The document discusses the export potential of pomegranates from India. It provides information on world pomegranate production, cultivation in India, market preferences, desirable fruit qualities for export, marketing and export potential. India has good potential to increase exports from the current 3000-4000 MT to 20,000-30,000 MT annually given variety selection, quality management, infrastructure for storage and marketing.
Advances in Citrus Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
Citrus constitutes a major group of fruits comprising of mandarins, oranges, lemon, pummelo, grape
fruit, tangelo, trifoliate orange, citron, citranges etc.
Citrus fruits have important position among other popular fruits of the world. It is one of the popular fruit crops of both tropical and subtropical region of the world due to its wide adaptability to different climatic conditions.
Of all Citrus species, there are numerous cultivars and hybrids. A wide range of variability exist in citrus with respect to fruit morphology and quality. The smallest fruits are the limes, which scarcely exceeds 30 cm, while pummelo may attain a diameter of 30 cm. Fruit and rind colour ranges from the yellow-green of the limes to the red orange of some mandarins and shape varies from oblate to pyriform. At maturity, fruits of some cultivars are high in acid while others have almost none. Tree size also exhibits tremendous range. Altogether there is a tremendous amount of variability within the genus with which the Breeder can work and closely related genera provide even a wider selection of characters. Several man-made and natural hybrids are now available for use in breeding programmes as parents.
Problems in citrus breeding:
1. Incompatibility
2. Nucellar embryony
3. Juvenility
Breeding objectives:
Producing early maturing citrus fruits with high yield and fruit quality.
To breed varieties suitable for different agro-ecological region.
To develop varieties having less tendency of granulation.
To breed varieties suitable for export.
In rootstock breeding, the main emphasis has been given on the development of root stock resistant to tristeza virus, Phytophthora, nematodes, etc.
Most of the breeding programmes make use of Poncirus, which is a carrier of resistance to tristeza, Phytophthora and nematodes besides cold hardiness.
Salt tolerant rootstocks have also been found possible in some progenies involving Cleopatra and Sunki mandarin and Rangpur lime.
Breeding Methods:
1. Introduction
2. Clonal Selection
3. Hybridization
4. Mutation breeding
5. Polyploidy breeding
Shoot tip Grafting :
Shoot Tip Grafting (STG) or Micrografting is an in vitro technique which involves the placement of a meristem or shoot tip explants on to a decapitated rootstock that has been grown aseptically from seed or micropropagated cultures. (Hartmann et al., 2002). In Citrus, STG was first developed by Murashige et al. (1972) and later improved by Navarro et al. in 1975. This technique was further improved in 1975 by Navarro, Roistacher and Murashige where they tested various media formulas, diffèrent ways of placement of scion tip, different rootstocks, light intensities and size of scion on graft success. STG potentially can combine the advantages of rapid in vitro multiplication with increased productivity that results from grafting, superior rootstock and scion combinations (Zilka et al., 2002).
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
Popular in Eastern as well as Western Western parts of the world Pomegranate is a well known fruit.
This presentation gives an overview about the Pomegranate scenario globally as well as in India.
Advances in Citrus Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
Citrus constitutes a major group of fruits comprising of mandarins, oranges, lemon, pummelo, grape
fruit, tangelo, trifoliate orange, citron, citranges etc.
Citrus fruits have important position among other popular fruits of the world. It is one of the popular fruit crops of both tropical and subtropical region of the world due to its wide adaptability to different climatic conditions.
Of all Citrus species, there are numerous cultivars and hybrids. A wide range of variability exist in citrus with respect to fruit morphology and quality. The smallest fruits are the limes, which scarcely exceeds 30 cm, while pummelo may attain a diameter of 30 cm. Fruit and rind colour ranges from the yellow-green of the limes to the red orange of some mandarins and shape varies from oblate to pyriform. At maturity, fruits of some cultivars are high in acid while others have almost none. Tree size also exhibits tremendous range. Altogether there is a tremendous amount of variability within the genus with which the Breeder can work and closely related genera provide even a wider selection of characters. Several man-made and natural hybrids are now available for use in breeding programmes as parents.
Problems in citrus breeding:
1. Incompatibility
2. Nucellar embryony
3. Juvenility
Breeding objectives:
Producing early maturing citrus fruits with high yield and fruit quality.
To breed varieties suitable for different agro-ecological region.
To develop varieties having less tendency of granulation.
To breed varieties suitable for export.
In rootstock breeding, the main emphasis has been given on the development of root stock resistant to tristeza virus, Phytophthora, nematodes, etc.
Most of the breeding programmes make use of Poncirus, which is a carrier of resistance to tristeza, Phytophthora and nematodes besides cold hardiness.
Salt tolerant rootstocks have also been found possible in some progenies involving Cleopatra and Sunki mandarin and Rangpur lime.
Breeding Methods:
1. Introduction
2. Clonal Selection
3. Hybridization
4. Mutation breeding
5. Polyploidy breeding
Shoot tip Grafting :
Shoot Tip Grafting (STG) or Micrografting is an in vitro technique which involves the placement of a meristem or shoot tip explants on to a decapitated rootstock that has been grown aseptically from seed or micropropagated cultures. (Hartmann et al., 2002). In Citrus, STG was first developed by Murashige et al. (1972) and later improved by Navarro et al. in 1975. This technique was further improved in 1975 by Navarro, Roistacher and Murashige where they tested various media formulas, diffèrent ways of placement of scion tip, different rootstocks, light intensities and size of scion on graft success. STG potentially can combine the advantages of rapid in vitro multiplication with increased productivity that results from grafting, superior rootstock and scion combinations (Zilka et al., 2002).
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
Popular in Eastern as well as Western Western parts of the world Pomegranate is a well known fruit.
This presentation gives an overview about the Pomegranate scenario globally as well as in India.
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Tolo Iosefa, Samoaapaari
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Tolo Iosefa, Samoa - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Origin and Distribution Commercial Varieties Eco-physiological Requirements R...AmanDohre
Origin and Distribution Commercial Varieties Eco-physiological Requirements Recent trends in propagation of aonla ber jackfruit bael karonda & phalsa and Rootstock influence.
Originating from diverse regions, commercial varieties of aonla, ber, jackfruit, bael, karonda, and phalsa have unique eco-physiological requirements. Aonla, native to India, thrives in subtropical climates with well-drained soil. Ber, originating from the Indian subcontinent, prefers arid environments. Jackfruit, native to South Asia, grows best in tropical regions with ample moisture. Bael, native to the Indian subcontinent, tolerates drought but requires well-drained soil. Karonda, indigenous to Southeast Asia, thrives in warm, humid climates. Phalsa, originating from the Indian subcontinent, prefers subtropical climates. Recent trends in propagation include micropropagation for mass multiplication and grafting onto compatible rootstocks to enhance vigor, yield, and disease resistance, ensuring sustainable cultivation.
A Project report on agricultural sector of ManipurNeeraj Yumnam
Manipur has some of the most indigenious varieties of plants and food out of which mushroom,passion fruit,U- morok (raja mircha), maroi nakuppi is one the favourites.A field trip and attachments with 2 farmers with on site discussion was done and the information gathered from the farmers an agriculture facilities of Manipur is thoroughly discussed.The hills and the valleys of the state have extended from the Himalayan region and are a part of the Himalayan ranges. Thus the climate supports the greenery here and the rich flora is a result of the climatic conditions that prevail in this region. The hills comprise of 90% of the land of Manipur. There are five hill districts and these five hilly district accounts of about 38% of population of Manipur. In these hilly regions there are around 33 scheduled tribes and minor tribes. The mountain ranges prevent the cold winds blowing into the valley and are a strong barrier that prevents the cyclonic storms that blow from the Bay of Bengal. The diverse variety of flora in Manipur is characteristic of the climatic conditions and the geographical location.The hills are full of various types of flowers, plants and trees that adorn the exquisite hills which make it a paradise on earth. This treasure house of exotic plants and flowers are perched between hills and lie to the extreme north east of the country. However, almost 67% of land in under forest. With the varying temperature and climatic conditions of Manipur, you can see varied flora add to the charm and beauty of the region. The variety of flora and the plant life thriving here has earned the top 10 bio-diversity hot spots in the world. The fauna is worth watching and you can find many endangered as well as local species of animals here. The climate can be categorized as a tropical and sub alpine and varies according to the hills and mountains. Due to this variety of climate you can find animals of different spices in abundance, that thrive happily given the climatic condition.Manipur is famous for its fauna.
Depending on the altitude of hill ranges, the climatic condition varies from tropical to sub-alpine. The wet forests and the pine forests occur between 900-2700 m above MSL and they together sustain a host of rare and endemic plant and animal life. Coveted the world over as some of the most beautiful and precious blooms, orchids have an aura of exotic, mysteries about them.In Manipur, they are abound in their natural habitat growing in soil or on trees and shrubs speaking their beauty and colour, stunning the eye that is not used to seeing them. in such profusion. Gifted with suitable agro-climatic conditions, Manipur is home to various food and cash crops, fruits and vegetables. The soil is fertile and suited more particularly in the hills for growing of different fruits and vegetables. Organic farming is the most sought-after practice in the hill areas. Pineapple, passion fruit and mushroom naturally grow.
1. E XPORT POTENTIAL OF
POMEGRANATE
EXPORT POTENTIAL OF
POMEGRANATE
BY:- SHREYAS N.
2. W ORLD S CENARIO
Popular in Eastern as well as Western Western parts of the
world.
The crop is also cultivated in the Mediterranean region.
Pomegranates thrive well in regions with semi-arid to sub-
tropical climatic conditions.
The crop is cultivated in Spain, Iran, India, Turkey, South East
Asia, Afghanistan, tropical Africa, parts of USA etc.
It is grown for its fully luscious grains called ‘Arils’; the fruits are
very attractive with sweet acidic taste.
The fruits are mainly used for dessert purposes.
The fruits are also processed to make juice, syrup, jam, jelly,
wine, to flavour cakes, baked apples, etc.
Of late, its nutritional and medicinal values are given ample
importance.
3. P OMEGRANATE C ULTIVATION IN I NDIA
Area - About 63,000 Hectares.
Production - About 5.00 lakh tons/annum
Comparative Advantage -
Production of Pomegranate almost throughout the year.
Supply of Pomegranates even during off - season to the European Countries.
Cultivation in Arid and Semi-arid tracts of the states – Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu
Maharastra is the largest producer.
Farmers Cultivate the crop by :
Carefully selecting varieties.
Adopting advanced technologies.
Spurt in cultivation and trading of Pomegranate in India from the last two decades.
Important varieties cultivated are Ganesh, Dholka, Seedless(Bedana), Bhagwa, Araktha.
Seedless verities such as Paper Shell, Spanish Ruby, Mascut Red and Velladu show great potential
Peak harvest – January to April
4.
5. C ONSUMER P REFERENCE
Consumer preference - changing from time to
time and from country to country.
Earlier, Ganesh variety with big sized fruits was
the preferred one, and the fruits were exported
to the Gulf countries.
Now, in Europe and other parts of the world,
varieties such as Bhagwa (Kesar), Mridula are
the suitable and accepted ones.
Soft seeded, coloured varieties with high per
cent of juice with easy to remove arils are
preferred.
Fruits weighing more than 500 gms with
superior qualities - immediate and ready
acceptance in the international markets.
6.
7.
8. T HE DESIRABLE FRUIT CHARACTERS OF FRESH
POMEGRANATE FOR EXPORT PURPOSE
Dark rose pink colour of the fruit.
Fruit weight around 500 gms.
Round shape of the fruit.
Uniform size and shape of the fruit in a pack or
box.
Dark rose pink arils.
Softness of the seeds.
Higher sugars near about 16-170 Brix.
Free from scars, russetting, disease spots, insect
injury, scratches, etc.
Smooth cutting at the stem end.
Bracts/calyx without any damage and having
freshness.
Pleasant flavour and aroma.
9. M ARKETING AND E XPORT P OTENTIAL
No organized marketing systems for
pomegranate.
Domestic marketing for pomegranate is fairly
balanced as of now.
Farmers normally dispose their produce to
contractors who take the responsibility of
transport to far off markets.
Some progressive farmers who have developed
contacts in urban areas despatch them on their
own and are able to get a reasonable price for
their produce.
12. Changes in varietal selection and in cultivation
practices.
Pest and disease incidence, fall in demand and
price - effect on the cultivation of pomegranate
in the state.
Cultivation for export purpose - improved due
to exploring of market potentialities.
Farmers of Bijapur and Bagalkot districts –
exporting pomegranate through their
associations to Gulf and European Union for
the last 5 years.
Koppal district - New entrant – Exports began
in 2004.
13. E XPORT P OTENTIAL
The pomegranate fruit is considered an exotic in
European and Middle East countries.
There is scope for exporting Indian pomegranates to
Bangladesh, Bahrain, Canada, Germany, United
Kingdom, Japan, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Omen, Pakistan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, U.A.E.
and U.S.A.
The other potential markets are, Belgaum, Spain,
France, Italy, Netherlands, Philippines, South Africa,
Brazil and Mexico.
14. P OMEGRANATE IN K ARNATAKA
Advent of Ganesh variety revolutionized
pomegranate cultivation in Northern
Karnataka especially in the districts of Bijapur,
Bagalkot, Koppal and Raichur.
In the initial years, big sized fruits with TSS 15
Brix were exported mainly to the Gulf
countries.
15. S UCCESS S TORY
Kustagi and Yelburga taluks of Koppal district –
remote and most backward areas of the State.
Poor rainfall, frequent droughts, high
temperature, soils are also either calcarious or sodic.
Low precipitation levels and distribution of rainfall
have added to the crop failures.
Predominant crop – Agricultural crops and onion and
chillies.
Horticultural crops –
Grapes, Pomegranate, Banana, Mango, Ber, Sweet
orange have been grown since the last two decades.
Cultivation of Pomegranate – Farmers have been
pro-active in adopting new technology for cultivation
and post harvest handling of Pomegranate.
16. Benefited from the efforts of the State
Department of Horticulture in training the
farmers in export oriented production.
Training Programmes – conducted in the
farmers’ fields in six steps, in collaboration with
the Agricultural and Processed Food Products
Export Development Authority (APEDA) during
2003.
Farmers given suitable guidance regarding
cultivation and care of regulating the number
of fruits, irrigation with fertigation, plant
protection schedule and care in harvesting.
Out of 50 farmers trained, nearly 30 farmers
were successful and 20 farmers exported the
produce.
Exports started in 2004.
17. About 250 tons of pomegranate were exported from this
small area and volume of trade was in the tune of Rs.8.50
crores.
The produce fetched a price of Rs.35,000/- (750 $) per
ton.
On an average, they have exported 7.5 – 10 tons of fruits
per hectare remaining 10 – 12. 5 tons were sold locally.
Farmers have earned about Rs.4.5 lakhs to 5.75 lakhs per
hectare (9600 – 12300 $.
Incurred an expenditure of Rs.75,000/- per hectare (1600
$).
Net Profit - Rs.3.75 lakhs to Rs.5.00 lakhs per hectare
(8000 – 10700 $); in some cases, it has crossed Rs.6.25
lakhs per hectare (13400 $).
Farmers convinced about- profitability of pomegranate
cultivation as there is considerable demand for the
pomegranate grown in the region.
18. India’s contribution to the export is less than 5%,
although we are in first position in production of
Pomegranate.
Scope for diversified use of pomegranate and
hence value added products can be promoted.
Consumer preference, colour,TSS and demand for
crop are important aspects to be focused upon.
Time of export, choice of variety, quality
maintenance and regulation of fruit size are
important aspects in the production of
pomegranate for export.
19. P OMEGRANATE – I NTERNATIONAL
S CENARIO
The technical sessions during the International
Symposium on Pomegranate and Minor Mediterranean
Fruits held at Adana, Turkey, from October 16– 19, 2006
comprised of -
Orchard Culture and Management – Countries of focus
were Bangladesh, Israel, Iran, Turkey and India.
Genetic Conservation and Germplasm.
Physiology.
Breeding and Genetics.
Nutrition and Health.
Plant Protection.
Post Harvest Technology.
Processing, Marketing & Economy.
20. Israel and Turkey have taken up varietal trials on
Pomegranate.
Iran too has been in the forefront with regard to
research on Pomegranate.
There is a lot of germplasm / breeding collection in Iran,
Israel and also Turkey.
Exchange of germplasm between countries if not
available in research stations will go a long way in
developing new varieties.
Most of the varieties in the Mediterranean region are
sour with few sweet varieties.
Sweet sour varieties with good colour are not common.
21. Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas sp.) and Wilt are not a
major problem in other pomegranate growing
countries as the same was not presented / discussed
by scientists (Pathologists) in the symposium.
Our Sweet sour variety Bhagwa (Kesar) and Wonderful
variety of U.S in Italy found appreciation in general
and are suited for marketing in the international
market. One of the findings presented was that
sweetness in pomegranates is not only due to sugar
content but also due to low acidic content.
Nutritional aspects of pomegranate were discussed
and it is felt that it can enhance its utility. Value
addition is also important to increase the acceptability
of pomegranates by consumers.
22. Of late, Indian Pomegranates have penetrated into the
European Union since suitable varieties conforming to
international standards are being produced. Karnataka
has exported about 2000 MT to other countries during
the last few years. There is potential for export to the
United State of America also. Diseases such as Bacterial
Blight, Wilt, etc., have created problems in obtaining
economic yields.
In view of the scope for value addition in pomegranate
for alternative use, medicinal uses of
pomegranate, better shelf life, and the export
potential, its cultivation in the semi-arid areas under
protected irrigation needs to be encouraged.
Proper varietal selection, crop and post harvest
management, infrastructure such as cold
chain, facilities for marketing etc, will augment the
cultivation of quality pomegranate and will help in
increasing the exports to a tune of about 20,000 –
30,000 MT tons.
In this background, India can definitely make a dent in
pomegranate trade in the world market.
23. India has a very good potential provided we
meet the quality standards of the importing
countries. The exports can be enhanced from
the present 3000 – 4000 MT tons to about
20,000 – 30,000 tons.
A presentation was made regarding aril
separating machine for pomegranates in Israel
– which separates arils to different grades.
Similar mechanization may be tried in India
also.
A presentation was also made by a firm based
in United Kingdom regarding different
packaging films to enhance the shelf life of
fruits under normal temperature.
24. Different grades of films suitable for other fruits,
vegetables, flowers are also available. Such grades of
films can be tried for packing traditional flowers / loose
flowers like jasmine, etc.
Dubai Airport has developed an extensive cargo system
to handle perishable cargos in an area of 34,000 Sq.Mtr.
with a capacity of 1.80 lakh tons per year.
Alstemier Airport and Dubai Airport are mainly
providing facilities for C & F agents for downloading and
uploading cargos.