth rates, and thermal inactivation of enzymes.
Enzyme kinetics by Pranjal Sharma
The document discusses enzymes kinetics and provides details about enzymes. It defines enzymes as proteins that act as biological catalysts and accelerate chemical reactions. It describes the lock and key theory and induced fit theory of how enzymes bind to substrates. It explains the three phases of enzyme kinetics - pre-steady state, steady state, and post-steady state. It also discusses factors that affect enzyme activity like substrate concentration, temperature, and pH. The Michaelis-Menten kinetics model and equation are explained. Finally, it provides examples of applications of studying enzyme kinetics.
FactorsOfEnzymeActivity.pptx
This document discusses several key factors that affect enzyme activity:
1) The concentration of the enzyme and substrate - Increasing enzyme or substrate concentration increases reaction velocity up to a point.
2) Temperature - Enzyme activity typically increases with temperature up to an optimum point, then declines as heat causes denaturation.
3) pH - Most enzymes function best near a neutral pH, though some are optimized in more acidic or alkaline conditions.
4) Activators - Certain metals and ions are required cofactors that activate some enzymes by direct participation in the reaction.
Sohair
This document discusses several key factors that affect enzyme activity: substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and salt concentration. It explains that enzyme activity increases with higher substrate or enzyme concentrations until reaching a maximum capacity. Temperature and pH also impact enzyme activity, with most enzymes functioning best within narrow ranges. While some salt is needed, too high a concentration can impact enzyme structure and inhibit activity. The document also introduces reversible and irreversible enzyme inhibitors and how they work.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4 - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL PART 2
1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy needed, allowing reactions to occur more quickly.
2. They are highly specific and each enzyme catalyzes only one reaction. Enzymes have an active site that allows only specific substrates to bind.
3. Many factors can affect enzyme activity, including temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration, and presence of cofactors or inhibitors. Enzymes function best within a limited range of conditions.
enzyme.pptx
The document discusses factors that affect the rate of enzyme action, including enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, concentration of coenzymes and activators, time, and inhibitors. It provides details on how each factor influences the reaction rate. Specifically, it explains that enzyme activity is highest when substrate concentration is saturating but not excessive, and when other conditions like temperature and pH are optimal. The document also describes Michaelis-Menten kinetics and how reversible and irreversible inhibition can decrease reaction rates.
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Factors affecting enzyme activity
- 1. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY DEEPAK MAURYA M.PHARM
- 2. There are following factors which affect Enzyme activity 1: Concentration of enzyme. 2: Concentration of substrate. 3: Effect of temperature. 4: Effect of pH. 5: Effect of activator
- 3. 1: Concentration of enzyme. • If the concentration of the enzyme is increased, the velocity of the reaction proportionately increases. This property is used for determining the activities of serum enzymes during the diagnosis of diseases. • The initial velocity of a reaction is directly proportional to the amount of the Enzyme present.
- 4. Continue…
- 5. 2: Concentration of Substrate • The initial velocity of a reaction is directly proportional to the amount of substrate present till it reaches a maximum point known as maximum Vilocity(Vmax) , where any further increase in the amount of substrate causes no increase in the velocity of the reaction . This is true if all other conditions especially enzyme concentration remain constant.
- 6. Continue…
- 7. Effect of temperature. • The rate of enzyme action increases with increase in temperature. This happens only upto 40℃ Beyond this temperature , the enzyme gets denatured. So the rate of enzyme action comes down, when the temperature reaches beyond 40℃ . The temperature at which enzyeme action is maximum is called optimum temperature.
- 8. Continue…
- 9. 4: Effect of pH. • The rate of enzyme action increases with increase in pH. • After the maximum reta is reached the activity decrease with further increase in pH. • The pH at which enzyme action is maximum is called optimum pH.
- 10. Continue…
- 11. 5: Effect of activator • Some of the enzymes require certain inorganic metallic cations, like mg2+, mn2+, zn2+, ca2+, co2+, cu2+, na+, K+ etc., For their optimum activity. Rarely, anions are also needed for enzyme activity, e.G. A chloride ion (CI–) for amylase.