This document summarizes a study on drilling unidirectional bamboo fiber-reinforced green composites. The researchers developed bamboo fiber/polylactic acid composites using film stacking and hot compression molding. They experimentally studied the effect of feed rate, spindle speed, and drill geometry on drilling forces (thrust force and torque). They found that slot drills induce minimum forces compared to 8-facet and dagger drills. Drilling forces decreased at high spindle speeds and low feed rates. Analysis showed that drill geometry has a significant impact on drilling force signals and hole quality, with slot drills producing less damage.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Properties of Glass ...IJERA Editor
The use of glass fiber polymer composite materials are on the rise due to their special properties like high specific strength and stiffness, excellent corrosion resistant, high damping, low thermal expansion high factor toughness. Majorly it is used in the fields of aerospace and automobiles especially in defense use. Though, manufacturing of these of these laminates are easy to their required shapes but obtaining a drilling in the laminate poses difficulty, due to its anisotropic non homogeneous nature. The rate of rejection at the final stage due to non selection of right machining drill parameters which makes the researchers to find the optimal solution effectively. Sometimes rejection rate accounts up-to 60% and hole drilling being one of the last operations creates many problems, mainly delamination stress concentration and improper hole quality with impounding higher cost factor. This paper presents an investigation on aspects of various mechanical properties and drilling of Glass fibre Mat Composite. Drilling experiments was conducted to study the delamination factor and hole quality on GFRP composites. Also the study carried out for Tensile Strength, Hardness and Flexural Strength of Glass Fibre Composite
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Properties of Glass ...IJERA Editor
The use of glass fiber polymer composite materials are on the rise due to their special properties like high specific strength and stiffness, excellent corrosion resistant, high damping, low thermal expansion high factor toughness. Majorly it is used in the fields of aerospace and automobiles especially in defense use. Though, manufacturing of these of these laminates are easy to their required shapes but obtaining a drilling in the laminate poses difficulty, due to its anisotropic non homogeneous nature. The rate of rejection at the final stage due to non selection of right machining drill parameters which makes the researchers to find the optimal solution effectively. Sometimes rejection rate accounts up-to 60% and hole drilling being one of the last operations creates many problems, mainly delamination stress concentration and improper hole quality with impounding higher cost factor. This paper presents an investigation on aspects of various mechanical properties and drilling of Glass fibre Mat Composite. Drilling experiments was conducted to study the delamination factor and hole quality on GFRP composites. Also the study carried out for Tensile Strength, Hardness and Flexural Strength of Glass Fibre Composite
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review on Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nanocoating for Piston ...IJLT EMAS
Nanocoating can help to improve performance and life
of automotive engine by reducing the wear between the engine
components. In this research have selected the proper material
for top piston ring and same material are to be selected for
preparation of pin for tribometer testing and material of cylinder
liner tested and fabricated the same material of tribometer disc.
Nanocoating by electroplated Chromium coating and Chromium
nitride using DLC method by PVD coating was done on
specimen pin and piston ring and this material which was used
tribometer testing.
Depleting fossil fuel resources, economic
competitiveness and environmental concerns has compelled to
explore newer avenues to improve efficiency of automotive
engines. Various techniques have been adapted to achieve this
goal.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Reinforced With Cer...IJCMESJOURNAL
In the present work, the mechanical properties of PMC specimens with various types of ceramic reinforcements were investigated. The PMC specimens were reinforced with glass, carbon fibers and Kevlar. The effect of the % content of the reinforcement material in the matrix and the effect of the applied strain velocity (2,4,6 mm/min) were found to affect the mechanical properties of the specimens.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Mechanical and micro structural characterisation of Pure Al reinforced with S...BALA VENKATA SATYA PRAKASH
This paper deals extensively with the preparation of functionally grade material reinforced in layer wise manner with different reinforcements in order to serve the tough conditions in automobile industries
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Curing Temperature and Fiber Volume Fraction on the Mechanical ...Karthikn Subramanian
* This investigation is aimed at studying the effect of curing temperature and fiber volume fraction on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites.
* The composite sheets were fabricated by varying the curing temperature (40, 60, 80 and 100oC) and fiber volume fraction (15, 30 and 45 %).
* The fabricated composite sheets were tested for its mechanical properties namely tensile and impact strength as per ASTM standards. The regression model was developed to study the relationship between fabrication parameters and mechanical properties.
* The tensile and impact properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites were optimized using Response surface methodology (RSM).
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review on Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nanocoating for Piston ...IJLT EMAS
Nanocoating can help to improve performance and life
of automotive engine by reducing the wear between the engine
components. In this research have selected the proper material
for top piston ring and same material are to be selected for
preparation of pin for tribometer testing and material of cylinder
liner tested and fabricated the same material of tribometer disc.
Nanocoating by electroplated Chromium coating and Chromium
nitride using DLC method by PVD coating was done on
specimen pin and piston ring and this material which was used
tribometer testing.
Depleting fossil fuel resources, economic
competitiveness and environmental concerns has compelled to
explore newer avenues to improve efficiency of automotive
engines. Various techniques have been adapted to achieve this
goal.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Reinforced With Cer...IJCMESJOURNAL
In the present work, the mechanical properties of PMC specimens with various types of ceramic reinforcements were investigated. The PMC specimens were reinforced with glass, carbon fibers and Kevlar. The effect of the % content of the reinforcement material in the matrix and the effect of the applied strain velocity (2,4,6 mm/min) were found to affect the mechanical properties of the specimens.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Mechanical and micro structural characterisation of Pure Al reinforced with S...BALA VENKATA SATYA PRAKASH
This paper deals extensively with the preparation of functionally grade material reinforced in layer wise manner with different reinforcements in order to serve the tough conditions in automobile industries
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Curing Temperature and Fiber Volume Fraction on the Mechanical ...Karthikn Subramanian
* This investigation is aimed at studying the effect of curing temperature and fiber volume fraction on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites.
* The composite sheets were fabricated by varying the curing temperature (40, 60, 80 and 100oC) and fiber volume fraction (15, 30 and 45 %).
* The fabricated composite sheets were tested for its mechanical properties namely tensile and impact strength as per ASTM standards. The regression model was developed to study the relationship between fabrication parameters and mechanical properties.
* The tensile and impact properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites were optimized using Response surface methodology (RSM).
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Preparation and mechanical characterization of epoxy based composite develope...eSAT Journals
Abstract Increasing concern about environment has made scientist and engineers very eager in their search for environmental friendly materials. So lot of research is going on today in the field of material science to develop newer materials. Natural fibers are getting much attention of researchers, engineers and scientists as reinforcement in the polymer matrix to develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop natural fibers reinforced polymer matrix composite. Advantages of using natural fibers are density reduction, cost savings and less weight to strength ratio. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % coconut shell powder epoxy composites have been fabricated using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties of these composites have been analyzed in detail. Keywords – Epoxy based Composites, Hand layup technique, Tensile strength, Flexural strength.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Fillerijtsrd
The research work aims to prepare, characterize and apply the vulcanized rubber composites by using sawdust as filler. Sawdust was used as filler in the process of preparation of vulcanized rubber composites. The composite of natural rubber sawdust NR SD was prepared by being replaced the percent ratio 100 0 75 25 50 50 and 25 75 parts weight of natural rubber NR with SD vulcanized for rubbery goods. The surface morphology, elemental analysis and thermal degradation of the prepared NR SD composites were determined by SEM, EDXRF and TG DTA, respectively. The physic mechanical properties such as tensile strength tear strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasive resistance of NR SD composites were determined by standard rubber testing methods. It was observed that the vulcanized NR SD composites were again determined by soaking in the selected organic solvents and oils ethanol, gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and used engine oil . Being used the sawdust as filler, it not only reduces the cost of production for appliances but also it is likely the supply of the maintenance for Green. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Filler"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23683.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/23683/preparation-and-characterization-of--rubber-composites-using-sawdust-as-filler/dr-htoon-nay-oo
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
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Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
$21.92 billion in 2023 to $28.11 billion in 2024 at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
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Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
1. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
A Study of Drilling Behavior of Unidirectional Bamboo
Fiber-Reinforced Green Composites
M. Roy Choudhury1 • K. Debnath1
Received: 22 February 2019 / Accepted: 23 December 2019
The Institution of Engineers (India) 2020
Abstract In this study, the biodegradable composite
(unidirectional bamboo fiber/polylactic acid) was devel-
oped by means of film stacking technique in a hot com-
pression molding setup. The drilling characteristic of the
biodegradable composites was experimentally studied by
varying different factors. The effect of three different input
factors such as feed (8, 16, and 22.4 mm/min), speed (710,
1400, and 2000 rpm), and drill geometry (8-facet, dagger,
and slot drill) on the drilling forces (thrust force and tor-
que) was studied.
The signals of drilling-induced forces were found to be
different for the different drill geometries studied. The slot
drill induces minimum forces (thrust force and torque)
while making a hole in the composites among all drill
geometries. The experimental results reveal that drilling-
induced forces reduce at high spindle speed and low feed.
Keywords Natural fiber Polylactic acid Drilling
Drill geometry Thrust force Torque
Introduction
In the past decade, the applications of biodegradable
materials like natural fiber-reinforced composites were
tremendously increased. Researchers extensively utilized
these materials to manufacture innumerable engineering
products due to their adequate mechanical properties. Some
applications of composites reinforced with natural fiber in
the automotive are trunk panels, door panels, headliners,
etc. [1]. Another benefit of using biodegradable composites
is the elimination of the waste disposal problem [2]. These
materials have the ability to resolve into water and carbon
dioxide by the enzymatic activity of the living organism. In
biodegradable composites, both the fiber and polymer are
biodegradable in nature. In recent times, one of the
biodegradable polymers with good mechanical properties
commercially emerging is PLA. The renewable sources
like sugarcane, tapioca roots, etc., are used to derive PLA,
whereas biodegradable natural fibers like kenaf, hemp,
bamboo, flax, jute, ramie, etc., have replaced many syn-
thetic fibers due to their high mechanical properties and
low in cost. Bamboo fiber is the most easily available fiber
worldwide among all the natural fibers. The bamboo fiber
comprises of cellulose of 73.83%, lignin of 10.15%,
hemicellulose of 12.49%, pectin of 0.37%, and aqueous
extract of 3.16% [3]. Due to the high percentage of cellu-
lose, this fiber possesses structural properties. Research on
bamboo/PLA composites revealed their mechanical and
thermal behaviors [4–13]. Fazita et al. [3] stated that
bamboo fiber-reinforced PLA composites can be used for
biomedical, structural, and packaging applications.
Making of the hole by traditional drilling is a vital
operation for the final assembly of the composite parts by
bolt and nuts, rivets, etc. However, drilling of composite
parts causes significant damages to the part. The various
modes of damages observed in the hole drilled on natural
fiber composites are (a) peel-up and pushdown delamina-
tion, (b) fiber pullouts, (c) bending of exposed fibers,
(d) chipping, (e) spalling, (f) matrix burning, and (g) micro-
cracks formation [14, 15]. These damages result in weak-
ening the composite parts. The anisotropic and inhomoge-
neous nature of the composites is the main cause of the
formation of these types of damages. Also, the generation of
M. Roy Choudhury
mridusmitaroychoudhury19@gmail.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-019-00550-w
2. a higher drilling force (thrust force and torque) results in
damages to the machined surface [16, 17]. The majority of
work published to study the drilling characteristic of poly-
mer composites is focused on the composites reinforced
with synthetic fibers (glass, carbon, etc.). Debnath et al. [18]
investigated the drilling performance of carbon/epoxy
composites. Carbon/epoxy composites are non-biodegrad-
able as both the matrix and fiber are non-biodegradable. It
was estimated that 7% of total reported work investigated
the drilling performance of composites reinforced with
natural fiber [1]. Debnath et al. [14] studied the drilling
behavior of nettle/polypropylene composites which is par-
tially biodegradable. Though nettle fiber is biodegradable,
the matrix used to develop the composite is polypropylene
which is non-biodegradable. Similarly, the drilling behavior
of the other partially biodegradable composites like sisal/
polypropylene [19, 24], coir/polyester [20–23], sisal/epoxy
[24], nettle/epoxy [25], flax/polypropylene [26], and sisal/-
glass/vinyl ester hybrid composite [27] was also studied by
the researchers. But only a handful of work is accessible on
the study of drilling performance of fully biodegradable
composites where both the fiber and matrix are biodegrad-
able in nature. Bajpai et al. [1] studied the drilling behavior
of fully biodegradable green composites such as sisal/PLA
and grewia optiva/PLA composites. The drill geometry was
found to be the most affecting factor on the induced forces
and drilled hole quality. However, negligible literature is
found to investigate the drilling characteristic of bamboo/
PLA green composites.
In this study, the drilling characteristic of bamboo/PLA
composite was evaluated experimentally by analyzing the
thrust force and torque. The effect of three different input
factors such as (a) feed, (b) speed, and (c) drill geometries
on the drilling-induced forces was studied and analyzed.
The statistical analysis of the experimental results was
performed to find the significance of each factor.
Materials and Method
Development of Green Composites
The long and loose form of bamboo fibers was imported
from Andhra Pradesh, India. Natur Tec Company based in
India provided the pallets of PLA (density = 1.24 g/cm3
).
The melting and glass transition temperature of the PLA
are 170 C and 58 C, respectively. The bamboo/PLA
green composite was fabricated in a hot compression
molding setup by means of film stacking technique. The
raw materials required for fabrication were dried for
dehumidification. A compression molding setup was
developed on a universal testing machine (UTM). The heat
required for melting the polymer was obtained by a heater
placed below the lower mold. The required pressure for the
compression molding was controlled by UTM. Five num-
bers of PLA films having a thickness of 1.5 mm were
obtained by molding setup, as shown in Fig. 1. During the
development of the film, the applied pressure was 3 MPa
Fig. 1 Fabrication of PLA/
bamboo composites
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
3. and the temperature maintained to the melting temperature
of PLA. The mold was held under pressure for two hours
and allowed to cool before removing the film. These five
films were stacked alternately between four layers of fibers.
The fiber layers sequence in the stack was [0/45/
90/- 45]. The adhesive tape of high-temperatures resis-
tance was used at the edges of the fiber to constraint the
movement of the fibers during the layup process, as shown
in Fig. 1. The stack was then pressed in the molding setup
at 6 MPa and 180 C. The thickness of the composite plate
was 6 mm. The fiber weight fraction in the developed
composites was 18.37%. The developed composite speci-
men used for drilling is shown in Fig. 2.
Drilling Setup
The drilling operations were conducted on a milling
machine under normal environmental conditions. The
fabricated composite plate was clamped on a dedicated
fixture. Three levels of feed and speed and three types of
drills were considered as input factors. The input factors
and their corresponding levels are presented in Table 1.
The diameter of the solid carbide drills under investigation
was 8 mm. The responses such as thrust force and torque
were obtained by a dynamometer on which the fixture is
mounted that holds the specimen. The data acquisition
software that is installed in the computer was used to
analyze the force signals. The drilling setup and the drill
geometries considered in the present experimental study
are shown in Fig. 3. The different angles of the drills are
given in Table 2.
Fig. 2 Composite specimen
used for drilling
Table 1 Level of the input parameters and their values
Factors Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Feed (mm/min) 8 16 22.4
Speed (rpm) 710 1400 2000
Drill geometry 8-facet Dagger Slot
Fig. 3 Machining setup and
drill geometries
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
4. Results and Discussion
Investigation of Drilling Force Signals
The effect of the input factors on the drilling forces during
making hole in the developed composites was studied by
conducting full factorial design. Table 3 shows the exper-
imental data of induced forces at the different settings of
factors based on factorial design. Figures 4 and 5 depict the
captured signals of the induced forces. A significant vari-
ation in the pattern of signals was observed for different
drill geometries. This shows that the construction of the
drills exerts a significant influence on the drilling forces.
The 8-facet drill generates more forces followed by dagger
and slot drill. The thrust force is decreased to 22.6% and
40.9% when dagger and slot drill was used when compared
one-on-one with the 8-facet drill at 8 mm/min and
1400 rpm. Similarly, the torque decreased by 33.2% and
44.5% for dagger and slot drill. The slot drill was found to
produce a lesser amount of force as only two peripheral
cutting edges come in contact with the composite specimen
during drilling. Due to this, the engaged area of the com-
posite specimen with the drill reduces. The indentation
effect renders by the slot drill is also relatively less than the
other drills. Moreover, the slot drill does have more
clearance which facilitates quick ejection of formed chips
during drilling. The holes manufactured by the three dif-
ferent drills are presented in Fig. 6. Fiber breakage and
delamination around the hole are visible in all holes. The
8-facet drill produces more damage during the making of a
hole. On the other hand, damage to the hole produced by
the slot drill was found to be relatively less. This is because
the induced forces are less during drilling with a slot drill.
Many researchers established that the damage is directly
proportional to the forces induced during drilling [1]. The
higher induced forces result in more damage in and around
the drilled hole.
The fiber-reinforced composites are subjected to shear
and tensile stresses due to the generation of forces during
drilling. Due to these stresses, cracks first initiated at the
lower modulus region (polymer) and spread to the high
modulus region (fiber) [18]. Damage at the interlaminar
layers is a common phenomenon that can be observed in
the case of fiber-reinforced composites which is also called
delamination. Chen [28] established a nonlinear relation-
ship between delamination and drilling-induced forces.
Delamination is classified as peel-up and pushdown
delamination. The peel-up delamination causes the sepa-
ration of plies from the topmost layers of the composites.
This is due to the forces induced during drilling push the
plies through the flute of the drill as the drill enters the
composite [29]. As the drill travels through the thickness of
the composites, it pushes the last lamina due to high
induced forces. As a result, the separation of the last lamina
from the adjacent upper lamina occurs [29]. This type of
delamination is called pushdown delamination and is more
significant than that of peel-up delamination [30]. Peel-up
delamination occurs mainly due to higher induced thrust
force while pushdown delamination is due to higher
induced torque [14]. At high drilling-induced forces, the
cutting edge of the drill deteriorates. This result in fracture
of the fibers and thus the tips of the fibers are exposed to
the inner surface of the drilled hole. Hence, high induced
Table 2 The dimension of drill bits under investigation
Drill
geometry
Point angle
()
Lip clearance
angle
Helix angle
()
8-facet drill 118 28 27
Dagger drill 30 70 0
Slot drill 0 – 40
Table 3 Full factorial design for drilling-induced forces
Sl.
no.
Feed (mm/
min)
Speed
(rpm)
Drill
geometry
Thrust
force (N)
Torque
(N-cm)
1 8 710 8-facet 69.61 78.62
2 8 710 Dagger 81.41 41.52
3 8 710 Slot drill 48.00 39.38
4 8 1400 8-facet 69.78 59.27
5 8 1400 Dagger 53.99 25.97
6 8 1400 Slot drill 41.18 25.89
7 8 2000 8-facet 48.89 46.97
8 8 2000 Dagger 30.48 25.46
9 8 2000 Slot drill 27.48 18.49
10 16 710 8-facet 72.72 95.81
11 16 710 Dagger 96.04 45.09
12 16 710 Slot drill 49.19 41.66
13 16 1400 8-facet 76.80 93.16
14 16 1400 Dagger 45.20 33.25
15 16 1400 Slot drill 68.12 43.05
16 16 2000 8-facet 44.30 52.15
17 16 2000 Dagger 42.60 30.38
18 16 2000 Slot drill 32.04 29.13
19 22.4 710 8-facet 60.90 147.3
20 22.4 710 Dagger 97.78 67.33
21 22.4 710 Slot drill 57.56 50.98
22 22.4 1400 8-facet 75.82 123.8
23 22.4 1400 Dagger 74.72 60.09
24 22.4 1400 Slot drill 57.14 50.12
25 22.4 2000 8-facet 65.25 73.72
26 22.4 2000 Dagger 62.44 49.21
27 22.4 2000 Slot drill 52.40 40.88
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
5. Fig. 4 Thrust force signals (feed: 8 mm/min and spindle speed: 1400 rpm)
Fig. 5 Torque signals (feed: 22.4 mm/min and spindle speed: 2000 rpm)
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
6. forces also result in the unevenness of the drilled surface
[30].
Analysis of Drilling-Induced Forces
The effect of three different drilling input factors (feed,
speed, and drill geometry) on the induced forces (axial
Fig. 6 Image of holes produced by different drills under investigation
Fig. 7 Mapping of drilling forces a thrust force and b torque
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
7. thrust and torque) was experimentally studied. The map-
ping of induced forces was also carried out as it gives a
general idea of the influence of input factors on the
responses. In these maps, the magnitude of forces was
divided into five different color zones (Fig. 7). The oper-
ator can easily select the appropriate range of drilling
factors to obtain the minimum drilling-induced forces.
From the mapping, it can be noticed that the dispersion in
thrust force values with the input factors is more than the
torque values. The thrust force and torque values are
highest at the higher feed and lower speed. Figures 8, 9, 10
and 11 give the graphical representation of the response of
induced forces with the variation of the level of input
factors. Figures 8 and 9 depict that the drilling-induced
forces tend to increase with the feed of the drill. It can be
noticed that the thrust force increased by 51.1% when feed
increased from lower level to higher level at 2000 rpm
(Fig. 8). There is an increase in 48.2% of torque when feed
increased from lower level to higher level at 710 rpm for
the dagger drill (Fig. 9). The cutting of composites
becomes difficult for the drill at a higher feed as it comes in
contact with the large thickness of the uncut chip and
consequently induced higher forces. Moreover, drilling-
induced damages like delamination, intralaminar cracks,
and high-density micro-failure zone occur in and around
the drilled hole due to the higher impact of the drill at
higher feed rates. The decreasing pattern of graphs with the
speed reveals that induced forces decrease with an increase
in speed (Figs. 10 and 11). There is a decrease of 62.5%
and 38.6% in thrust and torque when speed changes from
lower level to higher level at a constant feed of 8 mm/min
for the dagger drill. At high speed, heat generation due to
friction at the drilling interface is prominent which results
in the softening of the polymer. The softened polymer aids
ease removal and hence leads to the generation of lower
forces during making hole [31]. The lower speed of the
drill implies low strain rates and longer machining time.
This leads to higher drilling forces as compared to the
higher speed. The same responses of drilling-induced for-
ces are obtained during drilling of bio-composites by
Debnath and co-workers [24].
Statistical Analysis
The regression analysis plays a vital role in every statistical
analysis to explore and model the relationship between the
known and unknown variables. The regression analysis was
carried out to find the relationship between the output
20
30
40
50
60
70
8 16 22.4
Thrust
Force
(N)
Feed (mm/min)
8-facet
Dagger
Slot drill
Fig. 8 Response of thrust force with feed for the speed of 2000 rpm
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
8 16 22.4
Torque
(N-cm)
Feed (mm/min)
8-facet
Dagger
Slot drill
Fig. 9 Response of torque with feed for the speed of 710 rpm
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
710 1400 2000
Thrust
Force
(N)
Spindle Speed (RPM)
8-facet
Dagger
Slot drill
Fig. 10 Response of thrust force with speed for a feed of 8 mm/min
0
20
40
60
80
100
710 1400 2000
Torque
(N-cm)
Spindle Speed (RPM)
8-facet
Dagger
Slot drill
Fig. 11 Response of torque with speed for a feed of 8 mm/min
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
8. responses and input variables. Equations 1–6 were
obtained by performing a regression analysis for all three
types of drill geometries. These regression equations can be
used to obtain the induced forces for any feed and speed
values. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an important part
of regression analysis. It gives the knowledge of the most
affecting factor and relative contribution of each input
factor in terms of percentage to obtain the responses. The
basic principle of ANOVA is to examine the differences
among the means of the populations by testing the amount
of dissimilarity within each of these samples. ANOVA of
thrust force (Table 4) shows that p values are less than 0.05
at 95% confidence interval for spindle speed and drill
geometry. But p value is slightly higher than 0.05 in the
case of feed. It can be stated that spindle speed and drill
geometry are significant factors as compared to feed in
obtaining the desired thrust force. All the p values in the
ANOVA for torque (Table 5) are smaller than 0.05. This
indicates that all three factors are significant. R2
value
reveals the fitting of experimental data to the model. In
other words, it is also called the coefficient of determina-
tion. The value of R2
always lies between 0 and 100 per-
cent. R2
value closer to 100% indicates the closeness of
fitted values in the model to the observed value. This
implies that the model explains the variability of response
data closer to mean. The value of R2
was found to be
Table 4 ANOVA for thrust force
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F value P value %Contribution
A: Feed 2 993.6 496.8 3.31 0.057* 11.42
B: Spindle speed 2 3009.3 1504.7 10.03 0.001* 34.60
C: Drill geometry 2 1694.7 847.3 5.65 0.011* 19.48
Residual error 20 2999.6 150 34.48
Total 26 8697.2 R2
= 65.51%
DF Degree of freedom, Adj. SS adjusted sum of square and Adj, MS adjusted mean square
*Significant at 95% confidence level
Table 5 ANOVA for torque
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F value P value %Contribution
A: Feed 2 5239 2619.4 16.71 0.000* 21.54
B: Spindle speed 2 3291 1645.5 10.50 0.001* 13.53
C: Drill geometry 2 12,648 6324.2 40.35 0.000* 52.02
Residual error 20 3135 156.7 12.89
Total 26 24,313 R2
= 87.11%
(a) (b)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Feed Spindle
speed
Drill
geomtry
Error
Percentage
contribution
(%)
Drilling input paramters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Feed Spindle
speed
Drill
geomtry
Error
Percentage
contribution
(%)
Drilling input paramters
Fig. 12 Percentage
contribution of drilling input
parameters for obtaining
a thrust force and b torque
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
9. 65.51% and 87.11% for thrust for and torque, respectively.
The fitting of the experimental data for induced torque is
adequate as R2
value is closed to 100% while R2
value for
thrust force is very low. The relative effects of each factor
on induced forces are graphically presented in Fig. 12.
Thrust force ð8-facetÞ ¼ 75:70 þ 1:018 A 0:01938 B
ð1Þ
Thrust force ðDagger drillÞ ¼ 75:77 þ 1:018 A
0:01938 B ð2Þ
Thrust force ðSlot drillÞ ¼ 58:93 þ 1:018 A0:01938
B
ð3Þ
Torque ð8-facet drillÞ ¼ 78:47 þ 2:292 A0:02064 B
ð4Þ
Torque ðDagger drillÞ ¼ 34:86 þ 2:292 A0:02064 B
ð5Þ
Torque ðSlot drillÞ ¼ 30:56 þ 2:292 A0:02064 B
ð6Þ
Conclusions
The major findings of the present experimental investiga-
tion of drilling characteristic of green composites are
summarized below:
• The signals of the drilling-induced forces are different
for different drill geometries. This indicates that drill
geometry significantly affects the drilling behavior of
developed green composites.
• The slot drill produces minimum drilling-induced
forces among all the drills (8-facet, dagger, and slot
drill). The thrust force was decreased by 22.6% and
40.9% and torque was decreased by 33.2% and 44.5%
when dagger and slot drill is used for producing hole as
compared to 8-facet drill at a lower level of feed and a
medium level of speed.
• The drilling-induced forces reduce at high spindle
speed and low feed. The thrust force and torque were
increased by 51.1% and 48.2% when feed is increased
from lower to a higher level at a constant speed using
dagger drill. Similarly, the thrust force and torque were
decreased by 62.5% and 38.6%, respectively, when
speed is increased from lower to a higher level at a
constant feed.
• From the ANOVA, it was observed that spindle speed
and drill geometry are the two factors that significantly
affect the thrust force, whereas all the three factors
were found to be significant for obtaining the torque.
The percentage contribution of the spindle speed was
highest followed by drill geometry and feed in
obtaining thrust force. The factor that has the highest
percentage contribution is the drill geometry in obtain-
ing torque followed by feed and spindle speed.
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123
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