Land cover transition and fragmentation of River Ogba catchment in Benin City...Glory Enaruvbe
This study examined variation in the intensity of land cover transition and the pattern of habitat fragmentation
of River Ogba catchment. Landsat images of 1988, 2002 and 2016 were classified into five categories: low
density urban, high density urban, mixed vegetation, agriculture and dense forest using maximum likelihood
classifier. Intensity analysis approach and landscape metrics were used to analyze the changes and fragmentation
of the land cover. Number of patches, largest patch Index, area-weighted shape index and Euclidean nearest
neighbour were computed. The results show that although mixed vegetation accounted for the largest land cover
category in 1988 and 2002, low density urban dominated the study area in 2016. Intensity analysis of land cover
change in the study area indicates a rising trend. The urban fringe is observed to be highly dynamic zone and this
is primarily driven by changes in agriculture, low density urban and mixed vegetation. The implications of rapid
land cover transition and fragmentation in River Ogba catchment, and especially in the urban fringe, include
threat to biodiversity, food supply and deteriorating environmental conditions. This study provides necessary
insights for developing sustainable strategies for urban landscape planning, administration and governance.
4 ijreh nov-2017-5-a review of vegetation coverAI Publications
Soil erosion is a major global environmental problem driven by a number of both natural and anthropogenic factors. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on vegetation cover as a natural factor of soil erosion. The study made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on vegetation as a factor of soil erosion. From the review, previous authors had a unity of opinion that vegetation cover is an important index to evaluate the soils’ sensivity to erosion. Uncovering the soil exposes it to the vagaries of erosion ranging from rainsplash to gully erosion that may be irreversible in forms of badlands. Recommendations of the study include: (1) making legislations mandating landholders to cover their soils using mainly economic trees as a source of livelihoods as well as protecting the soil against the forces of raindrops and runoff; (2) agroforestry by farmers and reforestation programme by governments to increase vegetation cover of soils so as to reduce the impact of raindrops and runoff that detach and transport soil particles; and (3) creation of awareness among the generality of the populace on the importance of vegetation in protecting the soil against erosion and maintaining the world’s climate.
Land cover transition and fragmentation of River Ogba catchment in Benin City...Glory Enaruvbe
This study examined variation in the intensity of land cover transition and the pattern of habitat fragmentation
of River Ogba catchment. Landsat images of 1988, 2002 and 2016 were classified into five categories: low
density urban, high density urban, mixed vegetation, agriculture and dense forest using maximum likelihood
classifier. Intensity analysis approach and landscape metrics were used to analyze the changes and fragmentation
of the land cover. Number of patches, largest patch Index, area-weighted shape index and Euclidean nearest
neighbour were computed. The results show that although mixed vegetation accounted for the largest land cover
category in 1988 and 2002, low density urban dominated the study area in 2016. Intensity analysis of land cover
change in the study area indicates a rising trend. The urban fringe is observed to be highly dynamic zone and this
is primarily driven by changes in agriculture, low density urban and mixed vegetation. The implications of rapid
land cover transition and fragmentation in River Ogba catchment, and especially in the urban fringe, include
threat to biodiversity, food supply and deteriorating environmental conditions. This study provides necessary
insights for developing sustainable strategies for urban landscape planning, administration and governance.
4 ijreh nov-2017-5-a review of vegetation coverAI Publications
Soil erosion is a major global environmental problem driven by a number of both natural and anthropogenic factors. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on vegetation cover as a natural factor of soil erosion. The study made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on vegetation as a factor of soil erosion. From the review, previous authors had a unity of opinion that vegetation cover is an important index to evaluate the soils’ sensivity to erosion. Uncovering the soil exposes it to the vagaries of erosion ranging from rainsplash to gully erosion that may be irreversible in forms of badlands. Recommendations of the study include: (1) making legislations mandating landholders to cover their soils using mainly economic trees as a source of livelihoods as well as protecting the soil against the forces of raindrops and runoff; (2) agroforestry by farmers and reforestation programme by governments to increase vegetation cover of soils so as to reduce the impact of raindrops and runoff that detach and transport soil particles; and (3) creation of awareness among the generality of the populace on the importance of vegetation in protecting the soil against erosion and maintaining the world’s climate.
Soil degradation in india and solutions, presentation for educational purpose only. Prepared by Nilakshi, Neshab, Manami, Tapan Moran and Biplab Sarma of Dept. Of Env. Scince, Gauhati University
EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTAR PRADESHPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil a finite resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Climate Change Impacts in Asia,Prese...ICRISAT
Land degradation -a temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land, or its potential for environmental management.2 billion ha (22.5%) out of 8.7 billion ha degraded; support ~1.5 billion people Cost of land degradation –300 billion USD per annum Causes -Water & wind erosion, nutrient and or soil organic C depletion, water logging, compaction, salinization, acidification, pollution. Soil chemical degradation like nutrient-loss accounts for >40% of cropland degradation.
Study on Impact of Land Fragmentation in Agriculture-A Case of Rajshahi Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract:The study was conducted in Rajshahi district to get clear picture on the status of land fragmentation. Total 30 respondents were interviewed to know about the status of land fragmentation in Rajshai, impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, environment, economics and sustainable development. This study was conducted with the view to assess the impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, land uses as well as on society, and in particular, challenges for the agricultural land. Several factors were recognized and it is happening due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions and population growth. The land use pattern of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly due to unplanned human settlement and industrialization. Bangladesh is a small country but it supports a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use The following factors are driving country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance include: i) unexpected population growth; ii) human settlement; iii) increased number of nuclear family; and iv) scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. As a result, agricultural land is decreasing remarkably. Results showed that the land fragmentation of Rajshahi district is changing, especially the agricultural land is decreasing in an alarming rate and now it is becoming more and more vulnerable. The agricultural land of the study area is losing each and every year. The agricultural production also is decreasing due to lack of agricultural land, industrialization, decreasing soil fertility and making soils toxics by using chemicals. If this rate continues, the agricultural land will be totally exhausted within the next couple of years. Moreover the fragmentation of land is impacting sustainable development of the study area frequently. If the perceived problems could be solved by raising awareness among the people, go for vertical uses of land, motivate family to live in the extend family, adopting appropriate policy for human settlements and land use planning.
Keywords:Extend family; land fragmentation; nuclear family; vertical scope; sustainable development.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Soil Erosion by Sustainable Phytoremediation Process Using Solar IrrigationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil and land degradation is considered for slope land such as riverbank or stream bank and lands of high forced water runoff and rainfall causes severe soil erosion is the concern of this work. The major cause of runaway unprotected soil particles due to the natural reasons, thus making uneven soil plain surface scan be remedied by tree plantation or vegetation. A precision mirror-amplifier is designed for primarily sensing soil moisture and pH level to provide eventual environmental conditions needed for irrigation and fertilization for plants to grow healthy, which in turn reduces the soil erosion. Another special sensor designed and employed here that can monitor the degradation due to erosion and the system can determine the soil’s critical limits. To design the system in an IC form, VLSI design MAGIC CAD tool is used to complete. Results from PSPICE has confirmed the proper performance of the IC and proved to be very applicable in the environment controlling systems. In this paper, design methods and results are presented for a sustainable cultivation technology to prevent soil erosion at slope land
Soil degradation in india and solutions, presentation for educational purpose only. Prepared by Nilakshi, Neshab, Manami, Tapan Moran and Biplab Sarma of Dept. Of Env. Scince, Gauhati University
EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTAR PRADESHPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil a finite resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Climate Change Impacts in Asia,Prese...ICRISAT
Land degradation -a temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land, or its potential for environmental management.2 billion ha (22.5%) out of 8.7 billion ha degraded; support ~1.5 billion people Cost of land degradation –300 billion USD per annum Causes -Water & wind erosion, nutrient and or soil organic C depletion, water logging, compaction, salinization, acidification, pollution. Soil chemical degradation like nutrient-loss accounts for >40% of cropland degradation.
Study on Impact of Land Fragmentation in Agriculture-A Case of Rajshahi Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract:The study was conducted in Rajshahi district to get clear picture on the status of land fragmentation. Total 30 respondents were interviewed to know about the status of land fragmentation in Rajshai, impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, environment, economics and sustainable development. This study was conducted with the view to assess the impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, land uses as well as on society, and in particular, challenges for the agricultural land. Several factors were recognized and it is happening due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions and population growth. The land use pattern of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly due to unplanned human settlement and industrialization. Bangladesh is a small country but it supports a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use The following factors are driving country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance include: i) unexpected population growth; ii) human settlement; iii) increased number of nuclear family; and iv) scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. As a result, agricultural land is decreasing remarkably. Results showed that the land fragmentation of Rajshahi district is changing, especially the agricultural land is decreasing in an alarming rate and now it is becoming more and more vulnerable. The agricultural land of the study area is losing each and every year. The agricultural production also is decreasing due to lack of agricultural land, industrialization, decreasing soil fertility and making soils toxics by using chemicals. If this rate continues, the agricultural land will be totally exhausted within the next couple of years. Moreover the fragmentation of land is impacting sustainable development of the study area frequently. If the perceived problems could be solved by raising awareness among the people, go for vertical uses of land, motivate family to live in the extend family, adopting appropriate policy for human settlements and land use planning.
Keywords:Extend family; land fragmentation; nuclear family; vertical scope; sustainable development.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Soil Erosion by Sustainable Phytoremediation Process Using Solar IrrigationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil and land degradation is considered for slope land such as riverbank or stream bank and lands of high forced water runoff and rainfall causes severe soil erosion is the concern of this work. The major cause of runaway unprotected soil particles due to the natural reasons, thus making uneven soil plain surface scan be remedied by tree plantation or vegetation. A precision mirror-amplifier is designed for primarily sensing soil moisture and pH level to provide eventual environmental conditions needed for irrigation and fertilization for plants to grow healthy, which in turn reduces the soil erosion. Another special sensor designed and employed here that can monitor the degradation due to erosion and the system can determine the soil’s critical limits. To design the system in an IC form, VLSI design MAGIC CAD tool is used to complete. Results from PSPICE has confirmed the proper performance of the IC and proved to be very applicable in the environment controlling systems. In this paper, design methods and results are presented for a sustainable cultivation technology to prevent soil erosion at slope land
What is Erosion?
Human Causes of Erosion
Natural Causes of Erosion
What are the Causes of Soil Erosion?
What are the Effects of Soil Erosion?
Soil Erosion Prevention Methods
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Role of watershed management in reducing soil erosion zewde azewde alemayehu
Soil is one of the most important and essential natural resources. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.
Spatial Coverage of Water Hyacinth Infestation Around Lake Tana, Ethiopia ESIJjournal1
Water hyacinth, Eichhornia Crassipes, is an aquatic invasive species which is native to South America. It profoundly affects the tropical and subtropical region of the world. In addition, it is recognized as one of the worst weeds and most aggressive invasive species by the International Union for theConservation of Nature (IUCN). In Africa, Zimbabwe is one of the first African countries which water hyacinth was officially recorded. In Ethiopia, it announced in 1956 in Koka Lake and Awash river. Water hyacinth infestation around the Lake Tana is aggravated from time to time. This study was conducted on five woredas (such as Dera, Fogera, Libokemkem, Gondar Zuria and Dembia) which have a higher infestation of water hyacinth coverage. There were about 5394 hectares of water hyacinth areal coverage of the whole woredas at the cost of the Lake. From those woredas, Dembia was holding most areal coverage (2563
hectares) of water hyacinth infestation. To determine the areal extent of water hyacinth around the lake, consecutive ground control truck points was calibrated.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.): Land use/land cover changes and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water hyacinth was officially reported in Ethiopia in 1956 at Koka Dam and Awash River and it is considered as a constraint to the development of the country. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine Water hyacinth and associated land cover/use changes, and capture perceptions regarding community-based management to enhance its proper control/eradication in Lume and Boa districts, east Shoa zone, Ethiopia using integrated approach. The method of study included Water hyacinth and associated land use/cover change analyses, focus group discussions, discussions with experts at the district, zone and region levels and undertaking consultative workshop. The land use/land cover change analyses revealed increased area coverage by Water hyacinth from about 145.53 ha in 1986 to 2319.48 ha in 2015 with decline in the area of water bodies and wetlands. The annual rate of increase in the area of the weed was about 51.51% while water bodies and wetlands declined by about 0.49% and 1.16%, respectively. Of the 10 group discussions undertaken in the study districts with the communities, 9 of them reported water hyacinth to increase in terms of area coverage since its appearance in their areas which concurs the results obtained from satellite image analyses and they reported the weed to be very harmful to their livelihood. Furthermore, the nine group discussants disclosed water hyacinth to be of no use to them. Recommendations included developing comprehensive management strategies and action plans, analysis and defining roles of each stakeholder, awareness creation, training, institutional linkages, co-management and reduction of nutrient load in water bodies.
Abstract— This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to assess the amount of some soil chemical properties affected by traditional agroforestry practices and along different elevation gradients. The dominant agroforestry practices (homegarden, parkland and woodlot), and three elevation gradients (upper, middle and lower) were used to collect soil samples. One composite sample was taken from each sampling point from each soil depths, under three agroforestry practices and three elevation gradient with three replications to have a total of 54 soil samples at 20 x 20 m plot. Then the selected soil chemical properties among agroforestry practices and along elevation gradient was determined at p<0.05. The EC, pH and CEC of the top soil was significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot while EC, pH and total nitrogen of the sub soil were significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot. Further, only the top soil EC and CEC were significantly higher on lower elevation than upper and middle elevation and there was no significant difference in sub soil chemical parameters among elevation levels. In relation to this, most of the soil chemical properties show as the study area is being degraded. Therefore, are recommended for sustainable soil chemical property management. Hence, homegarden is suggested as a better agroforestry practice for rehabilitation of the area in a sustainable manner through enhanced accumulation of total nitrogen, good EC and CEC at all elevation gradients.
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Effect of different Grass Species on Soil Loss, and Runoff at Assosa, Benisha...BRNSSPublicationHubI
Land degradation is a severe environmental problem across sub-Saharan Africa, and Ethiopia is among the most affected countries. This study aimed to know the potential of different grasses for soil and water conservation. Three different grasses were used to evaluate their potential for conserving the soil and water on the farmland, with three replications each for 2 consecutive years. Vetiver, Desho, and elephant grass had deposited 10 and 7 ton/he of soil relative to a plot without any grass control. Furthermore, they had increased the soil water by 22.6% as compared to a plot without any grass. Thus, the study revealed the best potential of Vetiver, and Desho grass to conserve both the soil and water. Therefore, the study revealed the best and most promising potential for treating degraded land with biological measures.
Soil Erosion Risk Assessment Using GIS Based USLE Model for Soil and Water Co...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources were used for model input. These data were computed at a grid level with 30*30m resolution and then overlaid to generate mean annual soil loss by the help of raster calculator in Arc GIS tool. Results of the study showed that, the mean annual soil loss of the watershed was 18.69 ton ha-1 year-1 ranging from 0 to 131.21. More than 75% of the watershed have soil loss greater than 20 ton ha-1 year-1 and only 25% of the area have soil loss less than 10 ton ha-1 year-1 .On the bases of mean annual soil loss SW-4, SW-6 and SW-7 were under slight (0-10 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level, while the remaining SW-2, SW-3 and SW-8 were under moderate (10-20 ton ha-1 year-1) level. And SW-1 was in high (20-30 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level, where as SW-5 and SW-9 were found in very high (>30 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level. Since large area of the watershed has soil loss more than tolerable level (11 ton ha-1 year-1) attention should be given to identify erosion hot spot areas to minimize the on-site and off-site problems. Therefore, the study suggested that for effective watershed management and soil conservation planning, these sub-watershed priorities should be used in the watershed.
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
Presented by T. Pagella, M. Cronin, G. Lamond, T. Sida and F.L. Sinclair at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Extent of gully erosion and farmer’s perception of soil erosion in alalicha watershed, southern ethiopia
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
Extent of Gully Erosion and Farmer’s Perception of Soil Erosion
in Alalicha Watershed, Southern Ethiopia
Alemu Osore1 Awdenegest Moges2
1. School of Civil and Urban Engineering, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
2. School of Biosystems and Environmental Engineering, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
Corresponding author Email:- awde_moges@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the extent and rate of gully erosion in Alalicha watershed, southern
Ethiopia. Gully measurements, field observations, and interviewing were used to generate the necessary data.
Two sub watersheds; Bora and Banda were delineated and 21 gullies were identified. Investigation of the
morphology, age and main causes for initiation of the gullies were carried out. The result shows that, long term
gully erosion rate for the watershed was 2.12 t ha-1yr-1 and the total surface area occupied by gullies in Bora and
Banda sub watersheds were about 19,328.2 m2 and 6,433.2 m2 respectively. The estimated total volume of soil
loss was over 36,000 m3 in Bora and 8,700 m3 in Banda sub watersheds. A gully density of 11.1 m/ha for Bara
and 6.7m/ha for Banda were estimated implying variations in severity of gully erosion. Based on length, all the
gullies in the watershed have categorized under long gullies; however medium deep gullies dominate (77-88%)
in both sub watersheds than shallow gullies (12-23%). Analysis of the gully morphology reveals that, a negative
relationship exists between the top width and depth of gully. The damages and associated problems of the gullies,
as explained by farmers, include loss of land, dissection of farms, and deposition of sediments on growing crops
and restriction of movement of animal and people. The farmers of the watershed were well aware of soil erosion,
soil fertility loss and erosion control and fertility management methods. However reluctant to implement as, they
look food incentives because of poor economic status. Hence to conserve the land primarily awareness creation
and encouraging the farmers through some sort of incentive may be required.
Keywords: gully erosion, gully morphology, farmers’ perception and erosion control.
1. Introduction
Erosion, one of the symptoms of unsustainable land management, is an important degradation process affecting
the soil resource in the entire world (Herweg and Stillhartd 1999). Erosion by water is the most serious form of
land degradation process and accounts for 56% of the degraded soils in the world (Sohan and Lal, 2001;
Elirehema, 2001). Erosion threatens our ability to sustain the growing population with food and fiber, and is
closely linked to economic vitality, environmental quality, and human health concerns (Anthony and Lawrence,
2006). Roughly it is estimated that 75 billion tons of fertile topsoil is lost worldwide from agricultural systems
every year (Pimentel, 2000) and nearly 10 million ha of cropland worldwide is abandoned every year because of
problems associated with soil erosion alone (Pimentel, 2000).
The commonly recognized forms of water erosion are splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion
and stream bank erosion (FAO 1965; Dressing 2003), of which gully erosion is the alarming and appalling stage
compared with sheet and rill erosion. Gully erosion is a highly visible form of soil erosion that affects soil
productivity, restricts land use and can threaten roads, fences and buildings (Nyssen et al. 2004; Avni 2005;
Carey 2006). It is the most prevalent type of water erosion in Ethiopia and it dissects the fields, impedes the
tillage operations, damaging agriculture, residential area and restricts free movement of animals and human
beings in different parts of the country (Daba et al. 2003; Woldeamlak and Sterk 2003; Awdenegest and Holden
2008).
Alalicha watershed, the study site, is one of the areas experiencing severe soil erosion and land degradation
problems. To reverse the problems, several soil and water conservation interventions have been implemented for
over a decade since 2000 by the government and community. However, in most parts, the control measures do
not seem to be sustained and soil erosion is not controlled as desired, probably because of lack of good
understanding and knowledge of the major gully erosion phenomenon in the watershed. The extent of gully
erosion has not be quantified and the consequences identified and perhaps a major constraint for implementation
of the correct conservation measure. Therefore, this study was designed with the aims; i) to evaluate the
morphology and quantify gully erosion rate; and ii) to assess the farmers’ perception on soil erosion and
conservation practices. The investigation will provide a starting point to help develop a practical approach to soil
erosion control interventions within the community that would have the greatest chance of success.
74
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
75
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Description of the study area
The study was conducted in Alalicha watershed Dale woreda, Sidama Zone of the Southern Nations
Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS). It is found about 35km south east of regional city Hawassa
along the main road from Hawassa to Yirgalem (Figure 1). Geographically, it is located between 06°49'11" -
06°47'05" latitude and 038°22'56" - 038°22'10"E longitude and its slope ranges from gentle to very steep slope
(0-30 %). The watershed is composed of two sub watersheds Bora (286ha) and Banda (254ha). The rainfall
pattern is bimodal and varies from 1000mm to 1666 mm and the mean annual temperature ranges from 18oc to
25oc. The farming system in the area is mixed agriculture and the dominant soil type is Nitosols.
Figure 1: Location map of the study area
2.2. Measurements of gully morphology
Measurements of the gully dimensions were done after the gully length is dissected into sections of same cross-
(Stocking and Murnaghan, 2000). Therefore, each gully section was measured for depth, width(s) and length,
using measuring tape. In order to calculate the quantity of soil lost by gully, relationships and analysis has been
done as follows.
A) Volume of soil lost (V) (m3) = Σ Vi
Where; Vi = Volume soil lost in a section gully (product of gully cross sectional area to the
gully section length).
B) Long -term gully erosion rate (RL) =
3. Where; V= Volume of soil lost (m3)
Bd = Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3).
T = age of the gully in years
A = Area of the sub-watershed in hectares.
C) Gully texture (gully surface area) in m2 = Length (m) x Gully average top width (m)
D) Gully to plot area ratio =
Σ
4. Where; SAi = Surface area of unit gully (m2).
A = Area of the sub-watershed (ha).
n = Number of gullies.
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
76
E) Gully density =
Σ
6. Where; Li = Length of unit gully in meter
A = Area of the sub-watershed in hectares
n = Number of gullies
The evolution of the gully was studied in detail using the assessment of gully erosion rates through community
interviews. To estimate the age of each of the studied gully, an event calendar (Table 1) was constructed through
discussion held with key informants (KI). A total of seven key informants were selected from the village. Two
were head of house hold whose land is found at the boundary of the gully, one development agent working in the
area and four elder farmers who are knowledgeable about the area were selected. The researchers with the
purposely selected key informants walked along each gully and discussed on the development as well as age of
the gully.
Table 1: Event oriented calendar used in the questions
Year Events Description
2005 Election 97 Popular election held in May 15, 2005
1990 Downfall of the
‘Derg’ government
Movement that has brought the EPRDF to power
1988 Land reform Land redistribution
1983 Extreme drought Considerable part of the country as well people have been affected by the
drought
1978 Country-wide
repression (Key
Shebir)
This was the response, massive killing of EPRP opposition party members
by the ‘Derg’ government.
1975 A l p habetization
campaign
Famous literacy champagne held throughout the country
1974 Downfall of Haile
Selassie I
Movement that has brought the Derg to power
2.3. Farmers’ perceptions on soil erosion and SWC practices
The perceptions of farmers on soil erosion and conservation practices were assessed using interviews. The
questionnaire was pre-tested on 20 farmers before administrating on the sampled households. To obtain
information about the same issues multiple methods (FGD and KII) were employed, to supplement the
questionnaire results and to increase reliability of the data. In the watershed there are 277 households (HHs) and
t 14 percent (40HH) of the total HHs was randomly selected for the interview and equally divided to Bora
(20HH) and Banda (20HH) sub watershed. The random sampling was done using lists of all households which
were obtained from the kebele administrations. Two FGD were carried out each with13 members of the
community from both sub watershed. Three development agents of different disciplines (agronomy, soil and
water conservation and animal production experts) working in the area were considered as key informants. The
major issues covered include attitude of farmers on soil erosion and factors that constrain practicing soil and
water conservation measures.
The distribution and frequency of the farmers’ response were analysed using MS-Excel and the correlation
between the volume of gully erosion as dependent variable and morphometric characteristics of gullies as
independent variables was considered using stepwise method in SPSS version 16 software.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. The extent of gully erosion in the watershed
The longest gully was 427.4 meter while the shortest was 108 meters in both Bora and Banda sub watersheds.
The main causes for the initiation and development of gullies were noted. Heavy rainfall was the primary reason
identified as cause of gully. However, the most frequently mentioned man made causes were improper land
development, construction of road, livestock and vehicle trails and unprotected feeder roads. The main asphalt
road passes through the Bora watershed and runoff from road drainage has been found to contribute for the
formation of two gullies in the Bora sub watershed. These gullies were the longest and severest gully recorded
compared to others. Reports (Montgomory 1994; Wemple et al. 1996; Moyerson 2000) indicated that,
inadequate drainage systems of roads such as small number of culverts and insufficient capacity of road ditches
7. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
are some of the causes of gullying which is in agreement with the findings of the studied watersheds. A study on
the highlands parts of Ethiopia (Solomon 2009) also reported that, construction of roads has a greater impact on
the formation of gully formation and development than other factors.
77
3.2. Soil loss from gully and gully morphology
Total volume of soil lost from 13 recorded gullies in the Bora Sub watershed was 36,608.2 m3 and the total
surface area damaged was 19,328.2m2. Similarly, in the Banda sub watershed the total volume of soil removed
from 8 recorded gullies was 8,767.5 m3 and the total surface area was 6,433.2 m2. In comparison Bora sub
watershed is highly affected than the Banda sub watershed (Table 2)
Table 2: Summary of Gully characteristics in the watershed
Gully characteristics Bora Sub
watershed
Banda Sub
watershed
Mean Std. Deviation
No. Gullies 13 8 - -
Total length (m) 3151.0 1688.3 2419.7 + 1034.3
Gully texture or total Surface area (m2) 19,328.2 6,433.2 12880.7 + 9118.2
Volume (m3) 36,608.2 8,767.5 22687.9 + 19686.4
Average depth (m) 1.8 1.5 1.7 + 0.2
Average width at lip (m) 5.1 3.7 4.4 + 0.96
Gully to plot area ratio 0.007 0.003 0.005 + 0.003
Gully density (m/ha) 11.1 6.7 8.9 + 3.1
Gully length: In Bora sub watershed, the longest and the shortest gullies were 427.4 meters and 108 meters
respectively with the mean of 242.4 meter and standard deviation of + 95.1. On the other hand, the longest and
the shortest gully in Banda sub watershed were 259 meter and 143 meters respectively with the mean of 211.1
meter and standard deviation of +42.2. The mean values of both sub watersheds indicate that, the average length
of gully in Bora sub watershed is greater than that of Banda sub watershed. This variation on gully length might
be due to presence of more gullies and relatively longer and steep slope in Bora Sub watershed.
Gully width and depth: As indicated in table 2, the mean value of gully top width was estimated to be 4.4 m
with the standard deviation of + 0.96. This shows that the gullies in the area do not have wide variation in their
width. Similarly, the average gully depth was 1.7 m with 1.8m in Banda and 1.5m in Bora sub-watersheds)
indicating little variation in depth between sub-watershed compared to width of gullies. The variation on gully
depth might be because of the depth of the soil and the slope variations in the watershed.
Gully texture and gully to plot area ratio: The total surface area occupied by gullies in Bora and Banda Sub
watershed showed big variation, 19,328.2m2 and 6,433.2 m2 respectively. In total 25,761.4 m2 area is damaged
and these gullies dissected the filed in 21 places. As shown in table 2 above, the total damaged area in Bora sub
watershed is three times larger than Banda sub watershed. Measure of gully to plot area ratio on Bora and Banda
sub watershed were found to be 0.007 and 0.003 respectively with their mean of 0.005 and standard deviation of
+0.003 (Table 2). This shows that for every 1000 units of land on Bora sub watershed, there were about 7 unit
area of land were damaged. On Banda Sub watershed for every 1000 units of land, 3 unit areas of land were
damaged. Such ratio tells the extent of area damaged and out of production. Girum (2007) indicated that, gully to
plot area ratio in Kilie catchment, Lume woreda was 0.136 or 150 m/ha, which are out of production. Similarly
Abiy (2008) reported that Kelala Dalacha enclosure in the central rift valley of Ethiopia had gully- plot area ratio
of 0.0027, which much below than other reports as well as findings of this study. Therefore damaged area by
gullies is not proportionate to the area under investigation but on the severity of erosion that is associated with
the peculiar nature of a study area.
Gully density: As shown in table 2, the gully density of 11.1 m/ha was recorded in the Bora sub watershed, and
6.7 m/ha was in Banda Sub watershed. Which implies that, in the Bora sub watersheds was severely degraded
than Banda, as gully density between 1000-2500m/100ha (10-25m/ha) is categorized as severely degraded. The
Banda sub watersheds could be categorized as moderate to severe degraded area as gully density is estimated
between 500-1000m/100ha (5-10m/ha). This variation on gully density with in sub watersheds might be because
of the more number of gullies and coverage of greater surface area in Bora Sub watershed. However both could
be classified as moderate to severe degraded. Similar result was found in central high land (Solomon 2009;
Girum 2007), in central rift valley (Abiy 2008), and in southern high lands of Ethiopia (Anteneh 2009).
Gully volume: The total amount of soil removed from the gullies inside the Bora sub watershed was 36,608.23
8. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
m3 (Table 2) and the average amount of soil removed from each gully was 2816.02m3 with standard deviation of
+4710.5. Similarly, the total amount of soil removed from the Banda sub watershed was 8,767.53 m3 and the
average amount of soil removed from each gully was 1095.95 m3 with standard deviation of +745.6. Therefore,
the total volume of soil lost from all gullies in the watershed (Table 2) is 45,375.76 m3.
Gully category: Based on gully depth gullies were classified as small gully (less than 1m), medium gully
( between 1-5 m) and large gully (greater than 5m) (Pathak et al 2006). In terms of gully depth measurement,
there were 12 and 23% short gullies and medium gullies account to 88 and 77% in Banda and Bora sub
watersheds respectively. There were no large gullies available in both sub watersheds.
Based on gully length, gullies were classified in to three categories small (5 m), medium (5-10 m) and large
gullies (10 m) (Pathak et al. 2006; Sargeant 1984). The shortest gully length measured in the watershed was
108 meters, which is almost nine times greater than the longest gully reported by Pathak et al. (2006).
Based on gully continuation all gullies in the watershed are discontinuous and their depth increases from the up-stream
to its mid-point and then decreases gradually. Perhaps this is because of the highly erodible nature of the
soil at the middle section. The gullies studied on both sites have differing morphology along their lengths.
Referring to the shape of gully cross section; those formed due to road drainage are V- shaped, deep and wide
but seem to be stable at the upstream section. The mid sections of these gullies are U-shaped with steep sided
walls and are very wide, with active erosion cave-in and tension cracking taking place. There are gullies that no
more grow in length due to reaching the upper most of the catchment- catchment divide. On the other hand,
gullies formed due to human and animal track and fed by runoff from roads have typically U- shape. These grow
upstream and widen in its mid section. The lower parts of all gullies are trapezoidal in shape and stable. This
result is similar with the findings of Solomon (2009) in central high land, Anteneh (2009) in Halaba woreda
southern Ethiopia and Tigist (2009) near Lake Tana, northern highlands of Ethiopia.
3.3. Relationship between morphometric parameters of studied gullies
The correlation among the gully morphology (Table 3) shows that, there is a linear and positive relationship
between width and length of the gully. Their relation is significant at 1% significance level with R2 of 0.6. This
relationship implies that with increasing one unit in the gully length, 0.6 unit of gully width will be increased. In
other words, if the length of the gully is longer, its width is wider compared to short length gullies and the risk of
land lost due to gully will be two fold in longer gullies. The reason for this may be when the runoff goes a long
distance; it will get a chance to collapse the side of gully and may widen the sections as well. On the other hand,
the statistic correlation (Table 3) showed negative relationship between top width and depth of the gully. Along
the gully length, depth decreases with increasing in width of the gully although their R2 value is - 0.15. Statically
gully depth has no relationship with gully length because; the correlation value R2 is 0.06 and non significant.
The finding of Solomon (2009) shows similar evidence, the absence of relationship between gully depth and
length at correlation value (R2) of 0.26 in his study area. However, this research revealed that a linear and
positive relationship exists between the W/D ratio and length of gully erosion.
On the other hand, the volume of gully had positive relationship with the length, top width and depth (Table 3).
The volume of gully had a significant correlation with the length of the gully at P0.01 with R2 of 0.6.
78
Table 3: correlations among gully morphology
Length Width Depth Volume
Length Pearson Correlation 1 0.600** 0.061 0.569**
Width Pearson Correlation 0.600** 1 -0.15 0.303
Depth Pearson Correlation 0.061 -0.15 1 0.072
Volume Pearson Correlation 0.569** 0.303 .072 1
**.Correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The simplest linear equation existed between the volume of soil loss indicated that more variation among the
gullies which could be attributed to the variation in the length of the gullies. In addition to gully length, gully
width had also closely related to gully depth, but the relationship, (R2) but not significantly at P0.05 (Table 4).
The finding of this study showed that, the simple linear equation between the volume of the gully and other gully
parameters will include only length and width of the gully.
3.4. The rate of gully erosion and its impact in the watershed
The total length of all gullies in the watershed is 4839.33 m, with a total volume of 45,375.76 m3 and
9. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
Table 4: Volumes of gully and its morphometric characteristics
Percent of respondent
79
R2 P
V = 0.988L - 3.59 0.32 0.007
V = 0.927L - 0.868W- 3.66 0.33 0.03
V = 0.781L – 0.521W+ 0.121D -3.71 0.33 0.07
According to information obtained with the semi-structured interview the approximate incision period of the
gully segments ranged from 15 years for the new gullies to 60 years for the old gullies. The mean value of the
bulk density of the area was 1.12 g cm-3 and long-term gully erosion rate was calculated as 2.12 t ha-1 yr-1 since
the incision period from 1952 to 2012.
Out of the total area of the watershed, 25761.4 m2 of land is occupied by gullies dissects and some gullies have
up to 6.6 meter depth and 27.5 meters width. Restricting free movement of animals and human beings has been
raised as the major impact of the these gullies by the farmers.
3.5. Farmers’ perception on soil erosion and soil fertility loss
Majority of the households (92.5 percent) of respondents in the watershed perceived the occurrence of soil
erosion and see it as a problem on their farm land. They also believe the severity of the problem had increased in
recent years. They also use various easily observable soil erosion indicators. The farmers’ principal indicators of
soil erosion were; decline in land productivity (yield) (92%), followed by requiring by fertilizers (88%),
compactness of the soil (soil coarse) (86%); removal of top soil by runoff (78%); formation of rills (68%);
decrease in soil depth (15%) and deposition of sediments (8%) (Figure 2).
Similarly, the above indicators were also obtained in other the studies, Abera (2003) in north western Ethiopia,
Awdenegest and Holden (2007) and Mesfin (2011) in southern Ethiopia and Ouma and Sterk (2005) in Kenya.
Figure 2: Soil erosion indicators by farmers
Ninety three percent (93%) of the sample households perceived the fertility decline of their cultivated land and
of which the majority of the respondents also witnessed that they observed an increasing trend in the severity of
fertility decline over the past 10 years. On the other hand, in the study watershed the farmers’ are able to identify
principal indicators for soil fertility loss. The survey result show that, reduced in crop yield (90%), requiring of
artificial fertilizers (88%), barren land or lack vegetation verge (63%) and presence of rills or gullies on their
farms (30%) as the indicators for soil fertility loss. The main factors for decline of soil fertility identified from
the survey result were soil erosion, flowed by use of insufficient amount of fertilizer. Continuous cultivation and
Poor soil management were also identified for the decline of soil fertility in the area. Like that, the major causes
responded by respondents for soil erosion in the watershed is excess rain fall (78%), followed by lack of
conservation structures (61%), Continuous cultivation (55%) and Poor soil management practice (19%).
3.6. Knowledge of farmers’ on soil conservation and fertility management practices
The survey results show that, from 100% of farmers believe there are soil erosion and soil fertility loss on their
farms. However 95% of them perceive the problems can be controlled. When asked to suggest actions and
solutions to the problem of soil erosion, 85 per cent of farmers were able to suggest more than one action, which
indicate that along with the knowledge of indicators and reasons for degradation, farmers also have knowledge
of solutions (Table 5).
10. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
Table 5: Farmers’ perception on soil erosion control and fertility management practices
Soil erosion controlling measures Frequency % Soil fertility
80
management practices
Frequency %
Constructing terraces (buds and
Fanya juu)
34 85.0 Use of chemical fertilizer 35 87.5
Contour ploughing 29 72.5 Use of manure 19 47.5
Cut -off –drain and Water way 14 35.0 Mulch or compost 5 12.5
Planting trees and agro-forestry
36 90.0 Agro forestry Crop
36 90.0
practices
rotation
Different Check dam constructions 3 7.5 Controlling soil erosion 30 75.0
Farmers are aware of soil and water conservation practice and have knowledge on the benefits of soil
conservation. Even though they have knowledge on soil water conservation practices, during the time of
interviewing they have reported that the construction of soil conservation structures require high fund and labour.
Under such circumstance individual farmers efforts do have limited capacity and government and non-government
support in organising and funding the activities is required through various incentives programs like
Food-For-Work (FFW). This is also supported during the group discussion that farmers have knowledge on
SWC activities but for construction of structures on their land or on common land, they need to get some
incentives. The reasons given included the food shortage and that it is proper to be paid for activities carried out
in common lands. During the field visit it was observed that farmers’ willingness to implement agro-forestry
practices but reluctant to construct Physical SWC structures. There are similar finding in southern Ethiopia
(Awdenegest and Holden 2007; Mesfin 2011) reporting that farmers do need some incentives to involve in soil
conservation whether it is on their farm or in common lands.
4. Conclusions
The results obtained from measurement and observation showed that 21 gullies were formed between1952 to
2012 and the majority were developed between 1980 to1990. Gully density and plot to area ratio indicated that,
the study area was considered as moderate to severely degraded area according to the classifications of gully
density. Among the measured gully dimensions, length was found to be the most important parameter to estimate
the volume of soil lost and the length of the gully had a positive correlation with width of the gully. The long
term gully erosion rate for the area was 2.12 t ha-1 yr-1 and compared with other findings in Ethiopia of similar
biophysical conditions this was low (Nyssen et al. 2004; Daba et al. 2003; Awdenegest and Holden 2008).
However in terms of surface area coverage the impact has been found to be sever.
The sampled household farmers in Alalicha watershed are well aware of the problem of soil erosion and believed
the severity of the problem had increased in recent years. In addition, most of the farmers suggested soil erosion
as the major cause for soil fertility decline. But the little effort so far accounts for farmers are looking for
incentives (food or cash) from the government or other NGOs. Based on the results of the study, we recommend
that an appropriate soil and water conservation measure must be practiced to rehabilitate the gullies. Moreover
there is a need to accompany this with frequent and appropriate maintenance of feeder roads, equally like that for
newly construction main roads. Runoff generated along the road should be diverted to nearby natural water ways
to minimize development of the gullies.
5. Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to the farmers who cooperated us with data collection in measurements, discussion and
during the household survey.
References
Abera Birhanu. (2003). Factors Influencing the Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices in Northwestern
Ethiopia. Discussion Papers No. 37. Institute of Rural Development, University of Goettingen, Germany.
Abiy Tsetargachew. (2008). Area Closure as a Strategy for Land Management: A Case Study at Kelala Dalacha
enclosure in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Msc. Thesis, Environmental Science Programme, Addis Ababa
University, Ethiopia.
Anteneh Getachew. (2009). Soil erosion assessment in agricultural landscape: the case of Rekame catchment,
Alaba Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. MSc. thesis, Environmental Science Programme, Addis Ababa University,
Ethiopia
Anthony, T.O., Lawrence, J.S. (2006). Understanding Soil Erosion in Irrigated Agriculture. University of
California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication, 8196. Natural Resources and Water,
11. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
State of Queensland.
Avni, Y. (2005). Gully incision as a key factor in desertification in an arid environment, the Negev highlands,
Israel, Catena. 63: 185-220.
Awdenegest Moges Holden, N.M. (2008). Estimating the rate and consequences of gully development, a case
study of Umbulo catchment in southern Ethiopia. Land Degradation Development. 19: 574-586
Awdenegest Moges and Holden, NM. (2007). Farmers’ perceptions of soil erosion and soil fertility loss in
Southern Ethiopia. Land Degradation Development. 18: 543-553
Carey, B. (2006). Gully erosion. Department of Natural Resources and Water, State of Queensland. Available at:
http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/land/l81.pdf. Accessed on April 05, 2012.
Daba, S., Rieger, W., Strauss, P. (2003). Assessment of gully erosion in eastern Ethiopia using
photogrammetric techniques. Catena 50, 273- 291
Dressing, S. A. (2003). National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Pollution from Agriculture-USEPA.
Elirehema, Y.S. (2001). Soil water erosion modelling in selected watersheds in south Spain.IFA, ITC, Enschede.
FAO. (1965). Soil erosion by water and some measures for its control on cultivated land. Food and Agriculture
organization of the united nation, Italy Rome.
Girum Woldegiorgis. (2007). Assessment of Soil Quality and Erosion Rate in Kilie catchment, Lume Woreda,
East Shoa, Ethiopia. MSc.Thesis Environmental Science Programme, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
Herweg, K., Stillhardt, B. (1999). The Variability of Soil Erosion in the Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Research Report 42, Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP), Centre for Development and Environment,
University of Berne.
Mesfin Mentase. (2011). Assessing Factors Affecting Sustainability of Soil and Water Conservation Measures
Based on Farmers’ View at Wawarsa Watershed, Tembaro Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Msc. Thesis, WGCFNR,
Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Montgomery, D.R. (1994). Road Surface Drainage, Channel Initiation and Slope Instability. Water Resources
Research. 30: 1925–1932
Moyerson, J. (2000). Desertification and Man in Africa. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of Overseas Science.
Brussels 46:151–170.
Nyssen, J., Veyret Picot, M., Poesen, J., Moeyersons, J., Mitiku, H., Deckers, J., Govers, J. (2004). The
effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Soil Use and Management
20 (1): 55–64.
Ouma, B., Sterk, G. (2005). Farmers’ identification of erosion indicators and related erosion damage in the
Central Highlands of Kenya. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi Kenya
Pathak, P., Wani, S.P., Sudi, R. (2006). Gully control in SAT watersheds. ICRISAT. [On line] Available at
http://www.icrisat.org/journal/agroecosystem/v2i1/v2i1gully.pdf; accessed on April 18, 2012.
Pimentel, D. (2000). Soil erosion and the threat to food security and the environment. Ecosystem Health 6:221–
226.
Sargeant, I.J. (1984). Gully erosion in Vectoria. Proceeding of the Natural Soils Conference, May 13-18,
Brisbane, Australia.
Sohan, W., Lal, S. (2001). Extraction of parameters and modelling soil erosion using GIS in grid Environment,
Paper presented in the 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing 5-9 November 2001. Centre for Remote
Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP). Singapore.
Solomon Addisu. (2009). Assessment of the Impact of Road Construction on Physical Land Degradation in
Central Highlands of Ethiopia: MSc Thesis in Environmental Science Programme, Addis Ababa University,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Stocking, M., Murnaghan, N. (2000). Land degradation guidelines for field assessment. Overseas
Development Group University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Tigist Yazie. (2009). Assessment of hydrological controls on gully formation near lake Tana, northern highlands
of Ethiopia. Msc. Thesis in Integrated watershed management and Hydrology at Cornell University.
Wemple, B.C., Jones, J.A., Grant, G.E. (1996). Channel Network Extension by Logging Roads in two Basins,
Western Cascades. Water Resources Bulletin 32 (6): 1195– 1207.
Woldamlak Bewket Sterk, G. (2003). Assessment of soil erosion in cultivated fields using a survey
methodology for rills in the Chemaga watershed, Ethiopia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97 (1-3):
81 – 93.
81
12. The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
management. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting
platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the
following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available
online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers
other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version
of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar