Face is the most prominent part of the body
Facial muscles also known as the ‘mimetic muscles’, represent remnants of the ‘Panniculus Carnosus’ ,continuous subcutaneous muscle sheet seen in some animals.
Facial Musculature are the only somatic muscles in the body attached on one side to the bone and the other side to the skin; thus specialized for expression
Face is the most prominent part of the body
Facial muscles also known as the ‘mimetic muscles’, represent remnants of the ‘Panniculus Carnosus’ ,continuous subcutaneous muscle sheet seen in some animals.
Facial Musculature are the only somatic muscles in the body attached on one side to the bone and the other side to the skin; thus specialized for expression
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles
supplied by the facial nerve. It control facial expression.
FACIAL MUSCLE
1
Dr. Sikandar Hayat
Bangash
BS – Dental
Gandhara University Peshawar
Tuesday, March 16, 2021
3. Muscle
A band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has
the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the
position of parts of the body.
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 F a c i a l M u s c l e 3
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Facial Muscle
• There are 43 muscles in the face, most of which are controlled by the seventh
cranial nerve (Facial nerve). This nerve emerges from the skull just in front of
the ears.
Facial nerve then splits into five primary branches:
1. Temporal.
2. Zygomatic.
3. Buccal.
4. Mandibular.
5. Cervical.
5. Occipitofrontalis Muscle
• The Occipitofrontalis muscle (epicranius muscle) is a muscle which covers
parts of the skull. It consists of two parts:
1. Frontalis Part: Originate from front of galea aponeurotica & Insert near the
eyebrow.
2. Occipitalis Part: Originate from superior nuchal line & Insert in galea
aponeurotica.
• Occipitofrontalis only serves for facial expressions.
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 F a c i a l M u s c l e 5
6. Temporoparietalis Muscle
• Temporoparietalis is a scalp muscle that arises on each side from an
aponeurosis common to the auricularis muscle. It passes superiorly to insert
into the galeal aponeurosis.
Action: Its action is to fix the galeal aponeurosis.
Nerve: The temporal branch of the facial nerve.
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7. Procerus Muscle
• The Procerus muscle is the pyramid-shaped muscle extending from the lower
part of the nasal bone to the middle area in the forehead between the
eyebrows, where it is attached to the frontalis muscle. Its location allows it
to pull the skin between the eyebrows down
Action: The Procerus muscle depresses the medial parts of the eyebrows
and wrinkles the skin between them.
Nerve: Temporal branch of the facial.
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 F a c i a l M u s c l e 7
8. Nasalis Muscle
• The Nasalis is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose.
• It originates from the maxilla, Its fibers then course superomedially, expanding into
a thin aponeurosis at the bridge of the nose and inserts at the dorsum of the nose.
Function:
• It function is to compress the nasal cartilages. It is the muscle responsible for
"flaring" of the nostrils. Some people can use it to close the nostrils to prevent
entry of water when underwater.
Nerve:
• Buccal branch of the facial.
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10. Depressor Septi Nasi Muscle
• Depressor Septi Nasi Muscle is an important and effective muscle in nasal dynamics.
Origin: Incisive fossa of the maxilla.
Insertion: Nasal septum.
Action:
• The depressor Septi is a direct antagonist of the other muscles of the nose, drawing
the ala of the nose downward, and thereby constricting the aperture of the nares.
Nerve: Buccal branch of the facial nerve
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 F a c i a l M u s c l e 10
12. Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
• The orbicularis oculi is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the
nasal part of the frontal bone.
Origin: Frontal bone, Medial palpebral ligament.
Insertion: Lateral palpebral ligament.
Action:
• Under the control of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), orbicularis oculi closes the
eye. Depending on the degree and frequency of closure.
Nerve:
• Upper half part receive from Temporal & Lower half from zygomatic branch of
facial nerve.
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14. Corrugator Supercilii Muscle
• Corrugator is a Latin word meaning wrinkler of the eyebrows.
• The Corrugator Supercilii is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle close to the
eye. It is located at the medial end of the eyebrow, beneath the frontalis and
just above orbicularis oculi muscle.
Origin: Frontal bone
Insertion: Forehead skin, near eyebrow
Action:
• It wrinkles forehead. Corrugator Supercilii exerts force on the skin above the
supraorbital margin. The combined actions of the orbicularis oculi and corrugator
muscle pull the eyebrows medially and inferiorly.
• This action can serve different functions, such as protecting the eyes from bright
sunlight or rain.
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16. Depressor Supercilii Muscle
• The Depressor Supercilii muscle is located near the eye. many authorities
consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Origin: Medial orbital rim
Insertion: Medial aspect of bony orbit
Action:
• It is thought to assist in moving and lowering the eyebrow. Also, it is
thought to assist in moving the glabella, which is the skin above the nose
and between the eyebrows
Nerve: Temporal branches of facial nerve
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Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle
Origin: Oblique line and mental tubercle of mandible located on the anterior
aspect of the bone.
Insertion: Insert into the lips.
Action:
• Depressor Anguli Oris pulls the angle of the mouth inferolaterally. Its action
plays an important part in facial expression, as it helps expressing feelings of
sadness or anger
Nerve: Marginal mandibular and
Buccal branches of facial nerve.
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Orbicularis Oris Muscle:
• Orbicularis Oris is a complex circular muscle that surrounds the orifice of the
mouth and forms the majority of the lips. It belongs to a large group of
muscles of facial expression called the buccolabial group.
Origin: Medial aspects of maxilla and mandible.
Insertion: Skin and mucous membrane of lips
Action:
• Pursing (tight) of the lips. These actions of the lips allow you to kiss
someone and sing your favorite song.
Nerve: Buccal and mandibular branches of facial nerve
21. Auricular Muscle
• Any of the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear.
• There are three extrinsic auricular muscles.
1. Anterior auricular muscles
2. Superior auricular muscles
3. Posterior auricular muscles
• Six Intrinsic muscles:
1. Helices Major. 2. Helices Minor. 3. Tragicus.4. Anti Tragicus. 5.Transverse. 6. Oblique muscles.
Anterior Auricular Muscles: Smallest, thin and fan-shaped, and its fibers are
indistinct.
Origin: Lateral edge of the galeal aponeurotica.
Insertion: Inserted into a projection on the front of the helix.
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Posterior Auricular Muscle:
Origin: Mastoid portion of the temporal bone.
Insertion: Inserted into the lower part of the cranial surface of the ear concha.
Superior Auricular Muscle: The superior auricular muscle: Largest, thin & fan-
shaped skin muscle of the ear. It forms part of the mimic muscles.
Origin: Galeal aponeurotica
Inserted: Upper part of the cranial surface of the auricula.
Action:
• Anterior pull the auricula forward and upward, Superior slightly raises it and
Posterior pull it backward.
Nerve: temporal branches of the facial nerve.
24. Risorius Muscle
• The Risorius is a muscle of facial expression. It is a narrow bundle of fibers,
broadest at its origin, but varies much in its size and form.
Origin: Near the parotid gland, Buccal skin, zygomatic bone
Insertion: Inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth.
Action:
• It helps pull the angle of the mouth towards the side of the person's face to
produce a grin or smile.
Nerve: Buccal branch of the facial nerve
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26. Zygomaticus Major Muscle
• The Zygomaticus major is a muscle of facial.
Origin: Zygomatic bone, in front of the Zygomaticotemporal suture
Insertion: Angle of the mouth.
Action:
• Pull the angle of the mouth superolaterally, it help in speech and creates
facial expressions. Along with Risorius, Zygomaticus major contributes in
laughing, which is why they are called the “laughing muscles”.
Nerve: Zygomatic and Buccal branches of the facial nerve.
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28. Levator Labii Superioris Muscle
• The Levator Labii Superioris is a muscle of the human body used in facial
expression.
Origin: Maxillary process of zygomatic bone.
Insertion: Bend with upper lip muscle
Action: Its primary function is in raising the upper lip.
Nerve: Buccal branch of the facial nerve
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 F a c i a l M u s c l e 28
30. Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Muscle
• Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi is one of the muscles of facial
expression acting on the mouth and nose.
• Long name of muscle in an animal
Origin: Superior frontal process of the maxilla
Insertion: Skin of the lateral side of the nostril and the upper lip.
Action:
• It primary purpose is to dilate the nostrils and elevate the upper lip. This
action enables a 'snarl ' facial expression,
Nerve: Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (CN VII).
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32. Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle
• The Depressor Labii Inferioris is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom
lip.
Origin: Oblique line of mandible.
Insertion: Skin and sub mucosa of lower lip.
Action:
• The function of this muscle group is to control
the position, shape and movements of the lips.
It depresses the lower lip inferolaterally.
Nerve: Mandibular branch of facial nerve.
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33. Levator Anguli Oris Muscle
• The Levator Anguli Oris is a facial muscle of the mouth.
Origin: Canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen.
Insertion: Angle of the mouth.
Action:
• It participate in creating a smile.
Nerve: Buccal branches of the facial nerve.
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34. Buccinator Muscle
• The Buccinator muscle is the major facial muscle underlying the cheek. It
holds the cheek to the teeth and assists with chewing.
Origin: From the alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible.
Insertion: In the fibers of the Orbicularis Oris.
Action:
• Its purpose is to pull back the angle of the mouth, which aids in holding the
cheek to the teeth during chewing. This action causes the muscle to keep
food pushed back on the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth, as when a
person chews.
Nerve: Buccal branches of facial nerve (CN VII).
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37. Mentalis Muscle
• The Mentalis muscle is a paired muscle located at the tip of the chin.
Origin: Incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion: Skin of chin (Mentolabial sulcus)
Action:
• The main function is to elevate and protrude the bottom lip, which can
form a pout. This is why this muscle is nicknamed the pouting muscle.
When the Mentalis muscle contracts to raise and protrude the lower lip, it
also causes the chin to raise and wrinkle as well.
Nerve: Mandibular branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).
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39. References:
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/mentalis-muscle-innervation-origin-insertion.html
• https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/buccinator-muscle
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547688/#:~:text=The%20levator%20anguli%20oris
%20originates,deepest%20layer%20of%20mimetic%20muscle.&text=Levator%20anguli%20ori
s%20receives%20innervation,branches%20of%20the%20facial%20nerve
• http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/dli.htmhttps://w
ww.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Anatomical-Parts/Levator-labii-superioris-alaeque-
nasi#:~:text=Description%3A,any%20muscle%20in%20an%20animal
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 F a c i a l M u s c l e 39
40. Tuesday, March 16, 2021
Facial Muscle
40
Thank You For Giving Your Precious Time
Presented By: Sikandar Hayat Bangash
BS – DENTAL TECHNOLOGY
