This document outlines specifications for carbon steel forgings intended for piping components between -20 to 650°F where inherent notch toughness is desired but notch toughness testing is not required. It specifies requirements for materials, manufacturing, heat treatment, chemical composition, mechanical properties, inspection, rejection criteria, certification, and marking. Forgings must conform to ASTM A961/A961M and meet chemical composition limits, tensile property limits, and maximum hardness of 187HB after heat treatment if quenched and tempered.
This document outlines specifications for carbon and alloy steel forgings used in high-pressure transmission piping systems. It describes the intended scope and grades of materials covered, as well as general requirements regarding chemical composition, mechanical properties, manufacturing processes, inspections, markings and certifications. Several steel grades with minimum yield strengths ranging from 42 to 70 ksi are defined based on their required tensile strength and elongation properties. The specification references other ASTM and industry standards for dimensional and chemical requirements and provides supplementary criteria that can be specified for special applications.
This document summarizes Standard Specification A 105/A 105M for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It outlines the scope, covers chemical composition and mechanical property requirements, and references other relevant standards. Forgings must meet requirements for chemistry, mechanical properties, and heat treatment as specified in tables. Testing includes tension tests, hardness tests, and optional hydrostatic tests. Repair by welding is allowed if approved by the purchaser.
This document outlines specifications for steel castings made of austenitic manganese steel and alloy modifications. It specifies the chemical composition requirements, heat treatment processes, permissible repairs by welding, and optional supplementary testing requirements such as bend tests. The standard is intended to ensure castings meet requirements for toughness, ductility and other properties by specifying allowed chemical compositions and procedures for processing the material.
1) This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It covers dimensions, chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment requirements, and referenced standards for flanges, fittings, valves, and other forged carbon steel piping components.
2) Forgings must meet chemical composition limits for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements as defined in Table 1. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area must meet the minimum requirements in Tables 2 and 3.
3) Heat treatment is required for certain high pressure or large diameter components and must be annealing, normalizing, or quenching and tempering according to Specification A961.
This document provides the specification for 39 grades of titanium and titanium alloy forgings according to ASME SB-381. It outlines the scope and grades covered, references related documents, defines terminology, and specifies ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements and tolerances, sampling methods for analysis, and tensile properties requirements. The specification is identical to ASTM Specification B381-10e1 and provides the standard requirements for titanium alloy forgings.
This document outlines specifications for structural steel intended for ship construction. It covers steel plates, shapes, bars, and rivets in various strength grades. The document specifies chemical composition requirements and acceptable manufacturing and heat treatment processes for each grade. It also provides requirements for ordering, chemical analysis, metallurgical structure, and impact testing based on steel grade and product thickness.
The document summarizes international standards regarding weld proximity. Several standards specify minimum distances between weld toes, generally 4 times the thickness of the welded parts. BS 2633 states weld toes of adjacent butt welds on ferritic steel pipework should be at least 4 times the pipe thickness and to avoid attachment welds crossing existing welds closer than twice the thickness or 40mm. BS 4515 also specifies a minimum toe-to-toe distance of 4 times the pipe thickness for steel pipelines. BS 2971 notes appropriate precautions shall be agreed upon if more than two welded seams cannot be avoided on carbon steel pipework.
This specification covers two grades of steel rivets and bars used to manufacture the rivets for boilers and pressure vessels. Grade A bars have a minimum yield point of 23,000 psi with no carbon content controls, while Grade B bars have a minimum yield point of 29,000 psi with a maximum carbon content of 0.28%. The specification defines chemical composition requirements, mechanical properties for bending and tensile tests, permissible variations in dimensions for rivets and bars, inspection methods, certification processes, and other testing details.
This document outlines specifications for carbon and alloy steel forgings used in high-pressure transmission piping systems. It describes the intended scope and grades of materials covered, as well as general requirements regarding chemical composition, mechanical properties, manufacturing processes, inspections, markings and certifications. Several steel grades with minimum yield strengths ranging from 42 to 70 ksi are defined based on their required tensile strength and elongation properties. The specification references other ASTM and industry standards for dimensional and chemical requirements and provides supplementary criteria that can be specified for special applications.
This document summarizes Standard Specification A 105/A 105M for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It outlines the scope, covers chemical composition and mechanical property requirements, and references other relevant standards. Forgings must meet requirements for chemistry, mechanical properties, and heat treatment as specified in tables. Testing includes tension tests, hardness tests, and optional hydrostatic tests. Repair by welding is allowed if approved by the purchaser.
This document outlines specifications for steel castings made of austenitic manganese steel and alloy modifications. It specifies the chemical composition requirements, heat treatment processes, permissible repairs by welding, and optional supplementary testing requirements such as bend tests. The standard is intended to ensure castings meet requirements for toughness, ductility and other properties by specifying allowed chemical compositions and procedures for processing the material.
1) This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It covers dimensions, chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment requirements, and referenced standards for flanges, fittings, valves, and other forged carbon steel piping components.
2) Forgings must meet chemical composition limits for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements as defined in Table 1. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area must meet the minimum requirements in Tables 2 and 3.
3) Heat treatment is required for certain high pressure or large diameter components and must be annealing, normalizing, or quenching and tempering according to Specification A961.
This document provides the specification for 39 grades of titanium and titanium alloy forgings according to ASME SB-381. It outlines the scope and grades covered, references related documents, defines terminology, and specifies ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements and tolerances, sampling methods for analysis, and tensile properties requirements. The specification is identical to ASTM Specification B381-10e1 and provides the standard requirements for titanium alloy forgings.
This document outlines specifications for structural steel intended for ship construction. It covers steel plates, shapes, bars, and rivets in various strength grades. The document specifies chemical composition requirements and acceptable manufacturing and heat treatment processes for each grade. It also provides requirements for ordering, chemical analysis, metallurgical structure, and impact testing based on steel grade and product thickness.
The document summarizes international standards regarding weld proximity. Several standards specify minimum distances between weld toes, generally 4 times the thickness of the welded parts. BS 2633 states weld toes of adjacent butt welds on ferritic steel pipework should be at least 4 times the pipe thickness and to avoid attachment welds crossing existing welds closer than twice the thickness or 40mm. BS 4515 also specifies a minimum toe-to-toe distance of 4 times the pipe thickness for steel pipelines. BS 2971 notes appropriate precautions shall be agreed upon if more than two welded seams cannot be avoided on carbon steel pipework.
This specification covers two grades of steel rivets and bars used to manufacture the rivets for boilers and pressure vessels. Grade A bars have a minimum yield point of 23,000 psi with no carbon content controls, while Grade B bars have a minimum yield point of 29,000 psi with a maximum carbon content of 0.28%. The specification defines chemical composition requirements, mechanical properties for bending and tensile tests, permissible variations in dimensions for rivets and bars, inspection methods, certification processes, and other testing details.
The document provides guidelines for pre-heat (PH) and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of welds during construction activities at sites for boilers and auxiliaries. It specifies requirements for pre-heating temperature based on material thickness and type, methods for pre-heating and PWHT, temperature measurement and control during PWHT using thermocouples. The width of heat treatment band, number and location of thermocouples depends on the component being welded and treated. Proper procedure is to be followed in case of interruptions during any stage of heat treatment.
Remaining life assessment of refinery furnace tubes using finite element methodBarhm Mohamad
Crude oil heater 9Cre-1Mo steel tubes from a refinery plant were studied, after 5 years of service at nominally 650 Cº and 3 bar, to predict their remnant lives. The investigation included dimensional, hardness and tensile measurements in addition to accelerated stress rupture tests between 650 Cº and 700 Cº and microstructural examination. Tube specimens were taken from two sections, the overheated side and the side which only saw the nominal operating temperature. The method employed involved the prediction of the increase in temperature with increasing sediment deposition during the operating life times using an FEM model. In addition the predicted temperatures are used to derive appropriate creep properties at relevant temperatures in a 3D pipe FEM creep analysis to predict the pipe deformation rate. All compare well with the actual service exposed pipe measurements and layer deposition. The overheated side revealed a small loss of creep strength in a stress rupture test. A layer of sediment (appr. 10 mm thickness) consisting basically of sintered carbon (coke) spread over the inside of the tube was acting as a thermal barrier causing the temperature to rise above 650 Cº. Analysis for the overheated side predicted an upper bound temperature of 800 Cº and a life of about 50 h suggesting that failure by creep rupture could occur rapidly in the sediment region.
This document provides specifications for wrought carbon steel and alloy steel piping fittings intended for moderate and high temperature service. It defines the scope and standards that apply, including those for materials, manufacture, heat treatment, and quality. Fittings covered are made of seamless or welded construction per ASME and MSS standards and are intended for use in pressure piping and vessels from moderate to elevated temperatures.
This document is the ASTM standard specification for carbon structural steel. It covers the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for carbon steel plates, shapes, and bars used in bridges, buildings, and other structural applications. Key points include:
- It specifies the chemical composition limits for carbon as well as other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur.
- The steel must meet minimum tensile strength properties when tested according to Section 8.
- It provides requirements for appurtenant materials like bolts, nuts, and castings that are used with the structural steel.
- Supplementary requirements for additional testing can be specified by the purchaser if needed for the intended use.
This document outlines specifications for wrought carbon steel and alloy steel piping fittings. It specifies requirements for materials, manufacture, testing, and quality of fittings. Fittings must conform to standards from organizations like ASME, ASTM, MSS, and AWS. They are intended for moderate and high temperature piping and pressure vessel applications. The specification references other common material standards to ensure fittings meet mechanical integrity for safe use.
This document outlines specifications for steel castings suitable for fusion welding and intended for high-temperature service. It specifies three grades of steel (WCA, WCB, WCC) based on mechanical properties and chemical composition. The castings must meet visual inspection standards and can be subjected to additional non-destructive testing. Welding repairs are allowed if procedures and personnel are qualified and the repairs meet the same inspection standards as the original casting. Heat treatment is required and must be suitable for the casting design and steel grade. Dimensional and chemical tolerances are provided for each grade.
This document outlines welding and inspection requirements for piping systems. It specifies requirements for welding qualification, procedures, personnel qualifications, inspection methods, and acceptance criteria. Welding qualifications must meet the standards of ASME Section IX or EN 288 and include non-destructive testing, mechanical testing of cross-weld tensiles, bends, impacts at required temperatures, macrosections and hardness testing where specified for different material types. Inspection and non-destructive testing of completed welds must be performed according to the standards by qualified personnel and meet the acceptance criteria.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
The document discusses a study to determine the necessary preheating temperatures in steel welding to avoid cold cracking. The study examined various welding tests and proposed a new carbon equivalent formula that more accurately assesses the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking. The formula takes into account elements like carbon, manganese, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, and vanadium. The study also proposed a cracking index to describe the probability of cold cracking occurring in steel welding. Based on the tests, the necessary preheating temperature to avoid cold cracking is determined by satisfying a criterion involving the cooling time to 100°C and a critical time calculated from the cracking index.
This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It begins with an overview of the standard and its scope, which covers forged carbon steel components for piping systems like flanges, fittings and valves. It then references other relevant standards and provides requirements for ordering, chemistry, mechanical properties, heat treatment, testing, repair and other considerations. Key points covered include chemical composition limits, required tensile and hardness properties, conditions where heat treatment is mandatory, testing procedures, and allowances for repair welding with purchaser approval.
The steps needed to avoid failure during in-service welding on a live Gas lin...Mark Keeler
This document summarizes literature on in-service welding of gas lines. It discusses the risks of burn-through and heat-affected zone cracking when welding live gas lines. It reviews guidelines developed by Battelle Laboratories in the 1970s-80s that used thermal modeling and experimental testing to determine safe welding parameters to minimize these risks. These guidelines, published in tables and graphs, are still used today for qualifying in-service welding procedures. The document also discusses how pipe material properties, thickness, internal pressure, and flow rate must all be considered to safely conduct in-service welds.
This document discusses methods for estimating welding preheat requirements when the grade or composition of carbon or low-alloy steel is unknown. Key points:
- Oxygen cutting a sample of the unknown steel and measuring the maximum hardness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) can help estimate preheat needs. Higher HAZ hardness indicates a higher preheat.
- Alloy content, including carbon percentage, affects weldability - higher carbon and alloy steels are more difficult to weld and require higher preheats to reduce HAZ cooling rates.
- Data from Jominy end-quenched hardness tests on known steel grades was used to correlate maximum HAZ hardness with the estimated temperature for
This document provides an overview of copper tubing, including the different types of copper tubing, their properties and applications. It discusses standard copper tubing types K, L, M, DWV, ACR and medical gas tubing. These tubing types have different dimensions, physical characteristics and pressure ratings for various applications like plumbing, heating and cooling systems. The document also covers topics like selecting the right tubing, design considerations, bending, joining methods, fittings and how to make soldered and brazed joints.
Quality Assessment of Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Modified 9Cr...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
This document discusses the development of indigenously produced modified 9Cr-1Mo steel electrodes for use in welding the once-through steam generator for India's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor project. Several trials were conducted to develop electrodes that meet both AWS SFA 5.5 standards and additional requirements for the PFBR project. Welding test pads were produced and subjected to testing, including chemical analysis, tensile tests, impact tests, and radiography. The test results demonstrated that the indigenously developed electrodes met all specification requirements for mechanical and metallurgical properties needed for the high temperature service conditions of the PFBR project.
This document provides specifications for seamless copper water tube. It defines the scope of the standard, which covers dimensions, tolerances, and properties of Types K, L, and M copper water tubes. It specifies requirements for ordering, materials, chemical composition, tempers, mechanical properties, and performance, including expansion testing. Dimensions and tolerances for nominal tube sizes are provided in Table 1, while chemical composition limits for the copper types are in Table 2 and mechanical property requirements are in Table 3.
This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It begins with an overview and scope, noting that the specification covers forged carbon steel components like flanges, fittings, and valves. It then provides 3 sections summarizing key points:
1. General requirements and applicability of other specifications. It states the forgings must meet the requirements of Specification A961 and be made through forging as defined in A788.
2. Chemical composition and mechanical properties. It lists requirements for the steel chemistry and mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation that must be met.
3. Tests and inspections. It describes required tension tests, hardness tests, and options for
This document specifies requirements for steel sheet used in pressure vessels. It defines 7 grades of carbon steel based on minimum tensile and yield strengths. Chemical compositions and mechanical properties are specified for each grade. Test procedures define how samples are taken and properties measured. Requirements cover ordering, dimensions, markings, inspections, certifications and other aspects of manufacturing the steel sheets according to this specification.
Zhejiang Dewei Stainless Steel Pipe Industry CO., Ltd is one of the largest manufacturer of welded pipe and tube (stainless steel, Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Copper-NIckel Alloys) in east China. www.deweigroup.cn Contact: Simon Zhang Mobile/Whatsapp:+86 13586303108 Tel/Fax:+86 (0)573 89979557 / +86 (0)573 82219767 Email:youngadm@126.com
Zhejiang Dewei Stainless Steel Pipe Industry CO., Ltd is one of the largest manufacturer of welded pipe and tube (stainless steel, Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Copper-NIckel Alloys) in east China. www.deweigroup.cn Contact: Simon Zhang Mobile/Whatsapp:+86 13586303108 Tel/Fax:+86 (0)573 89979557 / +86 (0)573 82219767 Email:youngadm@126.com
ASME B16.5 ASTM A105 material, it is including the chemical composition, physical properties, mechanical properties, heat treatment, hydrostatic tests, surface finish, corrosion protection, pipingpipeline.com could used to carbon steel forging flanges, it include WN flanges, blind flanges, slip on flanges, socket weld flanges, plate flanges, orifice flanges, threaded flanges, Spectacle flanges, tailor flanges.
This document provides specifications for seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service. It outlines requirements for the following:
- Chemical composition of various grades of tubing materials.
- Manufacturing process requirements including heat treatment procedures.
- Mechanical testing including tension tests, flaring/flanging tests, and hardness testing that must be conducted on the tubing lots.
- Nondestructive testing such as hydrostatic or electric testing that must be performed on each tube.
The document establishes standards for the materials, processing, testing and ordering of stainless steel tubing to ensure quality and proper composition for corrosion resistance and general service applications.
The document provides guidelines for pre-heat (PH) and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of welds during construction activities at sites for boilers and auxiliaries. It specifies requirements for pre-heating temperature based on material thickness and type, methods for pre-heating and PWHT, temperature measurement and control during PWHT using thermocouples. The width of heat treatment band, number and location of thermocouples depends on the component being welded and treated. Proper procedure is to be followed in case of interruptions during any stage of heat treatment.
Remaining life assessment of refinery furnace tubes using finite element methodBarhm Mohamad
Crude oil heater 9Cre-1Mo steel tubes from a refinery plant were studied, after 5 years of service at nominally 650 Cº and 3 bar, to predict their remnant lives. The investigation included dimensional, hardness and tensile measurements in addition to accelerated stress rupture tests between 650 Cº and 700 Cº and microstructural examination. Tube specimens were taken from two sections, the overheated side and the side which only saw the nominal operating temperature. The method employed involved the prediction of the increase in temperature with increasing sediment deposition during the operating life times using an FEM model. In addition the predicted temperatures are used to derive appropriate creep properties at relevant temperatures in a 3D pipe FEM creep analysis to predict the pipe deformation rate. All compare well with the actual service exposed pipe measurements and layer deposition. The overheated side revealed a small loss of creep strength in a stress rupture test. A layer of sediment (appr. 10 mm thickness) consisting basically of sintered carbon (coke) spread over the inside of the tube was acting as a thermal barrier causing the temperature to rise above 650 Cº. Analysis for the overheated side predicted an upper bound temperature of 800 Cº and a life of about 50 h suggesting that failure by creep rupture could occur rapidly in the sediment region.
This document provides specifications for wrought carbon steel and alloy steel piping fittings intended for moderate and high temperature service. It defines the scope and standards that apply, including those for materials, manufacture, heat treatment, and quality. Fittings covered are made of seamless or welded construction per ASME and MSS standards and are intended for use in pressure piping and vessels from moderate to elevated temperatures.
This document is the ASTM standard specification for carbon structural steel. It covers the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for carbon steel plates, shapes, and bars used in bridges, buildings, and other structural applications. Key points include:
- It specifies the chemical composition limits for carbon as well as other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur.
- The steel must meet minimum tensile strength properties when tested according to Section 8.
- It provides requirements for appurtenant materials like bolts, nuts, and castings that are used with the structural steel.
- Supplementary requirements for additional testing can be specified by the purchaser if needed for the intended use.
This document outlines specifications for wrought carbon steel and alloy steel piping fittings. It specifies requirements for materials, manufacture, testing, and quality of fittings. Fittings must conform to standards from organizations like ASME, ASTM, MSS, and AWS. They are intended for moderate and high temperature piping and pressure vessel applications. The specification references other common material standards to ensure fittings meet mechanical integrity for safe use.
This document outlines specifications for steel castings suitable for fusion welding and intended for high-temperature service. It specifies three grades of steel (WCA, WCB, WCC) based on mechanical properties and chemical composition. The castings must meet visual inspection standards and can be subjected to additional non-destructive testing. Welding repairs are allowed if procedures and personnel are qualified and the repairs meet the same inspection standards as the original casting. Heat treatment is required and must be suitable for the casting design and steel grade. Dimensional and chemical tolerances are provided for each grade.
This document outlines welding and inspection requirements for piping systems. It specifies requirements for welding qualification, procedures, personnel qualifications, inspection methods, and acceptance criteria. Welding qualifications must meet the standards of ASME Section IX or EN 288 and include non-destructive testing, mechanical testing of cross-weld tensiles, bends, impacts at required temperatures, macrosections and hardness testing where specified for different material types. Inspection and non-destructive testing of completed welds must be performed according to the standards by qualified personnel and meet the acceptance criteria.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
The document discusses a study to determine the necessary preheating temperatures in steel welding to avoid cold cracking. The study examined various welding tests and proposed a new carbon equivalent formula that more accurately assesses the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking. The formula takes into account elements like carbon, manganese, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, and vanadium. The study also proposed a cracking index to describe the probability of cold cracking occurring in steel welding. Based on the tests, the necessary preheating temperature to avoid cold cracking is determined by satisfying a criterion involving the cooling time to 100°C and a critical time calculated from the cracking index.
This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It begins with an overview of the standard and its scope, which covers forged carbon steel components for piping systems like flanges, fittings and valves. It then references other relevant standards and provides requirements for ordering, chemistry, mechanical properties, heat treatment, testing, repair and other considerations. Key points covered include chemical composition limits, required tensile and hardness properties, conditions where heat treatment is mandatory, testing procedures, and allowances for repair welding with purchaser approval.
The steps needed to avoid failure during in-service welding on a live Gas lin...Mark Keeler
This document summarizes literature on in-service welding of gas lines. It discusses the risks of burn-through and heat-affected zone cracking when welding live gas lines. It reviews guidelines developed by Battelle Laboratories in the 1970s-80s that used thermal modeling and experimental testing to determine safe welding parameters to minimize these risks. These guidelines, published in tables and graphs, are still used today for qualifying in-service welding procedures. The document also discusses how pipe material properties, thickness, internal pressure, and flow rate must all be considered to safely conduct in-service welds.
This document discusses methods for estimating welding preheat requirements when the grade or composition of carbon or low-alloy steel is unknown. Key points:
- Oxygen cutting a sample of the unknown steel and measuring the maximum hardness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) can help estimate preheat needs. Higher HAZ hardness indicates a higher preheat.
- Alloy content, including carbon percentage, affects weldability - higher carbon and alloy steels are more difficult to weld and require higher preheats to reduce HAZ cooling rates.
- Data from Jominy end-quenched hardness tests on known steel grades was used to correlate maximum HAZ hardness with the estimated temperature for
This document provides an overview of copper tubing, including the different types of copper tubing, their properties and applications. It discusses standard copper tubing types K, L, M, DWV, ACR and medical gas tubing. These tubing types have different dimensions, physical characteristics and pressure ratings for various applications like plumbing, heating and cooling systems. The document also covers topics like selecting the right tubing, design considerations, bending, joining methods, fittings and how to make soldered and brazed joints.
Quality Assessment of Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Modified 9Cr...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
This document discusses the development of indigenously produced modified 9Cr-1Mo steel electrodes for use in welding the once-through steam generator for India's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor project. Several trials were conducted to develop electrodes that meet both AWS SFA 5.5 standards and additional requirements for the PFBR project. Welding test pads were produced and subjected to testing, including chemical analysis, tensile tests, impact tests, and radiography. The test results demonstrated that the indigenously developed electrodes met all specification requirements for mechanical and metallurgical properties needed for the high temperature service conditions of the PFBR project.
This document provides specifications for seamless copper water tube. It defines the scope of the standard, which covers dimensions, tolerances, and properties of Types K, L, and M copper water tubes. It specifies requirements for ordering, materials, chemical composition, tempers, mechanical properties, and performance, including expansion testing. Dimensions and tolerances for nominal tube sizes are provided in Table 1, while chemical composition limits for the copper types are in Table 2 and mechanical property requirements are in Table 3.
This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It begins with an overview and scope, noting that the specification covers forged carbon steel components like flanges, fittings, and valves. It then provides 3 sections summarizing key points:
1. General requirements and applicability of other specifications. It states the forgings must meet the requirements of Specification A961 and be made through forging as defined in A788.
2. Chemical composition and mechanical properties. It lists requirements for the steel chemistry and mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation that must be met.
3. Tests and inspections. It describes required tension tests, hardness tests, and options for
This document specifies requirements for steel sheet used in pressure vessels. It defines 7 grades of carbon steel based on minimum tensile and yield strengths. Chemical compositions and mechanical properties are specified for each grade. Test procedures define how samples are taken and properties measured. Requirements cover ordering, dimensions, markings, inspections, certifications and other aspects of manufacturing the steel sheets according to this specification.
Zhejiang Dewei Stainless Steel Pipe Industry CO., Ltd is one of the largest manufacturer of welded pipe and tube (stainless steel, Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Copper-NIckel Alloys) in east China. www.deweigroup.cn Contact: Simon Zhang Mobile/Whatsapp:+86 13586303108 Tel/Fax:+86 (0)573 89979557 / +86 (0)573 82219767 Email:youngadm@126.com
Zhejiang Dewei Stainless Steel Pipe Industry CO., Ltd is one of the largest manufacturer of welded pipe and tube (stainless steel, Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Copper-NIckel Alloys) in east China. www.deweigroup.cn Contact: Simon Zhang Mobile/Whatsapp:+86 13586303108 Tel/Fax:+86 (0)573 89979557 / +86 (0)573 82219767 Email:youngadm@126.com
ASME B16.5 ASTM A105 material, it is including the chemical composition, physical properties, mechanical properties, heat treatment, hydrostatic tests, surface finish, corrosion protection, pipingpipeline.com could used to carbon steel forging flanges, it include WN flanges, blind flanges, slip on flanges, socket weld flanges, plate flanges, orifice flanges, threaded flanges, Spectacle flanges, tailor flanges.
This document provides specifications for seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service. It outlines requirements for the following:
- Chemical composition of various grades of tubing materials.
- Manufacturing process requirements including heat treatment procedures.
- Mechanical testing including tension tests, flaring/flanging tests, and hardness testing that must be conducted on the tubing lots.
- Nondestructive testing such as hydrostatic or electric testing that must be performed on each tube.
The document establishes standards for the materials, processing, testing and ordering of stainless steel tubing to ensure quality and proper composition for corrosion resistance and general service applications.
This document summarizes ASTM standard A516, which establishes requirements for carbon steel plates intended for use in welded pressure vessels. It specifies four grades of steel plates with different strength levels and thickness limits. The standard references other ASTM standards and specifies chemical composition ranges, heat treatment requirements, tensile properties, and optional supplementary testing requirements that can be specified by the purchaser.
This standard specification covers carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars of structural quality for use in bridges, buildings, and general structural purposes. It provides requirements for the material's chemical composition, mechanical properties determined by tension testing, appurtenant materials that can be used with it, delivery requirements, and supplementary requirements that are optional but can be specified by the purchaser such as Charpy V-notch impact testing or limitations on the steel production process. The specification references other ASTM standards for related materials and test methods.
This document outlines specifications for carbon structural steel, including:
1. It covers carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars for use in bridges, buildings, and general structural purposes.
2. Chemical composition and mechanical properties such as tensile strength are specified. Steel must meet requirements for carbon content, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements as outlined in tables.
3. Supplementary requirements can be specified for additional testing or restrictions, such as Charpy V-notch impact testing for some wide flange shapes used in tension.
This document outlines specifications for nine classes of carbon steel billets, blooms, slabs, and bars intended for forgings. It specifies requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensional tolerances, freedom from defects, sampling procedures, and testing methods. The standard aims to ensure the materials meet the needs of users for various forgings applications.
This document provides specifications for steel hex cap screws, bolts, and studs with minimum tensile strengths of 120 ksi, 105 ksi, and 90 ksi. It specifies requirements for materials, manufacture, dimensions, mechanical properties, ordering information, and protective coatings. Key requirements include heat treatment involving quenching and tempering, chemical composition limits, hardness testing between Rockwell C 56-63, and tensile testing to specified proof loads. The standard covers hex cap screws, bolts, and studs in diameters from 1/4 to 3 inches for general engineering applications.
B16 c360 free-cutting brass rod, bar and shapes for use in screw machines1Yirlany Mesén Mejías
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
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1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
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- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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2. 605 Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges
2.5 MSS Standard:7
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings,
Flanges, and Unions
3. General Requirements and Ordering Information
3.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to
the requirements of Specification A 961/A 961M, including
any supplementary requirements that are indicated in the
purchase order. Failure to comply with the requirements of
Specification A 961/A 961M constitutes nonconformance with
this specification. In case of a conflict between the require-
ments of this specification and Specification A 961/A 961M,
this specification shall prevail.
3.2 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the
purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase
the needed material. Examples of such information include but
are not limited to the following:
3.2.1 Additional requirements (see 15.1 and 15.2).
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 The steel shall be made by one or more of the following
processes: open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace, and
shall be fully killed, fine-grain practice.
4.2 Forgings shall be manufactured from ingots, blooms,
billets, slabs, or bars. These items shall be forged, rolled, or
strandcast.
4.3 A sufficient discard shall be made from the ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
4.4 The finished product shall be a forging as defined by the
Terminology section of Specification A 788/A 788M.
5. Heat Treatment
5.1 Following plastic working, the forging manufacturer
shall heat treat the forgings by normalizing, or normalizing and
tempering, or quenching and tempering.
5.1.1 Normalizing—The procedure for normalizing shall
consist of uniformly heating the forgings to a temperature
between 1550 and 1700 °F [845 and 925 °C], holding a
sufficient time to attain uniform temperature throughout, and
cooling in still air. The forging shall be at a temperature below
1000 °F [540 °C] before heating for normalizing.
5.1.2 Quenching—The procedure for quenching shall con-
sist of uniformly heating the forging to a temperature between
1550 and 1700 °F [845 and 925 °C], holding a sufficient time
to attain uniform temperature throughout, and quenching into a
suitable liquid medium. The forging shall be at a temperature
below 1000 °F [540 °C] before heating for quenching.
5.1.3 Tempering—The procedure for tempering shall con-
sist of reheating the forging subsequent to normalizing or
quenching to a temperature of at least 1100 °F [595 °C], but not
above the lower transformation temperature, for 30 min/in. [30
min/25 mm] of maximum section thickness, with minimum
holding time at tempering temperature not less than 30 min.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
6.2 Steels to which lead has been added shall not be used.
7. Mechanical Requirements Mechanical Requirements
7.1 Tension Tests:
7.1.1 Requirements—The material shall conform to require-
ments for tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.
7.1.1.1 The test specimen shall be obtained from a rough or
finished production forging, or prolongation thereof, or it may
be obtained from separately forged test blanks from the same
heat of steel as the production forging. The test blank shall be
reduced by forging in a manner similar to that for the products
represented, shall receive approximately the same hot working
and reduction, be of the same nominal thickness, and receive
the same heat treatment as the finished products represented.
The test material shall be treated in the same furnace at the
same time as the forging it represents, subject to the require-
ments of 7.1.2.1.
7.1.2 Number of Tests—One tension test at room tempera-
ture shall be made for each nominal wall thickness 6 1⁄4 in.
[6 6 mm] from each heat in each heat treatment charge.
7.1.2.1 If heat treatment is performed in either a continuous
or a batch-type furnace controlled within 6 25 °F [6 14 °C] of
the required heat-treatment temperature, and equipped with
7
Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings
Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http://www.mss-
hq.com.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Elements Composition, %
Carbon
Heat Analysis 0.25 max
Product Analysis 0.28 max
Manganese
Heat Analysis 0.90 to 1.35
Product Analysis 0.84 to 1.41
Phosphorus
Heat Analysis 0.035 max
Product Analysis 0.043 max
Sulfur
Heat Analysis 0.025 max
Product Analysis 0.033 max
Silicon
Heat Analysis 0.15 to 0.30
Product Analysis 0.13 to 0.32
Nickel
Heat Analysis 0.40A
Product Analysis 0.43
Chromium
Heat Analysis 0.30A,B
Product Analysis 0.34
Molybdenum
Heat Analysis 0.12A,B
Product Analysis 0.13
Copper
Heat Analysis 0.40A
Product Analysis 0.43
Columbium (Nb)
Heat Analysis 0.02
Product Analysis 0.03
Vanadium
Heat Analysis 0.05
Product Analysis 0.055
A
The sum of copper, nickel, chromium and molybdenum shall not exceed
1.00 % on heat analysis.
B
The sum of chromium and molybdenum shall not exceed 0.32 % on heat
analysis.
A 727/A 727M – 02 (2007)
2
3. recording pyrometers so that complete records of heat treat-
ment are available and if the same heat treating cycles are used
on the forgings represented by the tension test, then one tension
test per nominal wall thickness 6 1⁄4 in. [6 6 mm] from each
heat shall be required, instead of one tension test per nominal
wall thickness from each heat in each heat-treatment charge.
7.1.3 Test Locations and Orientations—The test specimen
shall be removed from the midwall of the heaviest section of
the forging or test blank.
7.1.3.1 The test specimen shall have its longitudinal axis
located parallel to the direction of major working of the forging
or test blank, except for flanges and rings the test specimen
shall be in the tangential direction.
7.1.4 Test Method—Testing shall be performed in accor-
dance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370 using the
largest feasible of the round specimens. The gage length for
measuring elongation shall be four times the diameter of the
test section.
7.2 Hardness Test:
7.2.1 Requirements—If the production forgings are liquid-
quenched and tempered, hardness of the forgings shall not
exceed 187 HB after heat treatment. The purchaser may verify
that the requirement has been met by testing at any location on
the forgings provided such testing does not render the forgings
useless.
8. Heat Analysis
8.1 An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made from
samples taken preferably during the pouring of the heat. The
results shall conform to Table 1.
9. Product Analysis
9.1 A product analysis may be made by the purchaser on
samples taken in accordance with Practice E 59. The results
shall conform to Table 1.
10. Hydrostatic Test
10.1 Forgings manufactured under this specification shall be
capable of passing a hydrostatic test compatible with the rating
of the finished forging. Such tests shall be conducted by the
forging manufacturer only when Supplementary Requirement
S8 in Specification A 961/A 961M is specified.
11. Rework and Retreatment
11.1 If the results of mechanical tests do not conform to the
requirements specified, the manufacturer may reheat treat the
forgings represented, and shall retest to the applicable require-
ments.
11.2 Individually tested forgings meeting all requirements
shall be acceptable.
12. Repair by Welding
12.1 Repair of defects by welding shall be permitted at the
discretion of the forging manufacturer.
12.2 Repair by welding shall be made using welding pro-
cedures and welders qualified in accordance with Section IX of
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. When forgings are
heat treated after repair welding, the qualification test plates
shall be subjected to the same heat treatment. The mechanical
properties of the qualification test plates shall conform to
Section 7.
12.3 Only electrode classifications with the -A1 designator
shall be used (for example, E71T1-A1). SMAW, GMAW,
FCAW or GTAW may be used. The GMAW process is limited
to either the spray transfer or pulsed arc process. The FCAW
process is limited to repair of carbon or carbon-molybdenum
base materials only. Electrodes shall conform to the applicable
AWS A5 electrode specification.
12.4 Forgings repair welded in the normalized, normalized
and tempered, or the quenched and tempered conditions shall
be stress-relieved after repair welding at 1100 °F [595 °C]
minimum, but not higher than the temperature previously used
for tempering the base metal of the same forging, or shall be
reheat treated in accordance with Section 5.
13. Inspection
13.1 All tests and inspections shall be made at the place of
manufacture, unless otherwise agreed, except for product
analysis (see 9.1).
14. Rejection and Rehearing
14.1 Each forging that develops injurious defects during
shop working or application shall be rejected and the manu-
facturer notified.
15. Certification
15.1 For forgings made to specified dimensions, when
agreed to by the purchaser, and for forgings made to dimen-
sional standards, application of identification marks as required
in Section 16 shall be the certification that the forgings have
been furnished in accordance with the requirements of this
specification.
15.2 When test reports are required, they shall include
certification that all requirements of this specification have
been met. The reports shall show the results of all required
tests, the heat number or manufacturer’s heat identification, a
description of the heat treatment used, and shall be traceable to
the forging represented. The specification designation included
on test reports shall include year of issue and revision letter, if
any.
16. Product Marking
16.1 Identification marks consisting of the specification
designation, manufacturer’s name or symbol, (Note 2) the heat
number or manufacturer’s heat identification, size, and service
rating, if applicable, shall be permanently placed on each
forging in a position that will not affect the usefulness of the
forging. When size does not permit complete marking, identi-
fication marks may be omitted in the sequence specified in
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Tensile strength, ksi [MPa] 60.0 to 85.0 [415 to 585]
Yield strength, min, ksi [MPa]A
36.0 [250]
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 22
Reduction of area, min, % 30
A
Determined by either the 0.2 % offset method or the 0.5 % extension-under-
load method.
A 727/A 727M – 02 (2007)
3
4. SP-25, except that the word “steel” shall not be substituted for
the specification designation. The specification number marked
on the forgings need not include specification year of issue and
revision letter.
NOTE 2—For purposes of identification marking, the manufacturer is
considered the organization that certifies the piping component was
manufactured, sampled, and tested in accordance with this specification
and the results have been determined to meet the requirements of this
specification.
16.1.1 If the forgings have been quenched and tempered the
letters “QT” shall be stamped on the forgings following the
Specification designation.
16.1.2 Forgings repaired by welding shall be marked with
the letter “W” following the specification designation.
16.2 When test reports are required, additional marks shall
be used as necessary to identify the part with the test report.
16.3 Bar Coding—In addition to the requirements in 16.1
and 16.2, bar coding is acceptable as a supplemental identifi-
cation method. The purchaser may specify in the order a
specific bar coding system to be used. The bar coding system,
if applied at the discretion of the supplier, should be consistent
with one of the published industry standards for bar coding. If
used on small parts, the bar code may be applied to the box or
a substantially applied tag.
17. Keywords
17.1 carbon equivalent; pipe fittings; steel; piping applica-
tions; pressure containing parts; steel flanges; steel forgings;
carbon; steel valves; temperature service applications; low
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by
the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no
way negate any requirement of the specification.
S1. Carbon Equivalent
S1.1 The maximum carbon equivalent, based on heat analy-
sis shall be 0.45 for forgings with a maximum section thickness
of 2 in. or less, and 0.46 for forgings with a maximum section
thickness of greater than 2 in.
S1.2 Determine the carbon equivalent (CE) as follows:
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15
S1.3 A lower maximum carbon equivalent may be agreed
upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
A 727/A 727M – 02 (2007)
4