IMPROVED WORKLOAD BALANCING OF THE SCHEDULING JOBS WITH THE RELEASE DATES IN ...IJCSEA Journal
This paper presents the identical parallel machine’s scheduling problem when the jobs are submitted over time. This problem consists of assigning N various jobs to M identical parallel machines to reduce the workload imponderables among the different machines. We generalized the mixed-integer linear programming approach to decrease the workload imbalance between the different machines, and that is done by converting the problem to the mathematical model. The studied cases are presented for different problems, and it indicates to an online system, and this system does not know the arrival times of the jobs before and reduce Makespan criterion is not well appropriate to describe the utilization for this online problem. The obtained results proved good solutions for the scheduling problem compared with standard algorithms.
An efficient simulated annealing algorithm for a No-Wait Two Stage Flexible F...ijait
In this paper, no wait two stage flexible flow shop scheduling problem (FFSSP) is solved using two metaheuristic algorithms. This problem with minimum makespan performance measure is NP-Hard. The proposed algorithms are Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm. The results are analyzed in terms of Relative Percentage Deviation of Makespan. The performance of the proposed algorithms are studied and compared with that of MDA algorithm. For this propose a number of problems in different sizes are solved. The results of the studies proposes the effective algorithm. This is followed by describing the
outline of the study, concluding remarks and suggesting potential areas for further researches
AN EFFICIENT HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR FLEXIBLE JOB SHOP SCHEDULING WITH MAINTE...mathsjournal
This paper deals with the flexible job shop scheduling problem with the preventive maintenance constraints where the objectives are to minimize the overall completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and
the workload of the most loaded machine. A fast heuristic algorithm based on a constructive procedure is developed to solve the problem in very short time. The algorithm is tested on the benchmark instances from the
literature in order to evaluate its performance. Computational results show that, the proposed heuristic method is computationally efficient and promising for practical problems.
Planning and Scheduling of a Corrugated Cardboard Manufacturing Process in IoTijtsrd
The automation has revolutionized the traditional product development scheme by using advanced design and manufacturing technologies such as computer aided design, process planning, and scheduling. However, research in this field was still based mostly on experimentation, as most manufacturing companies did not use simulation techniques in the implementation of their manufacturing planning and scheduling process. In order to address this problem, software developers have put simulation software tools in the market such as Enterprise Resource Planning ERP , Advanced Planning and Scheduling APS , and Risk based Planning and Scheduling RPS systems. In this paper, a methodology to model high degree of accuracy for the production floor, the planning and scheduling of corrugated cardboard manufacturing process through RPS simulation in Internet of Things IoT environment is established. The RPS model is able to generate a deterministic schedule without randomness, create a risk analysis of the planning and scheduling, and handle the uncertainty. Bruno Kemen | Sarhan M. Musa "Planning and Scheduling of a Corrugated Cardboard Manufacturing Process in IoT" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37965.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/37965/planning-and-scheduling-of-a-corrugated-cardboard-manufacturing-process-in-iot/bruno-kemen
IMPROVED WORKLOAD BALANCING OF THE SCHEDULING JOBS WITH THE RELEASE DATES IN ...IJCSEA Journal
This paper presents the identical parallel machine’s scheduling problem when the jobs are submitted over time. This problem consists of assigning N various jobs to M identical parallel machines to reduce the workload imponderables among the different machines. We generalized the mixed-integer linear programming approach to decrease the workload imbalance between the different machines, and that is done by converting the problem to the mathematical model. The studied cases are presented for different problems, and it indicates to an online system, and this system does not know the arrival times of the jobs before and reduce Makespan criterion is not well appropriate to describe the utilization for this online problem. The obtained results proved good solutions for the scheduling problem compared with standard algorithms.
An efficient simulated annealing algorithm for a No-Wait Two Stage Flexible F...ijait
In this paper, no wait two stage flexible flow shop scheduling problem (FFSSP) is solved using two metaheuristic algorithms. This problem with minimum makespan performance measure is NP-Hard. The proposed algorithms are Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm. The results are analyzed in terms of Relative Percentage Deviation of Makespan. The performance of the proposed algorithms are studied and compared with that of MDA algorithm. For this propose a number of problems in different sizes are solved. The results of the studies proposes the effective algorithm. This is followed by describing the
outline of the study, concluding remarks and suggesting potential areas for further researches
AN EFFICIENT HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR FLEXIBLE JOB SHOP SCHEDULING WITH MAINTE...mathsjournal
This paper deals with the flexible job shop scheduling problem with the preventive maintenance constraints where the objectives are to minimize the overall completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and
the workload of the most loaded machine. A fast heuristic algorithm based on a constructive procedure is developed to solve the problem in very short time. The algorithm is tested on the benchmark instances from the
literature in order to evaluate its performance. Computational results show that, the proposed heuristic method is computationally efficient and promising for practical problems.
Planning and Scheduling of a Corrugated Cardboard Manufacturing Process in IoTijtsrd
The automation has revolutionized the traditional product development scheme by using advanced design and manufacturing technologies such as computer aided design, process planning, and scheduling. However, research in this field was still based mostly on experimentation, as most manufacturing companies did not use simulation techniques in the implementation of their manufacturing planning and scheduling process. In order to address this problem, software developers have put simulation software tools in the market such as Enterprise Resource Planning ERP , Advanced Planning and Scheduling APS , and Risk based Planning and Scheduling RPS systems. In this paper, a methodology to model high degree of accuracy for the production floor, the planning and scheduling of corrugated cardboard manufacturing process through RPS simulation in Internet of Things IoT environment is established. The RPS model is able to generate a deterministic schedule without randomness, create a risk analysis of the planning and scheduling, and handle the uncertainty. Bruno Kemen | Sarhan M. Musa "Planning and Scheduling of a Corrugated Cardboard Manufacturing Process in IoT" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37965.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/37965/planning-and-scheduling-of-a-corrugated-cardboard-manufacturing-process-in-iot/bruno-kemen
m - projective curvature tensor on a Lorentzian para – Sasakian manifoldsIOSR Journals
In this paper we studied m-projectively flat, m-projectively conservative, 𝜑-m-projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold. It has also been proved that quasi m- projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold is locally isometric to the unit sphere 𝑆𝑛(1) if and only if 𝑀𝑛 is m-projectively flat.
Hybridizing guided genetic algorithm and single-based metaheuristics to solve...IAESIJAI
This paper focuses on solving unrelated parallel machine scheduling with
resource constraints (UPMR). There are j jobs, and each job needs to be
processed on one of the machines aim at minimizing the makespan. Besides
the dependence of the machine, the processing time of any job depends on the
usage of a rare renewable resource. A certain number of those resources (Rmax)
can be disseminated to jobs for the purpose of processing them at any time,
and each job j needs units of resources (rjm) when processing in machine m.
When more resources are assigned to a job, the job processing time minimizes.
However, the number of resources available is limited, and this makes the
problem difficult to solve for a good quality solution. Genetic algorithm shows
promising results in solving UPMR. However, genetic algorithm suffers from
premature convergence, which could hinder the resulting quality. Therefore,
the work hybridizes guided genetic algorithm (GGA) with a single-based
metaheuristics (SBHs) to handle the premature convergence in the genetic
algorithm with the aim to escape from the local optima and improve the
solution quality further. The single-based metaheuristics replaces the mutation
in the genetic algorithm. The evaluation of the algorithm performance was
conducted through extensive experiments.
m - projective curvature tensor on a Lorentzian para – Sasakian manifoldsIOSR Journals
In this paper we studied m-projectively flat, m-projectively conservative, 𝜑-m-projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold. It has also been proved that quasi m- projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold is locally isometric to the unit sphere 𝑆𝑛(1) if and only if 𝑀𝑛 is m-projectively flat.
Hybridizing guided genetic algorithm and single-based metaheuristics to solve...IAESIJAI
This paper focuses on solving unrelated parallel machine scheduling with
resource constraints (UPMR). There are j jobs, and each job needs to be
processed on one of the machines aim at minimizing the makespan. Besides
the dependence of the machine, the processing time of any job depends on the
usage of a rare renewable resource. A certain number of those resources (Rmax)
can be disseminated to jobs for the purpose of processing them at any time,
and each job j needs units of resources (rjm) when processing in machine m.
When more resources are assigned to a job, the job processing time minimizes.
However, the number of resources available is limited, and this makes the
problem difficult to solve for a good quality solution. Genetic algorithm shows
promising results in solving UPMR. However, genetic algorithm suffers from
premature convergence, which could hinder the resulting quality. Therefore,
the work hybridizes guided genetic algorithm (GGA) with a single-based
metaheuristics (SBHs) to handle the premature convergence in the genetic
algorithm with the aim to escape from the local optima and improve the
solution quality further. The single-based metaheuristics replaces the mutation
in the genetic algorithm. The evaluation of the algorithm performance was
conducted through extensive experiments.
An Efficient Heuristic Algorithm for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Mainte...mathsjournal
This paper deals with the flexible job shop scheduling problem with the preventive maintenance constraints where the objectives are to minimize the overall completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and the workload of the most loaded machine. A fast heuristic algorithm based on a constructive procedure is developed to solve the problem in very short time. The algorithm is tested on the benchmark instances from the literature in order to evaluate its performance. Computational results show that, the proposed heuristic method is computationally efficient and promising for practical problems.
This paper considers a flow shop scheduling problem. The flow shop scheduling is
characterized “n” jobs and “m” machines in series with unidirectional flow of work with
variety of jobs being processed sequentially in a single pass manner. Most real world
problems are NP-hard in nature. The essential complexity of the problem necessitates the
use of meta-heuristics for solving flow shop scheduling problem. The paper addresses the
flow shop scheduling problem to minimize the makespan time with specific batch size
using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and comparing the results with an real time
company production sequence.
An efficient simulated annealing algorithm for a No-Wait Two Stage Flexible F...ijait
In this paper, no wait two stage flexible flow shop scheduling problem (FFSSP) is solved using two metaheuristic algorithms. This problem with minimum makespan performance measure is NP-Hard. The proposed algorithms are Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm. The results are analyzed in terms of Relative Percentage Deviation of Makespan. The performance of the proposed algorithms are studied and compared with that of MDA algorithm. For this propose a number of problems in different sizes are solved. The results of the studies proposes the effective algorithm. This is followed by describing the outline of the study, concluding remarks and suggesting potential areas for further researches
In some industries as foundries, it is not technically feasible to interrupt a processor between jobs. This restriction gives rise to a scheduling problem called no-idle scheduling. This paper deals with scheduling of no-idle open shops to minimize maximum completion time of jobs, called makespan. The problem is first mathematically formulated by three different mixed integer linear programming models. Since open shop scheduling problems are NP-hard, only small instances can be solved to optimality using these models. Thus, to solve large instances, two meta-heuristics based on simulated annealing and genetic algorithms are developed. A complete numerical experiment is conducted and the developed models and algorithms are compared. The results show that genetic algorithm outperforms simulated annealing.
In industries, the completion time of job problems in the manufacturing unit has risen significantly. In several types of current study, the job's completion time, or makespan, is reduced by taking straight paths, which is time-consuming. In this paper, we used an Improved Ant Colony Optimization and Tabu Search (ACOTS) algorithm to solve this problem by precisely defining the fault occurrence location in order to rollback. We have used a short-term memory-based rollback recovery strategy to minimise the job's completion time by rolling back to its own short-term memory. The recent movements in Tabu quest are visited using short term memory. As compared to the ACO algorithm, our proposed ACOTS-Cmax solution is more efficient and takes less time to complete.
Job Shop Scheduling Using Mixed Integer ProgrammingIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this study, four different models in terms of mixed integer programming (MIP) are formulated for fourdifferent objectives. The first model objective is to minimizethemaximum finishing time (Makespan) without considering the products’ due dates, while the second model is formulated to minimize the makespan considering the due dates for all the products, the third model is to minimize the total earliness time, and the fourth one is to minimize the total lateness time. The proposed models are solved, and their computational performance levels are compared based on parameters such as makespan, machine utilization, and time efficiency. The results are discussed to determine the best suitable formulation
Job-shop manufacturing environment requires planning of schedules for the systems of low-volume having numerous variations. For a job-shop scheduling, ‘k’ number of operations and ‘n’ number of jobs on ‘m’ number of machines processed through an assured objective function to be minimized (makespan). This paper presents a capable genetic algorithm for the job-shop scheduling problems among operating parameters such as random population generation with a population size of 50, operation based chromosome structure, tournament selection as selection scheme, 2-point random crossover with probability 80%, 2-point mutation with probability 20%, elitism, repairing of chromosomes and no. of iteration is 1000. An algorithm is programmed for job shop scheduling problem using MATLAB 2009 a 7.8. The proposed genetic algorithm with certain operating parameters is applied to the two case studies taken from literature. The results also show that genetic algorithm is the best optimization technique for solving the scheduling problems of job shop manufacturing systems evolving shortest processing time and transportation time due to its implications to more practical and integrated problems.
Design and Implementation of a Multi-Agent System for the Job Shop Scheduling...CSCJournals
Job shop scheduling is one of the strongly NP-complete combinatorial optimization problems. Developing effective search methods is always an important and valuable work. Meta-heuristic methods such as genetic algorithms are widely applied to find optimal or near-optimal solutions for the job shop scheduling problem. Parallelizing genetic algorithms is one of the best approaches that can be used to enhance the performance of these algorithms. In this paper, we propose an agent-based parallel genetic algorithm for job shop scheduling problem. In our approach, initial population is created in an agent-based parallel way then an agent-based method is used to parallelize genetic algorithm. Experimental results showed that the proposed approach enhances the performance.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
F012113746
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP 37-46
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12113746 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
A Model for Optimum Scheduling Of Non-Resumable Jobs on
Parallel Production Machines with Multiple Availability
Constraints.
1
Apalowo, R. K*. and 2
Ogedengbe, T. I.
Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University
of Technology. PMB 704 Akure, Nigeria.
Abstract: In this study, parallel machines makespan minimization problem, where the jobs are non-resumable
and the machines are subject to unavailability periods of known starting times and durations, was considered.
The problem was formulated as an Integer Linear Programming mathematical model. An efficient solution
procedure was proposed for the problem through two algorithms. The first algorithm utilizes the Longest
Processing Time dispatching rule which generates an initial solution (makespan) used to obtain an upper bound
which is used to backtrack through the second algorithm. The second algorithm adopted the greedy algorithm
approach to iteratively achieve an optimal solution for the scheduling problem. The developed algorithms were
implemented in software using Visual Basic programming language to facilitate the solution procedure. The
developed software was validated using a typical numerical example while the model was validated using two
industrial problems as case studies. The makespans obtained for the first and second case studies using the
developed model are respectively about 49% and 40% lower than the makespan when the jobs were carried out
in the industry. This showed that, in the long run, the model would efficiently serve machine shops in machines-
jobs scheduling problem.
Keywords: Linear Programming, Scheduling, Makespan, Algorithm, Software
I. Introduction
In machine-shop environments, machines are usually subjected to down periods, which may be
deterministic (as in the case of a planned preventive maintenance) or stochastic (as in the case of a sudden
machine breakdown or unexpected material shortage). In general, intelligent scheduling methods are needed to
assign activities to mechanical machines when faced with limited execution time and scarce resources. Many
researchers have worked on the topic, especially in the area of machine scheduling (Lee, 1991; Brucker, 1994;
Chen and Lee, 1999; Lee, 1996). However, most assume that the processors or machines are always available
over the course of the production horizon (Brucker, 1994; Chen and Lee, 1999). This assumption is not realistic
in many practical situations. The operation of a machine can be interrupted for a certain period of time due to
accidental breakdown, preventive maintenance, periodic repair or other reasons, which render the machine non-
productive for a certain period of time. This situation is referred to as the machine availability constraint and it is
essential that it is considered to appropriately schedule mechanical machines for relevant activities.
Parallel machines scheduling with machines availability constraint has attracted a great interest,
especially in the aspects of makespan and total completion time minimization problems. Such problems have
been solved optimally by priority rules like LPT (Lee, 1991), List Scheduling (LS) (Lee, 1996) and
approximation scheme (Lenstra et al., 1990), and in solving the problem, the online scheduling or resumability
constraint were rarely considered, due to the complexity of the problem (Tan and Yong, 2002). Moreover, the
case where the machines are related has received more attention than when they are unrelated (Vallade and
Ruiz, 2011).
In the aspect of related parallel machines scheduling, Liao et al. (2005) studied two machines
makespan minimization problem with availability constraint only on one of the machines. The problem was
solved by partitioning it into four sub-problems and each sub-problem is solved optimally by using versions of a
lexicographical search algorithm originally proposed in Ho and Wong (1995). Tan and Yong (2002) also studied
the same problem with non-resumable jobs when the period of unavailability occurs on both machines at
different period of time. Online algorithm was used in jobs assignment. Lee (1991) studied parallel machines
makespan minimization problem with one unavailability period on all machines, except one, which is always
available, and the unavailability periods are assumed to start at time zero. The study also considered
unavailability periods as already scheduled jobs on the machines and are called special jobs. Modified Longest
Processing Time (MLPT) dispatching algorithm was used to assign jobs on the machines with the condition that
each machine cannot have more than one special job (unavailability period). The same parallel machines
problem was solved in Lin et al. (1997) and Kellereer (1998) using MLPT and dual approximation algorithm
2. A Model for Optimum Scheduling of Non-Resumable Jobs on Parallel Production Machines…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12113746 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
respectively. However, Lee (1996) studied parallel machines scheduling problem with unavailability periods
that may not necessarily start at time zero. It also assumed that one of the machines is available and proposed
the LPT2 algorithm to assign jobs on the machines.
Moreover, in the aspect of unrelated parallel machines scheduling problem, Liao and Sheen (2008)
studied unrelated parallel machines scheduling problem with availability constraint and solved the problem
using a binary search algorithm. Blazewicz et al. (2000) also studied uniform and unrelated parallel machine
problems with arbitrary patterns of unavailability with the makespan and tardiness minimization objectives. The
study proposed a network flow approach for the uniform, and a linear programming approach for the unrelated
machine problem. The unrelated parallel machines problem was also investigated in Yang et al. (2012) with
aging effect and multi-maintenance activities considered simultaneously as availability constraints. The study
proposed two efficient algorithms to optimally solve the problem when the maintenance frequencies on the
machines are known. Chang et al. (2011) studied the same problem with deteriorating maintenance activities,
with the objective of minimizing the total completion time or the total machine load. The study also showed that
both versions of the problem considered in Yang et al. (2012) and Chang et al. (2011) can be solved with the
same complexity irrespective of whether the processing time of a job after the unavailability period is greater
than that before the unavailability period. Furthermore, Yang (2013) considered the problem with special
availability constraint in form of simultaneous deteriorating effect and deteriorating multi-maintenance
activities, with the objective of determining optimal maintenance frequencies and positions and optimal job
sequences of minimized total completion time.
However, consequent upon the studies already discussed, it is essential to consider the situation in
which there may be multiple unavailability periods on each machine during scheduling horizon, and with non-
resumable jobs. This research therefore focuses on optimizing parallel machines scheduling problem with non-
resumable jobs by considering multi-fixed machine availability constraint with the objective of minimizing the
machines makespan.
II. Materials And Method
The method used involves the formulation of the problem as a mathematical model; development of
efficient solution procedure; implementation of the model with its solution procedure through software;
validation, and evaluation of the developed software and the model respectively. These are presented in sections
2.1 to 2.2.6.
2.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem
The problem is formulated as an Integer Linear Programming Mathematical (ILP) model. It is assumed
that all machines can perform each operation at the same rate; each job should be processed on exactly one
machine; all jobs and machines are available at time zero; processing time of each job is known in advance i.e. it
is deterministic; starting time and the duration of the unavailability period of each machine are also deterministic.
The indices, parameters and decision variables that are used in developing the mathematical model as well as the
solution procedure are defined as thus:
Indices
i machine index i = 1,2,..........., m
N job index N=1,2,.............., N
c, k unavailability indices c = 1,......., k; k = 1,2,......., μi
j job type index j = 1,2, … … … n
Parameters
pj processing time of job j
N number of jobs
n number of job types
m number of machines
sik starting time of kth
unavailability period on machine i
eik ending time of kth
unavailability period on machine i
dik duration of the kth
unavailability period on machine i
M a large positive integer
μi number of unavailability period(s) on machine i
vj the number of jobs having processing time of pj, yet to be scheduled
uj number of jobs with processing time pj which the load of the current machine can optimally
accommodate
zbj number of jobs with processing time pj in the load of bth
batch of the current machine
qi number of batches in machine i
3. A Model for Optimum Scheduling of Non-Resumable Jobs on Parallel Production Machines…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12113746 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
ti idle time of machine i, which is the space of time within a batch without jobs, which is insufficient to
complete any given job.
di total period of time for which a machine is unavailable over the scheduling horizon
∝ number of machines (including the current machine) on which jobs have already been scheduled
Ti decision parameter during assignment of jobs to machines
Mi total load of a machine (including load of jobs, unavailability and idle periods)
Li load of the jobs scheduled on a machine (i.e. load of jobs only)
Limax makespan without unavailability and idle periods
i∗∗
index of machine from which a new iteration starts
l iteration counter
r Machine feasible load counter. Increases by one when a new feasible load is achieved on a machine
imax index of machine with load Limax
Decision variables
xij =
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑏 j is scheduled on machine i
0, 𝑜𝑡herwise
yik =
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑗𝑜𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑐heduled on machine i have been completed before sik
0, 𝑜𝑡herwise
h makespan
The ILP model formulated is as given in equations 1-9.
Min h (1)
Subject to
pjxij + ( (dic + tic )yi k+1 + (dik + tik )(1 − ( yik ))
μi
k=1
μi
k=1
k
c=1
μi−1
k=1 ≤ sik yik + M(1 −
μi
k=1
N
j=1
(k=1μiyik)) ∀i (2)
pjxij + ( (dic + tic )yi k+1 + (dik + tik )(1 − ( yik ))
μi
k=1
μi
k=1
k
c=1
μi−1
k=1 ≤ hN
j=1 ∀i (3)
xij = 1m
i=1 ∀j (4)
yik ≤ 1
μi
k=1 ∀i (5)
xij ∈ 0, 1 ∀i, ∀j (6)
yik ∈ 0, 1 ∀i (7)
h ≥ 0 (8)
The objective function (eq. 1) is the makespan to minimize. Constraint set (eq. 2) ensures that the
duration of unavailability period(s) is/are only added to the total processing times of jobs assigned to machine i,
when the starting time of the unavailability period(s) is/are before the completion of the jobs. Constraint set (eq.
3) ensures that the makespan of each machine, when unavailability period is considered, is at most as large as the
makespan. Constraint set (eq. 4) ensures that each job is assigned to exactly one machine. Constraint set (eq. 5)
ensures that no more than one yik is equal to one for each job. Constraint set (eq. 6) ensures that no more than
one zijk is equal to one for each job and machine. Constraint sets (eq. 7) and (eq. 8) show that xij and yik are
binary variables (i.e. can either be 0 or 1). Constraint set (eq. 9) is a non-negativity constraint.
2.2 Solution Procedure
Longest Processing Time (LPT) rule for job dispatching is known to perform better for minimizing
makespan (Lee, 1996; Baker and Trietsch, 2009). The LPT dispatching rule is first applied to develop a suitable
solution procedure for the problem. Then, the solution of the LPT-based algorithm is used as the initial feasible
solution to iteratively backtrack better feasible solutions in the main algorithm, which is formulated using the
greedy algorithm approach, until the optimal solution is obtained.
At any point in time, assume that the current feasible solution (makespan) is h, a better solution, h∗
, is
expected to be less than h by at least one unit, in the case of an integer processing time of jobs.
Hence, an upper bound of a feasible makespan is defined as thus:
UB = h − 1 (9)
2.2.1 Loading of the Machines
Jobs are scheduled on a machine in batches such that each batch refers to the period of availability of
the machine which is the period of time between the end of an unavailability period and the start of the next
unavailability period.
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Machines loads are determined in lexicographical order in which jobs are grouped into job types, according to
the processing time of each job, in descending order and the number of each job type (except the first job type)
scheduled on a machine depends on the loads of other job types already scheduled on the machine.
For the first job type:
u1 = min
LUB
p1
, v1 (10)
For other job types:
uj = min
LUB − pa ua
j−1
a=1
pj
, vj j = 2,3, … … … . n (11)
Where 𝑝𝑎 and 𝑢 𝑎 are respectively the processing time and the number of job type(s) already loaded on the
machine prior to loading the current job type on the machine.
The number of each job type scheduled in each batch of a machine is likewise determined as thus:
For the first batch:
𝑧1𝑗 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠1− 𝑝 𝜃 𝑧1𝜃
𝑗−1
𝜃=1
𝑝 𝑗
, 𝑢𝑗 ∀𝑗 (12)
For other batches:
𝑧 𝑏𝑗 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(𝑠 𝑖𝑏 −𝑒 𝑖(𝑏−1))− 𝑝 𝜃 𝑧 𝑏𝜃
𝑗−1
𝜃=1
𝑝 𝑗
, 𝑢𝑗 − 𝑧𝜏𝑗
𝑏−1
𝜏=1 𝑏 = 2,3, … … 𝑞; ∀𝑗 (13)
Where:
𝑝 𝜃 and 𝑧 𝑏𝜃 are respectively the processing time and the number of job types already loaded on a batch prior to
loading the current job type on the batch.
𝑧𝜏𝑗 is the number of jobs with processing time 𝑝𝑗 already scheduled in the previous batches before the current
batch.
The machine’s makespan is then determined as thus:
ℎ𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 + 𝑑𝑖 + 𝑡𝑖
(14)
Where:
𝐿𝑖 = 𝑝𝑗 𝑧 𝑏𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1
𝑞 𝑖
𝑏=1 (15)
𝑑𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑘
𝑞 𝑖−1
𝑘=1
(16)
and
𝑡𝑖 = 𝑠 𝑏 − 𝑒 𝑏−1 − 𝑝𝑗 𝑧 𝑏𝑗
𝑛
𝑗
𝑞 𝑖
𝑏=1 (17)
2.2.2 Feasibility Test of Machine Loading
As each machine is loaded, the feasibility of the load is tested using the following lemmas
(a) The makespan of the machine load must not be greater than the current upper bound
i.e ℎ𝑖 ≤ 𝑈𝐵 (18)
(b) At any point in time during loading of a particular machine, if the remaining average load is less than
the current load upper bound 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 ,
That is;
If
𝑝 𝑗
𝑁
𝑗=1 − 𝐿 𝑖
∝
𝑖=1
𝑚−∝
≤ 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 (19)
is satisfied, then the load is feasible and the next machine is loaded. Else;
(c) Test will be carried out if there may still be a feasible solution for the current upper bound. This is done
by assuming that the machines are loaded to their current upper bound load, 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 𝑖
. If remaining average load in
this condition is less than 𝐿 𝑈𝐵, that is;
If
𝑝 𝑗
𝑁
𝑗=1 − 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 𝑖
∝
𝑖=1
𝑚−∝
≤ 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 (20)
then feasible solution may be possible. Otherwise, feasible solution is no more possible.
(d) Also, if the feasibility test conducted in (c) is feasible, there is need to determine whether the possible
feasible solution is on the current machine. If the remaining average load, when the machines are loaded to their
upper bound except the current machine, is less than 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 ,
That is;
If
𝑝 𝑗
𝑁
𝑗=1 − 𝐿 𝑖
∝−1
𝑖=1 +𝐿 𝑈𝐵 ∝
𝑚−∝
≤ 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 (21)
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then the current machine is reloaded. Else, the immediate previous machine is reloaded.
The machine reloading is done as thus:
where 𝛾 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑗 𝑢𝑗 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 ≠ 𝑛
𝑢𝑗 = 𝑢𝑗 , 𝑗 = 1, 2, … … 𝛾 − 1; (22)
𝑢𝑗 = 𝑢𝑗 − 1, 𝑗 = 𝛾; (23)
𝑢𝑗 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿 𝑈𝐵 − 𝑝 𝑎 𝑢 𝑎
𝑗−1
𝑎=1
𝑝 𝑗
, 𝑣𝑗 𝑗 = 𝛾 + 1, … . . 𝑛; (24)
The job type with the highest number of jobs, in the load of the machine to be reloaded, is determined and
denoted as 𝛾. The number of each job type(s) before 𝛾 will be left as they were before reloaded. This is done
using equation (22). The number of jobs in 𝛾 is decreased by one (equation 23). The job type(s) after 𝛾 are
determined, in decreasing order of their processing time using equation (24), in the same manner as in equation
(11).
2.2.3 Algorithm Development
The steps involved in the LPT-based algorithm, henceforth referred to as the initial solution algorithm
and the main algorithm developed for the scheduling problem are presented as thus:
Initial Solution Algorithm
Step 1. Specify values for: m; n; 𝑝 𝑁 𝑁 = 1,2, … . . 𝑁 ; 𝑠𝑖𝑘 , 𝑑𝑖𝑘 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑚; 𝑘 = 1,2, … . 𝜇𝑖
Step 2. Arrange the N jobs in decreasing order of their processing time
Step 3. Set:
𝑀𝑖 = 0 (𝑖 = 1,2, … … … . , 𝑚)
𝑗 = 1
Step 4. Determine the job assignment decision variable, 𝑇𝑖
𝑇𝑖 =
𝑝 𝑁 + 𝑠𝑖𝑘 + 𝑑𝑖𝑘 𝑀𝑖 < 𝑠𝑖𝑘 < 𝑀𝑖 + 𝑝 𝑁
𝑀𝑖 + 𝑝 𝑁 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Step 5. Assign job j to machine i, such that;
𝑖 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑖: ∀𝑖
Step 6. Set:
𝑀𝑖 = 𝑇𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑇𝑖: 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 5)
𝑀𝑖 = 𝑀𝑖 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
and
𝑗 = 𝑗 + 1
Step 7. If 𝑗 ≤ 𝑁, Go to 4
Step 8. 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑘
𝑞
𝑘=1 (∀𝑖)
𝐿𝑖 = 𝑀𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖 , (∀𝑖)
Step 9. ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑖: ∀𝑖
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐿𝑖: ∀𝑖)
Main Algorithm
Step 1. Set: 𝑙 = 1; 𝑟 = 0
Step 2. Determine the upper bound of makespan and the upper bound of makespan load ( i.e. makespan without
unavailability and idle periods) using the solution obtained by the initial solution algorithm
𝑈𝐵 = ℎ − 1; 𝐿 𝑈𝐵 = 𝐿ℎ − 1
Step 3. Determine 𝑖∗∗
using
𝑖∗∗
= 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 OR 𝑖∗∗
= 1 (𝑖𝑓 𝑙 = 1)
Step 4. If 𝑖∗∗
= 𝑚, then 𝑖 = 𝑖∗∗
− 1
Else, 𝑖 = 𝑖∗∗
Step 5. Load machine i using equations (10) to (13)
Step 6. Determine the values of 𝐿𝑖, ℎ𝑖, 𝑑𝑖, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑖 using equations (15), (14), (16) and (17) respectively.
Step 7. If ℎ𝑖 ≤ 𝑈𝐵, Go to 10,
Step 8. If 𝑖 = 𝑚, set 𝑖 = 𝑖 − 1. Otherwise, set 𝑖 = 𝑖
Step 9. If 𝑢𝑗
𝑛−1
𝑗=1 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖, Go to 18. Else, Go to 21
Step 10. If 𝑖 = 𝑚, Go to 20
Step 11. Determine the feasibility of the load using equation (19)
Step 12. If equation (19) is feasible, set:
𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1; 𝑟 = 𝑟 + 1
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Go to 5
Step 13. Else, if equation (19) is infeasible, determine, using equation (3.31), whether there may still be a
feasible solution for the current upper bound.
Step 14. If equation (20) is infeasible, Go to 21
Step 15. Else, if equation (20) is feasible, check the feasibility of other possible loads on the current machine
using equation (21).
Step 16. If equation (21) is feasible, Set 𝑖 = 𝑖. Go to 18
Step 17. Else, if equation (21) is infeasible; set:
If 𝑟 > 0, Set 𝑖 = 𝑖 − 1. Else, Go to 21
Step 18. Reload machine i using equations (22) to (24), then (12) to (13). Go to 6
Step 19. Determine the new feasible solution (makespan) as thus:
ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(ℎ𝑖: 𝑖 = 1,2, … … … . , 𝑚)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐿𝑖: ∀𝑖)
Step 20. Set:
𝑙 = 𝑙 + 1; 𝑟 = 0
Go to 2
Step 21. Set:
ℎ = 𝑈𝐵 + 1
2.2.4 Software Development
The solution procedure, demonstrated through the initial solution algorithm and the main algorithm, is
implemented through a software that was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic Programming Language.
2.2.5 Software Validation
A typical numerical example was used to validate the developed software. This numerical example is
solved manually using the proposed solution procedure demonstrated through the initial solution algorithm and
the main algorithm. The same numerical example problem is then run on the developed software and the result
obtained is compared against that of the manual solution.
A problem of ten jobs on three machines with availability constraints on each machine is used in this example.
The processing times of the jobs are as in Table I.
Machine 1 is unavailable for 4 units of time at every 20 units of time after the end of last unavailability period.
Machine 2 is unavailable for 4 units of time at every 15 units of time after the end of last period of unavailability.
Machine 3 is unavailable for 4 units of time at every 10 units of time after the end of last unavailability period.
The parameters of the numerical example are:
𝑚 = 3 𝑛 = 4 𝑁 = 10 𝑑𝑖𝑘 = 4 (∀𝑖, ∀𝑘)
𝑠11 = 20; 𝑠12 = 44; 𝑠13 = 68 etc.
𝑠21 = 15; 𝑠22 = 34; 𝑠23 = 53 etc.
𝑠31 = 10; 𝑠32 = 24; 𝑠33 = 38 etc.
Solving through the numerical example, manually, using the solution procedure;
Optimal makespan, ℎ = 34.
The solution schedule obtained by the manual calculation is presented in Table II.
2.2.6 Model Validation
Industrial data were collected, for validation of the developed model, at Dinehin Engineering Workshop
situated at Ondo-Ore road, Akure Nigeria and Afolabi and Sons Engineering Limited, Akure, Nigeria. The
workshops respectively specialize in grinding of crankshaft and boring of engine block of different vehicles.
Data collected include the standard time, to bore an engine block and that to grind a crankshaft to various sizes.
These data were obtained by direct observation (using a stop watch) during operations on the machines. Also,
information on the preventive maintenance schedules of the machines was obtained.
The industrial data collected were run on the developed, and already validated, software for the purpose
of validating the model. Two case studies were used. One case representing validation through the data collected
on the grinding machines and the other case represents that of the boring machines. The data collected for the
validation of the model, on the two cases, are as presented in Tables III to VI.
Case Study 1: Data on Crankshaft Grinding Machine
Twenty jobs are considered on three parallel crankshaft grinders. The details of the jobs and the
unavailability periods of the machines are presented in Tables III and IV respectively.
Case Study 2: Data on Engine Block Boring Machine
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Fifteen jobs are considered on three parallel engine block borers. The details of the jobs and the
unavailability periods of the machines are presented in Tables V and VI respectively.
III. Results And Discussion
Model for scheduling non-resumable jobs on parallel machines subject to predictive unavailability
constraints has been developed and its solution procedure has been implemented in computer software.
Illustration 1 shows the input data interface of the software used for inputting jobs and machines details.
Validation of the developed software which was done using a typical numerical example showed that
the software generates a makespan of 34 units of time (see Illustration 2) which is the same as the one obtained
from manual calculation. The initial and optimal schedules obtained by the software and the manual calculation
are as presented in Illustration 3 and Table II respectively.
In order to ascertain the potential of the developed model in production or process optimization, the
model developed with its solution procedure is validated using the data collected for the two case studies. Case
study one is a problem of twenty jobs on three crankshaft grinders. An optimal makespan of 160 mins is obtained
by the model using the software against a makespan of 315 mins used in the company when the jobs were done.
Case study two is a problem of fifteen jobs on three engine block borers. Optimal makespan of 187 mins is
obtained by the model using the software while makespan of 310 mins was used when the jobs are carried in the
company. Tables VII and VIII give the initial and optimal schedule obtained by the software for case studies 1
and 2 respectively.
Comparatively, the model developed produced a better (lower) makespan than what is being expended
when the jobs are carried out in the company from which the data were obtained. Hence, the company can
increase its level of productivity of completing jobs in a shorter period of time than its present scenario, if it can
make use of the developed model and its software for jobs scheduling.
Moreover, it can also be said that the model developed has been effectively facilitated through efficient
computer software. Through the software, a scheduling problem involving three machines and ten jobs was
scheduled within a period of five to ten seconds, while the same problem took about two hours when solved
manually using the developed solution procedure. In this sense, the developed software will save a great deal of
time when used in an industrial setting.
IV. Conclusion
Although there have been various studies in the field of machine scheduling especially in recent years,
there are still many unexplored problems. In this research, parallel machines makespan minimization problem,
where the jobs are non-resumable and the machines are subjected to preventive maintenance activities of known
starting times and durations, was considered.
The problem was formulated as an integer linear programming and an effective algorithm was
developed to solve the problem. The algorithm developed is in two parts; the first part (initial solution algorithm)
generates an initial solution which was employed in the second part (main algorithm) to iteratively generate
better feasible solution. The second part is a backtracking algorithm which seeks for all the possible better
feasible solution until the optimum solution is attained.
The model developed with its solution procedure (algorithm) was then implemented in flowcharts
which were used to develop computer software. The computer software was validated using a numerical
example. In validating the model developed, the validated software was used to solve two different real life
industrial scheduling problems; grinding of twenty crankshafts of different vehicles on three crankshaft grinding
machines and boring of fifteen engine blocks on three engine block boring machines, when the machines were
subject to preventive maintenance activities of known starting times and durations. A better makespan were
obtained by the software, in the two problems presented, than what were expended in the company where the
jobs were carried out.
The use of the developed model and software will assist industries in time management, elimination of
process delay, meeting jobs due dates towards production/process optimization and maintenance schedule
management.
V. Tables And Illustrations
5.1 Tables
Table I: Numerical Example Job’s Processing Times
j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pj 10 10 9 9 7 7 6 6 6 6
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Table II: Solution Schedules Obtained by the Manual Calculation
Table III: Jobs details for data collected on crankshaft grinders
Table IV: Machines details for data collected on crankshaft grinders
Machine Maintenance schedule
Duration (mins) Interval of Time till the next delay period (mins)
1 5 60
55
50
2 5
3 5
Table V: Jobs details for data collected on engine block borers
S/N Job description No. of jobs Processing time of
each job (mins)Vehicle Grinding work
1 Nissan Standard to 020 3 27
2 J5 Standard to 020 6 22
3 Nissan Standard to 010 3 26
4 Bedford 030 to 040 3 35
Table VI: Machines details for data collected on engine block borers
Machine Maintenance schedule
Duration (mins) Interval of Time till the next delay period (mins)
1 5 60
2 5 55
3 5 50
Table VII: Solution Schedules Obtained for Case Study 1
INITIAL SOLUTION OPTIMAL SOLUTION
Job Processing time Machine assigned to Jobs Processing time Machine assigned to
1 37 1 1 37 2
2 37 2 2 37 2
3 37 3 3 37 1
4 37 3 4 37 1
5 23 1 5 23 2
6 23 1 6 23 1
7 23 2 7 23 1
8 23 1 8 23 1
9 17 2 9 17 3
10 17 1 10 17 3
11 17 3 11 17 3
12 17 2 12 17 2
13 17 3 13 17 2
14 17 1 14 17 2
15 13 2 15 13 3
16 13 3 16 13 3
17 13 1 17 13 3
18 13 2 18 13 3
19 13 1 19 13 3
20 13 3 20 13 3
S/N Job description No. of jobs Processing time of each
job (mins)Vehicle Grinding work
1 Mazda Standard to 010 4 17
2 Mazda Standard to 040 6 13
3 Toyota 020 to 030 4 23
4 Bedford 030 to 040 4 37
5 Toyota 010 to 020 2 17
INITIAL SOLUTION OPTIMALSOLUTION
Job Processing time Machine assigned to Jobs Processing time Machine assigned to
1 10 1 1 10 1
2 10 2 2 10 1
3 9 3 3 9 2
4 9 1 4 9 1
5 7 3 5 7 2
6 7 2 6 7 2
7 6 1 7 6 3
8 6 2 8 6 3
9 6 3 9 6 3
10 6 1 10 6 2
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Table VIII: Solution Schedules Obtained for Case Study 2
INITIAL SOLUTION OPTIMAL SOLUTION
Job Processing time Machine assigned to Jobs Processing time Machine assigned to
1 35 1 1 35 1
2 35 2 2 35 2
3 35 3 3 35 3
4 27 3 4 27 3
5 27 2 5 27 2
6 27 1 6 27 1
7 26 2 7 26 2
8 26 1 8 26 1
9 26 3 9 26 3
10 22 2 10 22 2
11 22 1 11 22 1
12 22 3 12 22 3
13 22 2 13 22 2
14 22 1 14 22 1
15 22 3 15 22 3
5.2 Illustrations
Illustration 1: Input Data Interface of the Software
Illustration 2: Optimal Makespan for the Numerical Example
Illustration 3: Obtained Initial and Optimal Schedules for the Numerical Example
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