1. The document discusses the production technology of tomato. It begins with the introduction, origin, and distribution of tomato.
2. Next, it covers the botanical description of tomato including its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It also describes the determinate and indeterminate types.
3. The document then discusses area and production of tomato in India and worldwide. It provides information on improved varieties recommended for cultivation.
1. The document discusses the production technology of tomato, including its botanical classification, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices.
2. Tomato is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide, with India being a major producer. Common tomato varieties discussed include Arka Vikas, Pusa Ruby, and Arka Samrat.
3. The document covers tomato taxonomy, describing it as a member of the Solanaceae family. Key details on the plant's morphology and growth habits are provided.
This document contains class notes on production technology of vegetables and flowers from Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University.
It includes lectures on olericulture (vegetable cultivation), classification of vegetables based on botany, plant parts used, seasons of growth and cultivation methods. Specific lectures cover tomato cultivation including its origin from Peru and Ecuador, species, importance, growth habits, varieties suited for different climates and soils. Other lectures discuss cultivation of crops like brinjal, chilli, okra, cucurbits, cabbage, onion and ornamental gardening.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of vegetable and flower cultivation practices through detailed lectures on important crops and principles of classification, planning and layout of
B.sc. agri i po h unit 1. intro of horticultureRai University
This document provides information about the principles of horticulture. It defines horticulture as the science of studying garden plants, and notes that it deals with important crops grown in gardens, such as vegetables and fruits. The document outlines several benefits of horticulture, including higher yields per unit area, nutritional benefits, beautification, and suitability for small farmers. It also discusses the scope and importance of horticulture in India due to varied climates, irrigation, and growing markets and demand. The main branches of horticulture - olericulture, pomology, floriculture, and post-harvest technology - are also summarized.
This document provides information on the commercial production of tomatoes. It begins with definitions of vegetables and olericulture. Key facts are presented on vegetable nutrition and production in India. Tomato is then discussed in more detail, including its botanical name and family, uses, production areas and leading states, and importance as a source of vitamins and minerals. The document outlines tomato varieties, climate and soil requirements, methods for raising seedlings and transplanting, fertilizer recommendations, and spacing guidelines for commercial tomato production.
This document provides information about a lecture on olericulture (vegetable cultivation). It discusses the definition and importance of vegetables in human nutrition and the national economy. It describes different types of vegetable gardens including home gardens, market gardens, and gardens for processing or seed production. The document also covers vegetable classification based on botanical, plant part, season, and cultivation methods. Finally, it provides details on tomato including its origin, species, growth habits, varieties, and climate/soil requirements.
This document outlines the teaching schedule for an introductory horticulture course. It covers topics such as definitions of horticulture, classification of horticultural crops, plant growth phases, management practices including propagation, pruning and cultivation. It also discusses economics of horticultural crops, plant tissue culture, and recommended textbooks and assignments. The course introduces students to the field of horticulture through lectures and exams.
2. Importance, Scope, national policies of horticulture and constraints [Auto...UmeshTimilsina1
This document discusses the importance and scope of horticultural crops in Nepal. It outlines several key points:
1) Horticultural crops have high economic, nutritional, cultural, religious, medicinal, industrial, and aesthetic importance in Nepal. They provide higher economic returns than other crops and help maximize land use.
2) Nepal has suitable climatic conditions and topography for growing various horticultural crops across its different climatic zones and slopes. There is also high domestic and international demand for horticultural products.
3) However, horticulture development faces challenges like poor farmers with small land holdings, transportation and marketing issues due to the terrain, lack of pest and disease management knowledge, and insufficient extension
ipm_pop-turmeric.pdf TURMEIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGMENTAjayDivakaran4
This document provides an IPM package of practices for producing quality turmeric for export. It was compiled by the DPPQS technical team under the guidance of various officials. The package covers topics such as climatic and soil requirements, cultivars and varieties, propagation and planting, nutrient management, pest management, disease management, weed management, harvest and post-harvest procedures, and export procedures. The goal is to provide guidance to farmers on producing turmeric that meets export standards through integrated pest management practices.
1. The document discusses the production technology of tomato, including its botanical classification, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices.
2. Tomato is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide, with India being a major producer. Common tomato varieties discussed include Arka Vikas, Pusa Ruby, and Arka Samrat.
3. The document covers tomato taxonomy, describing it as a member of the Solanaceae family. Key details on the plant's morphology and growth habits are provided.
This document contains class notes on production technology of vegetables and flowers from Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University.
It includes lectures on olericulture (vegetable cultivation), classification of vegetables based on botany, plant parts used, seasons of growth and cultivation methods. Specific lectures cover tomato cultivation including its origin from Peru and Ecuador, species, importance, growth habits, varieties suited for different climates and soils. Other lectures discuss cultivation of crops like brinjal, chilli, okra, cucurbits, cabbage, onion and ornamental gardening.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of vegetable and flower cultivation practices through detailed lectures on important crops and principles of classification, planning and layout of
B.sc. agri i po h unit 1. intro of horticultureRai University
This document provides information about the principles of horticulture. It defines horticulture as the science of studying garden plants, and notes that it deals with important crops grown in gardens, such as vegetables and fruits. The document outlines several benefits of horticulture, including higher yields per unit area, nutritional benefits, beautification, and suitability for small farmers. It also discusses the scope and importance of horticulture in India due to varied climates, irrigation, and growing markets and demand. The main branches of horticulture - olericulture, pomology, floriculture, and post-harvest technology - are also summarized.
This document provides information on the commercial production of tomatoes. It begins with definitions of vegetables and olericulture. Key facts are presented on vegetable nutrition and production in India. Tomato is then discussed in more detail, including its botanical name and family, uses, production areas and leading states, and importance as a source of vitamins and minerals. The document outlines tomato varieties, climate and soil requirements, methods for raising seedlings and transplanting, fertilizer recommendations, and spacing guidelines for commercial tomato production.
This document provides information about a lecture on olericulture (vegetable cultivation). It discusses the definition and importance of vegetables in human nutrition and the national economy. It describes different types of vegetable gardens including home gardens, market gardens, and gardens for processing or seed production. The document also covers vegetable classification based on botanical, plant part, season, and cultivation methods. Finally, it provides details on tomato including its origin, species, growth habits, varieties, and climate/soil requirements.
This document outlines the teaching schedule for an introductory horticulture course. It covers topics such as definitions of horticulture, classification of horticultural crops, plant growth phases, management practices including propagation, pruning and cultivation. It also discusses economics of horticultural crops, plant tissue culture, and recommended textbooks and assignments. The course introduces students to the field of horticulture through lectures and exams.
2. Importance, Scope, national policies of horticulture and constraints [Auto...UmeshTimilsina1
This document discusses the importance and scope of horticultural crops in Nepal. It outlines several key points:
1) Horticultural crops have high economic, nutritional, cultural, religious, medicinal, industrial, and aesthetic importance in Nepal. They provide higher economic returns than other crops and help maximize land use.
2) Nepal has suitable climatic conditions and topography for growing various horticultural crops across its different climatic zones and slopes. There is also high domestic and international demand for horticultural products.
3) However, horticulture development faces challenges like poor farmers with small land holdings, transportation and marketing issues due to the terrain, lack of pest and disease management knowledge, and insufficient extension
ipm_pop-turmeric.pdf TURMEIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGMENTAjayDivakaran4
This document provides an IPM package of practices for producing quality turmeric for export. It was compiled by the DPPQS technical team under the guidance of various officials. The package covers topics such as climatic and soil requirements, cultivars and varieties, propagation and planting, nutrient management, pest management, disease management, weed management, harvest and post-harvest procedures, and export procedures. The goal is to provide guidance to farmers on producing turmeric that meets export standards through integrated pest management practices.
Mushrooms are the fleshy and spore-bearing fruiting bodies of fungi. Globally, production was 51.2 million tonnes in 2017, with China as the top producer. Mushrooms are nutritious, containing protein, vitamins, and minerals. They also have medicinal properties like strengthening immunity, reducing cholesterol, and preventing cancer. Mushroom cultivation provides economic and environmental benefits by utilizing agricultural waste and generating employment. It is an important crop for India's exports and food security.
1. The document discusses the importance of agrifarming in education. It defines agrifarming and describes different types of farming like organic farming, vertical farming, and greenhouse farming.
2. The types of farming discussed in more detail include vegetable farming, flower farming, and fruit farming. For each type, the document provides information on what is grown and the economic and health benefits.
3. Agrifarming is important for education as it helps students gain awareness of agriculture's role in the economy and support wise agricultural policies. Students can learn about the farm sources of food, the steps of crop cultivation, and new government programs to improve yields.
1. The document discusses the importance of agrifarming in education. It defines agrifarming and describes different types of farming like organic farming, vertical farming, and greenhouse farming.
2. The types of farming discussed in more detail include vegetable farming, flower farming, and fruit farming. For each type, the document outlines what is grown and the economic and health benefits.
3. Introducing agrifarming topics in education can help students gain awareness of agriculture's role in the economy and support wise agricultural policies. It also helps students understand where their food comes from and new government programs to improve crop cultivation.
This document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
This document summarizes a study on the status of spice resources in Nigeria. It finds that Nigeria has many indigenous spice resources, with the majority found wild in the southern rainforest region. Some spices like ginger and black pepper are cultivated, but 48% of spices remain wild. The study identifies challenges to developing the spice industry like a lack of domestication and cultivation, as well as destructive harvesting practices. It recommends strategies like protecting wild groves, domesticating wild spices, discouraging overexploitation, and establishing research and market gardens to better develop Nigeria's spice resources and industry.
- The document outlines a research proposal to study the cost and effects of various types of fertilizer application in carrot production at Valley View University Techiman Campus.
- The study will evaluate four fertilizer treatments: inorganic fertilizer only, organic fertilizer only, a mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and no fertilizer. One carrot variety will be used across the treatments.
- Data on yield, costs, and other variables will be collected and analyzed using analysis of variance to determine the best performing fertilizer regime for carrot production. The results are intended to improve soil quality and increase yields and farmer profits.
The document presents a research proposal on evaluating the cost and effects of various fertilizer applications for carrot production at Valley View University in Techiman, Ghana. The study will apply inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, a mixture of both, and no fertilizer across four treatments in a randomized complete block design. Data on crop yield, costs, and other factors will be collected and analyzed to determine the most effective and cost-efficient fertilizer regime for carrot production. The expected outcome is that inorganic fertilizer will yield more carrots at a lower cost compared to organic fertilizer alone.
ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF SWEET POTATOpavanknaik
This document provides information on sweet potato production technology and crop improvement. It discusses the botanical details of sweet potato, describes popular varieties from different research institutes in India, and outlines cultivation practices. It also summarizes some research studies that evaluated the effects of fertilizers, bio-regulators, and post-harvest techniques on sweet potato growth and yield.
This document provides an overview of improvement methods for chilli crops. It discusses the importance of chilli, its botanical classification and production areas. The key breeding objectives are then outlined such as increasing yield, pungency, and biotic/abiotic stress resistance. Major breeding methods used for chilli improvement are described in detail, including plant introduction and selection, hybridization techniques, and the development of some notable chilli varieties through these approaches. The role of genetic resources collections and heterosis breeding are also summarized.
nematode management in organic agriculture.pptxZakirADO1
Organic farming aims to avoid synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Crop rotation and organic amendments are important nematode management strategies in organic systems. Organic amendments like neem cake, castor cake, and farmyard manure can reduce plant-parasitic nematode populations through various mechanisms while stimulating beneficial nematodes. They also improve plant growth and tolerance to nematodes. Research shows that castor cake and neem cake significantly reduced plant-parasitic nematode numbers and increased pigeon pea plant growth compared to the control.
This document discusses various ways to improve food resources through better crop yields, management, and agriculture. It covers improving yields through better seeds, fruits, vegetables, and crop seasons. It also discusses crop production management through fertilizers, manures, irrigation, cropping patterns, and pest and disease control. Lastly, it mentions animal husbandry, fish production, and bees as additional sources of food.
65 .kitchen garden( importance of vegetables) A Series of Lectures By Mr. All...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
This document provides information on improving food resources in India. It discusses the various food revolutions that have taken place like the Green, White, Blue and Yellow Revolutions to increase production of grains, milk, fish and oils respectively. It also describes different activities that lead to improved crop yields like crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetically modified crops, as well as crop production improvement techniques like nutrient management, irrigation, and crop protection management against weeds, pests and diseases. Storage of grains is also discussed along with factors affecting storage losses and methods to prevent them.
This document provides information on principles and practices of rabi crops. It discusses the importance of various crops including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugar crops, medicinal plants, and forages. It notes that cereals have been a staple food since prehistoric times. Wheat is the world's number one cereal crop in area. It discusses the food value and importance of various cereals including wheat. It provides details on the classification, origin, importance and cultivation practices of wheat. It also discusses various growth stages in wheat and suitable wheat varieties. The document concludes by discussing constraints in wheat production including biotic stresses like various diseases and pests, abiotic stresses like drought and heat, weed problems, and other constraints related
B.sc agri i paam unit 1 introduction to agronomyRai University
The document provides an introduction to the subject of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It discusses key topics in agronomy such as crop classification, developments in agriculture, research institutes, and agro-climatic zones of India. The document outlines the relationships between agronomy and other sciences and describes important management practices for crop growth.
Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnes...apaari
Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnessing Potential Benefits by JC Rana, Bioversity International, Central and South Asia Office - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
scope and importance of under exploited salad vegetables in india dhananjayaDhananjayaRout2
This document discusses underutilized salad vegetables in India. It notes that salad vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Some key underutilized salad vegetables discussed include lettuce, celery, leek, and parsley. These vegetables provide health benefits like improving digestion and supporting immune function. The document advocates increasing production and consumption of underutilized salad vegetables in India to address nutritional needs and food security.
Importance of horticulture and scope of horticulturePratibha Kashyap
The document discusses the importance of horticulture for addressing issues of food security and malnutrition. It notes that the world's population is growing and more food will need to be produced, but malnutrition currently affects hundreds of millions. Horticultural crops can play a key role in improving nutrition by providing vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Fruits and vegetables are major sources of these essential micronutrients that support human health. Expanding horticulture can therefore help combat malnutrition as well as generate income and employment opportunities.
This presentation summarizes tools for sustainable forest management that serve both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction objectives. It discusses practices like timber harvesting, agroforestry, non-timber forest products, protected areas, and roles for local communities. The presentation was prepared as part of a publication on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Dr. Ambika is an Assistant Professor at K.R. Mangalam University in Gurugram. She is researching ear cockle, a fungal disease that infects wheat. Ear cockle reduces wheat yields by destroying kernels and contaminating grains with black fungal structures.
Mushrooms are the fleshy and spore-bearing fruiting bodies of fungi. Globally, production was 51.2 million tonnes in 2017, with China as the top producer. Mushrooms are nutritious, containing protein, vitamins, and minerals. They also have medicinal properties like strengthening immunity, reducing cholesterol, and preventing cancer. Mushroom cultivation provides economic and environmental benefits by utilizing agricultural waste and generating employment. It is an important crop for India's exports and food security.
1. The document discusses the importance of agrifarming in education. It defines agrifarming and describes different types of farming like organic farming, vertical farming, and greenhouse farming.
2. The types of farming discussed in more detail include vegetable farming, flower farming, and fruit farming. For each type, the document provides information on what is grown and the economic and health benefits.
3. Agrifarming is important for education as it helps students gain awareness of agriculture's role in the economy and support wise agricultural policies. Students can learn about the farm sources of food, the steps of crop cultivation, and new government programs to improve yields.
1. The document discusses the importance of agrifarming in education. It defines agrifarming and describes different types of farming like organic farming, vertical farming, and greenhouse farming.
2. The types of farming discussed in more detail include vegetable farming, flower farming, and fruit farming. For each type, the document outlines what is grown and the economic and health benefits.
3. Introducing agrifarming topics in education can help students gain awareness of agriculture's role in the economy and support wise agricultural policies. It also helps students understand where their food comes from and new government programs to improve crop cultivation.
This document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
This document summarizes a study on the status of spice resources in Nigeria. It finds that Nigeria has many indigenous spice resources, with the majority found wild in the southern rainforest region. Some spices like ginger and black pepper are cultivated, but 48% of spices remain wild. The study identifies challenges to developing the spice industry like a lack of domestication and cultivation, as well as destructive harvesting practices. It recommends strategies like protecting wild groves, domesticating wild spices, discouraging overexploitation, and establishing research and market gardens to better develop Nigeria's spice resources and industry.
- The document outlines a research proposal to study the cost and effects of various types of fertilizer application in carrot production at Valley View University Techiman Campus.
- The study will evaluate four fertilizer treatments: inorganic fertilizer only, organic fertilizer only, a mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and no fertilizer. One carrot variety will be used across the treatments.
- Data on yield, costs, and other variables will be collected and analyzed using analysis of variance to determine the best performing fertilizer regime for carrot production. The results are intended to improve soil quality and increase yields and farmer profits.
The document presents a research proposal on evaluating the cost and effects of various fertilizer applications for carrot production at Valley View University in Techiman, Ghana. The study will apply inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, a mixture of both, and no fertilizer across four treatments in a randomized complete block design. Data on crop yield, costs, and other factors will be collected and analyzed to determine the most effective and cost-efficient fertilizer regime for carrot production. The expected outcome is that inorganic fertilizer will yield more carrots at a lower cost compared to organic fertilizer alone.
ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF SWEET POTATOpavanknaik
This document provides information on sweet potato production technology and crop improvement. It discusses the botanical details of sweet potato, describes popular varieties from different research institutes in India, and outlines cultivation practices. It also summarizes some research studies that evaluated the effects of fertilizers, bio-regulators, and post-harvest techniques on sweet potato growth and yield.
This document provides an overview of improvement methods for chilli crops. It discusses the importance of chilli, its botanical classification and production areas. The key breeding objectives are then outlined such as increasing yield, pungency, and biotic/abiotic stress resistance. Major breeding methods used for chilli improvement are described in detail, including plant introduction and selection, hybridization techniques, and the development of some notable chilli varieties through these approaches. The role of genetic resources collections and heterosis breeding are also summarized.
nematode management in organic agriculture.pptxZakirADO1
Organic farming aims to avoid synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Crop rotation and organic amendments are important nematode management strategies in organic systems. Organic amendments like neem cake, castor cake, and farmyard manure can reduce plant-parasitic nematode populations through various mechanisms while stimulating beneficial nematodes. They also improve plant growth and tolerance to nematodes. Research shows that castor cake and neem cake significantly reduced plant-parasitic nematode numbers and increased pigeon pea plant growth compared to the control.
This document discusses various ways to improve food resources through better crop yields, management, and agriculture. It covers improving yields through better seeds, fruits, vegetables, and crop seasons. It also discusses crop production management through fertilizers, manures, irrigation, cropping patterns, and pest and disease control. Lastly, it mentions animal husbandry, fish production, and bees as additional sources of food.
65 .kitchen garden( importance of vegetables) A Series of Lectures By Mr. All...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
This document provides information on improving food resources in India. It discusses the various food revolutions that have taken place like the Green, White, Blue and Yellow Revolutions to increase production of grains, milk, fish and oils respectively. It also describes different activities that lead to improved crop yields like crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetically modified crops, as well as crop production improvement techniques like nutrient management, irrigation, and crop protection management against weeds, pests and diseases. Storage of grains is also discussed along with factors affecting storage losses and methods to prevent them.
This document provides information on principles and practices of rabi crops. It discusses the importance of various crops including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugar crops, medicinal plants, and forages. It notes that cereals have been a staple food since prehistoric times. Wheat is the world's number one cereal crop in area. It discusses the food value and importance of various cereals including wheat. It provides details on the classification, origin, importance and cultivation practices of wheat. It also discusses various growth stages in wheat and suitable wheat varieties. The document concludes by discussing constraints in wheat production including biotic stresses like various diseases and pests, abiotic stresses like drought and heat, weed problems, and other constraints related
B.sc agri i paam unit 1 introduction to agronomyRai University
The document provides an introduction to the subject of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It discusses key topics in agronomy such as crop classification, developments in agriculture, research institutes, and agro-climatic zones of India. The document outlines the relationships between agronomy and other sciences and describes important management practices for crop growth.
Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnes...apaari
Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnessing Potential Benefits by JC Rana, Bioversity International, Central and South Asia Office - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
scope and importance of under exploited salad vegetables in india dhananjayaDhananjayaRout2
This document discusses underutilized salad vegetables in India. It notes that salad vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Some key underutilized salad vegetables discussed include lettuce, celery, leek, and parsley. These vegetables provide health benefits like improving digestion and supporting immune function. The document advocates increasing production and consumption of underutilized salad vegetables in India to address nutritional needs and food security.
Importance of horticulture and scope of horticulturePratibha Kashyap
The document discusses the importance of horticulture for addressing issues of food security and malnutrition. It notes that the world's population is growing and more food will need to be produced, but malnutrition currently affects hundreds of millions. Horticultural crops can play a key role in improving nutrition by providing vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Fruits and vegetables are major sources of these essential micronutrients that support human health. Expanding horticulture can therefore help combat malnutrition as well as generate income and employment opportunities.
This presentation summarizes tools for sustainable forest management that serve both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction objectives. It discusses practices like timber harvesting, agroforestry, non-timber forest products, protected areas, and roles for local communities. The presentation was prepared as part of a publication on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Dr. Ambika is an Assistant Professor at K.R. Mangalam University in Gurugram. She is researching ear cockle, a fungal disease that infects wheat. Ear cockle reduces wheat yields by destroying kernels and contaminating grains with black fungal structures.
This document provides information on the identification of various ornamental plants including their common name, scientific name, family, origin, habit, propagation method, flowering features and other descriptive details. Some of the plants mentioned are Euphorbia, Fish tail palm, Durenta, Din ka raja, Red dracaena, Rhapis palm, Canna, Lal patti, Ashoka, Bottle brush and Pagoda tree. The document identifies over 30 different ornamental plants.
Dr. Ambika is an Assistant Professor at K.R. Mangalam University in Gurugram. She is researching ear cockle, a fungal disease that infects wheat. Ear cockle reduces wheat yields by destroying kernels and contaminating grains with black fungal structures.
Plant diseases are caused by living pathogens that infect plants and obtain nutrition from them. Major pathogens include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The development of plant disease requires the simultaneous presence of a susceptible host, viable pathogen, and favorable environmental conditions, known as the disease triangle. Understanding the differences between disease symptoms visible on plants and physical signs of the pathogen helps with plant disease identification.
This document provides an introduction to biology and the characteristics of living organisms. It discusses that all living things share the abilities to grow, reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain homeostasis. It describes how organisms are classified and named through the scientific processes of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature. The key characteristics that define life are then outlined, including organization, metabolism, reproduction, growth and adaptation.
This document lists 4 locations in India: Ghamroj, Garhi Bazidpur (School Park), Kharoda village, and Lakhuwas, which is mentioned twice. It appears to be providing information about 4 different villages or locations.
This document provides information about different methods of drying grains and agricultural products. It discusses natural drying methods like solar or sun drying, as well as mechanical drying methods like heated air convective drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, fluidized bed drying, and spray drying. For each method, it outlines the basic process, advantages, and disadvantages. The key methods covered are natural sun drying, mechanical heated air drying, contact plate drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, and fluidized bed drying. The document aims to strengthen understanding of drying basics and acquaint students with various drying principles and technologies.
This document discusses determining various engineering properties of biomaterials, including shape, size, bulk density, and porosity. It outlines methods to measure grain size and shape, 1000 grain weight, bulk density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity, swelling index, and porosity. The objectives are to strengthen understanding of biomaterial properties and provide basic knowledge of measuring properties like shape, size, density, and porosity.
This document provides information on the production technology of cabbage and cauliflower. It discusses the objectives and introduction of the topic, describes the plant characteristics, varieties, climatic requirements, cultivation practices including propagation, planting, fertilization and irrigation. It also covers pest and disease management as well as post-harvest handling practices. The key points covered are the origin and worldwide production of cabbage and cauliflower, methods of cultivation from soil preparation to harvesting, and control of common pests and diseases that affect the crops.
This document provides an overview of important engineering properties of agricultural crops including cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. It discusses various physical properties like size, shape, density, and thermal properties. It describes the structure and milling processes of various cereals like wheat, rice, and corn. It also discusses properties of pulses and common oilseeds and their uses. The document is intended to familiarize students with these engineering properties and how they influence the design of processing equipment.
14. High density planting and canopy managment in mango_0.pptAMBIKABHANDARI5
High density planting and careful canopy management can help increase mango productivity in India. This involves planting mangoes closer together at spacings of 5x5 meters, 7x7 meters, or 10x10 meters, and using pruning and training techniques to control tree sizes and maximize yields. Proper pruning helps stimulate flowering, improve air circulation and sunlight penetration, manage tree growth, and extend the productive lifespan of mango orchards.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to mimic human intelligence through problem-solving and decision-making. AI has many applications including expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, and robotics. While AI shows promise for helping humans, it also poses risks such as self-modifying systems leading to unexpected results and loss of control over advanced robots. Overall, AI research has increased our understanding of intelligence but also revealed its complexity, leaving opportunities for continued advancement.
Drones have the potential to revolutionize agriculture in India by enabling precision farming techniques. They can be used to monitor crop health, analyze soil conditions, map land usage, assess water stress in plants, and help with irrigation scheduling. Drones equipped with cameras and sensors provide remote sensing data that can be analyzed with software to generate vegetation indexes and 3D models. They can also be used to spray pesticides, sample water, and count livestock. However, there are also limitations like flight time, costs, weather dependence, and legal regulations that need to be addressed for drones to be widely adopted in Indian agriculture.
This document provides an overview of micro irrigation systems. It defines micro irrigation as applying small quantities of water below or on the soil surface through emitters. The key types are drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, bubbler irrigation, and mist/spray systems. Micro irrigation conserves water, saves on farm costs, and improves crop management. However, it also has higher costs and risks of clogging. Proper design considers soil type, crop needs, filtration, pressure control, and flushing to prevent issues. Scheduling is based on crop water requirements and soil moisture monitoring. Water quality must be considered to prevent emitter clogging.
This document provides an overview of micro irrigation systems. It defines micro irrigation as applying small quantities of water below or on the soil surface through emitters. The key types are drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, bubbler irrigation, and mist/spray systems. Micro irrigation systems have main components including a control head, distribution pipes, emitters, and a flushing system. Proper design considers factors like soil type, crop needs, and water quality. Micro irrigation can improve water use efficiency but requires maintenance to prevent emitter clogging. Scheduling is based on crop water requirements and soil moisture monitoring.
This document discusses the major and minor diseases that affect groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The major diseases described are tikka leaf spots (early and late leaf spot), rust, collar rot, root rot, stem rot, and bud necrosis. The causal organisms and symptoms of each disease are summarized. Some key management strategies mentioned include seed treatment, fungicide application, crop rotation, and use of resistant varieties. Minor diseases discussed more briefly include wilt, anthracnose, grey mould, and yellow mould.
1. This document summarizes the achievements of ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Vijayapura, Karnataka from 2011-2018. It provides details on staffing, facilities, farm areas, demonstrations conducted, trainings provided, and major problems addressed in crops and livestock.
2. The KVK interventions focused on increasing productivity and incomes through demonstrations of improved crop varieties and management practices for various crops. Trainings were also provided to farmers to build awareness. Major interventions addressed issues like pod borer and wilt in pigeonpea, integrated crop management in chickpea, and bacterial blight in pomegranate.
3. Innovative approaches included conducting surveys to monitor
This document outlines the course objectives, content, and recommended resources for Hort-502 Commercial Fruit Production. The course aims to familiarize students with the production technologies of major fruits in Pakistan. Key topics covered in the theory include classification of fruits, cultivation practices, climate and soil requirements, and cultural practices. The practical portion focuses on fruit health management, pollination, cost of production, cultivar identification, and farm visits. The document recommends textbooks and journals on fruit production technology.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. University Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Dr.Ambika
Name of Topic: IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES
AND SPICES IN HUMAN NUTRITION AND
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO
Chapter 1.1
Lecture –1
DISCOVER . LEARN .
EMPOWER
3. Objectiv
es
•CO1- Students will Understand the scientific cultivation methods of vegetables and spices.
•CO2- Understand the types of vegetable gardening with special reference to kitchen gardening
CO3-Students will learn about various diseases, insects’ pests and physiological disorders of vegetable
and spices crops
•CO4- Understand the Classification of vegetables and spices.
•CO5- Students will be able to explain various post-harvest technologies for shelf life extension of
vegetable and spices crops.
To Educate Importance and scope of vegetables and spices.
To know more about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and cultivation practices
such as time and methods of sowing, transplanting techniques, planting distance, fertilizer
requirements, irrigation, weed management, harvesting and yield.
To acquire knowledge about postharvest management of crops
Course Outcome
COURSE OBJECTIVES
4. 4
IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES AND SPICES
IN HUMAN NUTRITION AND PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
5. Olericulture is one of the branches of Horticulture that deals with the vegetables.
The word olericulture is derived from the Latin word Oleris which means pot herb
and the English word culture which means cultivation. Thus olericulture means
cultivation of pot herbs. However, in the present days, it is broadly used to indicate
the cultivation of vegetables. The term vegetable gardening is more popular to
signify olericulture in the present context. Vegetable: The term vegetable is applied
to the edible herbaceous plant or plant parts thereof, which are consumed generally
in the unripe stage after cooking. Importance of vegetables in human nutrition: The
balanced diet contains adequate energy source, nutrients and vitamins, minerals,
carbohydrates, fats, protein etc. Vegetable are the reliable source for many dietary
factors. As vegetable contain many of the dietary factors like vitamins, minerals and
amino acids they are considered as protective supplementary food. They produce
taste, increase appetite and produce fair amount of fibres. They maintain good
health and protect against degenerative diseases
IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
6. They can neutralise the acids produced during digestion of
proteins and fats. Nutrients which are present in vegetables
vary from crop to crop. Peas and beans are enriched with
proteins. Root crops like Tapioca, Sweet potato and potato are
well known for carbohydrates, calcium K, Fe are the important
minerals which are lacking in cereals and these are available in
abundant quantities in the vegetables like peas, beans, spinach
and bendi. Amaranth, cabbage, beans contain large quantity of
cellulose which aid in digestion. All the leaf and fruit vegetables
possess the required quantities of vitamins.
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
7. 1. Annually we produce about 129 million tonnes of vegetables from an area of 7.98
million ha, contributing 13.4 percentage to the world’s production. (2009 NHB Data)
2. Vegetables crops have high export potential and vegetables worth of Rs 4431 crores
are being exported annually both in fresh form or processed form. APEDA is the
nodal organization involved in regulation of export and import of various food
products.
3. Traditional vegetables like onion, potato, bhendi, bitter gourd and chillies and non-
traditional vegetables like asparagus, celery, paprika, 5 sweet corn, baby corn, beans,
peas and cherry tomato have been short listed by APEDA for export. Among the
different vegetables, 77% of the onion produced is being exported, thus earning
valuable foreign exchange to the country. onion and traditional vegetables are being
imported by gulf countries, Singapore, Malaysia, Srilanka, Bangladesh and Nepal.
Non- traditional vegetables are being imported by Australia European countries,
South East Asian and Gulf countries.
4. Out of the total out put of vegetables, only 1% is being utilized by the processing
industry. Inadequate preservation techniques, and storage facilities contribute to
25% loss of vegetables produced. By improving post harvest techniques, we can
ensure year round availability of vegetables.
IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES IN NATIONAL
ECONOMY:
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
8. Arid and semiarid parts of the India are known as Seed Spices Bowl (Rajasthan and Gujarat) and
contribute more than 80% of total seed spices production. Total 109 spices are listed by ISO and 63
spices are grown in India and out of which 20 are being classified as seed spices. Out of 20 seed
spices, ICAR-NRCSS working of 10 most important seed spices namely cumin, coriander, fennel,
fenugreek, ajwain, anise, caraway, celery, dill and nigella [1]. Seed spices also grown in some other
states on considerable areas such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa,
Punjab, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Since there is a large scope of seed spices by introducing them
in new areas, the higher yields can also be achieved effortlessly by implementing new
technologies. Among seed spices, maximum area is under cumin followed by coriander, fennel
fenugreek, ajwain, celery, nigella, dill, anise etc. Being seasonal crops, these are grown extensively
in rotation with food crops and also as inter/mixed crops under rainfed/irrigated conditions. All
these crops mostly grown in rabi season. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of
seed spices in the world. Seed spices contribute about 51.79 % of total area and 19.06 % of
production of total spices in the country. The area under seed spices is about 1.74 million hectare
and production is about 1.45 million tons (DASD, Calicut- 2016-17). India is consistent source of
seed spices for importing countries worldwide. There has been ever increasing demand of seed
spices and importing countries look at India for quality produce of seed spices.
IMPORTANCE OF SPICES
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
9. • 1. Seed spices play a significant role in our national economy because
of its large domestic consumption and growing demand for export.
India is exporting about14 percent of its production annually and full
fill nearly 50 percent of world demand.
• 2. India is exporting only 15 percent of its production annually and full
fill the 50-60 percent of world demand.
• 3. The total export of seed spice crops is Rs 3738 crore, out of which
cumin alone contributes Rs 2418 crore annually (Spice Board India,
2017-18).
• 4. Other than India, seed spices are grown in different part of the
world covering mainly Mediterranean region, South Europe and Asia.
Morocco, Russia and Bulgaria are the major producing countries for
coriander, Turkey, Iran and Egypt for Cumin; Egypt, China, Romania
and Russia for fennel; Morocco and Bulgaria for fenugreek; Iran and
Egypt for Ajwan; Germany and Hungry for dill; southern France and
china for celery; Bulgaria, Cyprus, Germany, and Russia for anise;
Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Egypt for Nigella
IMPORTANCE OF SPICES IN NATIONAL
ECONOMY:
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali
12. INTRODUCTION
Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown
vegetable in world.
Its many forms are adopted to wide range of soils and
climate.
It has many other uses tomato seeds contain 24% of oil
is used as salad oil and in the manufacture of
margarine.
Green tomatoes are also used for pickles and preserves.
13. History:
•
•
•
•
•
•
In 1828 Britishers introduced tomato to India through Royal Agri-
Horticultural Society, Calcutta and afterwards it spread to other parts of
the country.
In 14th -15th century it is considered as the highly poisonous food. In 16th
century Italians and Romans started use of tomatoes.
Father of tomato : Dr. C. M. Rick
Linnaeus 1753 placed the tomato under the genus ‘Solanum’ and gave
Solanum Lycopersicon.
In 2005-2006 the scientific name of tomato was changed to Solanum
Lycopersicon
14. 5
Origin and distribution:
•
•
•
•
•
Evidences first tomato cultivation was compiled and
evaluated by Jenkins(1948).
First known record of tomato is in the year 1554 in
south America.
Cultivated tomato originated from Peru, Ecuador, and
Bolivia. Domesticated place of tomato lies in Mexico.
The ancestor of cultivated tomato is cherry type
(Lycopersicon esculenta var cerasiformae - cherry
tomato).
From Mexico is distributed to Spain, Europe, Britain,
France etc.
16. Nutrients in tomatoes
•
•
•
Tomatoes contribute to a healthy ,well balanced diet.
In tomato total sugar content is 2.5% in ripe fruit and ascorbic
acid varies from 16-65mg/100g of fruit weight, total amino
acid is 100-350mg/100g of fruit weight.
They are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids,
sugars and dietary fibres.
Tomato contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus.
Composition of tomato fruit per 100g of edible part
Minerals
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Thiamine
Riboflavin
- 0.6g
- 320I.U
- 31mg
- 0.07mg
- 0.01g
Nicotinic acid
oxalic acid
phosphorus
Iron
Calcium
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
- 0.4g
- 2mg
- 36mg
- 1.8mg
- 20mg
17. Importance and uses
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tomato is one of the versatile crop in the world because of its
fast and wide climatic adaption and it is universally treated as
“protective food”.
The pulp and juice are digestible ,mild apparent,a promoter of
gastric secretion and blood purifier.
Also reported to have a antiseptic properties against intestinal
infections and aslo fought against the cancer of mouth ,etc.
It stimulates torpid liver and is good in chronic dyspepsia.
According to kyzlink etal(1981),tomatine content in small hard
tomato is 300mg/100g of edible part and 150 mg/100g in larger
green fruits .
The solanine contentof the pulp made from unripe
tomato is much lower ,similar to peeled potato
(5mg/100g of edible part )
18. • Its ripe fruits are utilized on a large scale in the preparation
of a variety of processed products, such as puree, paste,
ketchup, sauce, soup, syrup, juice, drinks, and canned whole
peeled fruits.
19. Health Benefits Of Tomatoes
•Tomato is one of the versatile crop in the world because of its
fast and wide climatic adaption and it is universally treated as
“protective food”.
20. Pigmentation in Tomato:
•
•
•
Red color is due to lycopene.
Yellow color is due to carotenoid antioxidants
Tangerine is due to pro-lycopene.
•
•
At temperature below 100C tomato did not develop red or
yellow colour where as at temperature between 10-250C,red
and yellow pigments developed and finally red colour was
suppresed above 300C.
If the temperature lower than 300C was restored, red colour
again developed and at the temperature above 400C,lycopene
was destroyed and no red colour development took place.
21. Area and production:
•According to NHB
•The leading states are - AP, KN,MP, Orissa, Gujarat.
Area Production Productivity
World 4.81mha 162mt 33.8t/ha
India 8.80lakh ha 182 lakh t 20.7t/ha
Karnataka 0.57lakh ha 19 lakh t 33.2t/ha
22. Taxonomy:
•Tomato belongs to family solanaceae and genus lycopersicon.
The genus include 12 species,all native to south america.
•Muller (1940) divide the genus lycopersicon into sub genus
Eulycopersicon (red fruited) and Eriopersicon(green fruited
type).
•Bailey (1949) classified tomato into two species,L.esculentum
and L.pimpinellifolium.with 5 botanical varieties.
23. Botanical classification of cultivated tomato according to
fruit shape and plant spread by Bailey (1949)
1.L.esculentum. var. commune 2. L.esculentum. var.grandifolium
Potato leaves type
common round fruited tomato
24. 3.L.esculentum. var. cerasiformae 4. L.esculentum. var. validum
small fruited cherry tomato upright tomato
5.L.esculentum. var. pyriformae(pear shaped tomato)
25. Botanical Description
Cultiavted tomato is an annual herb
Roots:Tap root system having depth of
50cm or more.
Stem:Growth habit is erect.Plant height is
2-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and
glandular.
Leaf: leaves are compound pinnatifid with
small leaflet. The petiole is long clasping.
The main leaflet is shortly stalked,5 to 7cm
long, ovate to oblong with margin irregularly
toothed.
26. Fruits:
•Fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and 2-15 cm in
diameter.
•The immature fruit is green and hairy.
•Ripe fruits range from yellow,orange to red.
•It is usually round, smooth.
27. Flowers:
•flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme.
•They vary in numbers from 5 to 12 each flower is borne on short
pedicel which is constricted at the middle
•flowers are pendent,perfect,hypogynous.
Seeds:Numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are hairy, light
brown 3-5mm long and 2-4 mm wide.
28. According to the growth habit,tomato is characterized by
two types Determinate type and Indeterminate
Determinate Indeterminate
Bushy in nature.
Self- topping occurs.
Flower cluster occurs at every node.
Early maturity can be seen.
Staking is not required.
Erect in nature.
Self- topping does not occurs.
Flower cluster occurs at every 3rd node.
Late maturity can be seen.
Staking is required.
29. High yield.
Free from cracking.
Disease resistance.
High percentage of no. of fruits.
Good shelf life & TSS.
29
VARIETIES:
Selection of varieties
30. IMPROVED
VARIETIES
HYBRID
S
Arka Vikas Meghali Arka Ananya
Pusa Ruby Roma Arka Rakshak
Arka Ahuti
Arka Sourabh
Ashish
Sankranthi
Nandi Vybhava
Arka Samrat
Arka Abha
Arka Alok
Arka vikas
Arka
shreshta
31. Selection of tomato varieties have been in plenty suitable almost
all parts of the country. Some of the sought after varieties are
given below.
Sioux- Highyielding dwarf, spreading
Pusa red plum- Table variety, determinate (IARI)
Pusa early dwarf- Suitable for kharif and rabi(IARI)
Co-1- Semi spreading dwar, fruits in cluster (TNAU)
Co-2- Mutant of Co-1.
S-12- High yielding, variety from PAU
PKM-1- Round fruits with green shoulder
Pusa Ruby- Indeterminate, flat fruits (IARI)
Pusa Gaurav- Good for processing (IARI)
32. Paiyur 1- Suitable for rainfed cultutre
Arka Saurabh- Semideterminate, round fruits; good keeping
quality (IIHR)
Arka Vikas- High yielding table variety
Arka Ahuti- Oblong fruits, TSS 5.4% (IIHR)
Arka Ashish- Determinate oval fruits; tolerant to DM (IIHR)
Arka Abha- Determinate; bacterial wilt resistant (IIHR)
Arka Meghali- Rainfed' thick flesh.(IIHR)
Sakthi- Resistant to Bacterial wilt (KAU)
HS 101- Determinate; dwarf spreading, good for winter
season(HAU)
33. •Hisar Anmol- Tolerant to leaf curl virus, determinate (HAU)
•SL-120- Semideterminate, root-knot nematode tolerant (IARI)
•S-12- Dwarf bushy plants (PAU)
•Pant Bahar- Bushy and much branched (GBPU)
•NDT-1- Indeterminate, large fruits.
•NDT-120- Determinate, good for processing.
•Solan gola- From Himachal (YSPU)
•Pusa Divya- Indeterminate F1 hybrid, profusely branched,
round, yield 35 t/ha.
35. Arka Sourabh Arka Shreshta Arka Vikas
Arka Vardan Arka Ananya
Arka Meghali
36. Varieties suitable for rainy season:
Pusa Ruby,.Arka vikas,Arka Meghali, Megha
Varieties suitable for processing:
Arka ahuti,Arka Sourabh,ArkaAshish
Varieties resistant to ToLCV:
Nandi, Sankranti, Vaibhav,Arka Rakshak
Varieties resistant to bacterial wilt:
Arka alok,ArkaAbha,Arka shresta,Arka abhijith
Variety suitable for nematode resistace:Arka Vardana
36
37. varieties resistant to abiotic stresses:
•Pusa Sheetal-low temperature;
•Pusa hybrid 1- High temperature.
•Pusa Sadabahar- high and low temperature region.
37
38. • IAHS Bangalore released hybrids
1)Rashmi: Tolerant to fusarium and verticillium wilt.
2)Rupali: For high temperature.
3)IAHS-88.2: Tolerant to fusarium, verticillium and root knot
nematode.
4)Naveen: Fresh market. 5) IAHS-88-3
6) Karnataka 7)Rajani
8)Vaishali
9)Sweet heart
10)Maruraj 11)Gram wonder
•
•
MAHYCO Seeds: MTH 4, Sadabahar, Gulmohar.
Bejo Sheetal pvt.Ltd- Meenakshi, Talstoi
39. varieties suitable for protected cultivation
•All indeterminate varieties are suitable for protected cultivation:
•Pusa Ruby
•Pusa Sel. 120
•Angurlata
•Pant Bahar
•Pant T-3
•Hissar Lalit
•Arka Abha
•Pusa Divya
40. Climate:
33
•
•
•
•
•
Warm season crop.
Optimum temperature required for its cultivation is 20°C - 24°
C
Optimum temperature of 15°C -20°C for fruit setting. The
temperature below 16°C and above 27° C are not desirable.
Ideal temperature for development of red and yellow colour is
18°C -25ºC.
Lycopene which is responsible for red colour , is highest
at 21°C-24 °C while the production of this pigment drops off
rapidly above 27 °C.
41. Disinfection of soil
•Control of Phytophthora, Pythium, RKN
•Soil solarization
•Methyl Bromide
•Formalin
Soil:- It grows well in all kinds of soil. For early crop, a sandy
loam soil is the best, for higher yield heavy soils rich in organic
matter are preferred.The pH should be 6.0 – 7.0.It is moderately
tolerant to acid soil(pH 5.5)
42. Seed rate:
For nursery Raising OPV :300-400 g/ha.
Hybrids : 125 – 175g
Time of planting:
Tomato can be grown in any season as it is a day
neutral plant. Three crops are taken in areas which are
not affected by frost.
•Kharif crop transplanted in July,
•Rabi in October- November months.
•Seed treatment:Seed is treated with
fungicides like Captan or Cereson or Thiram
2g/kg of seed.
43. Seasons:
Seed sowing in the plains is done thrice during the year.
1)For rainy-autumn crop: The seeds are sown in the month
of June and July.
2)For autumn-winter crop: Seeds are sown in the month of
Sep-Oct.
3)For spring-summer crop: Seeds are sown in the month of
Jan-Feb.
In hills the seeds sowing depend upon the elevation of the
place.
On lower hills, seeds are sown at Feb-March
while on the higher hills in the months of March and
April.
44. •FYM @ 25t /ha is applied before
the last ploughing.
•Neem cake @ 100 kg
is applied before last
ploughing.
•Raised beds of 120 cm width.
Land preparation and Planting
45. Nursery bed Preparation
The land is first ploughed with soil turning plough followed by 4-5
ploughings with country plough or harrow.
Leveling should be done after ploughing and bring the soil into
fine tilth and also provide better drainage facilities
At the time of soil preparation, raising the planting bed above
ground level facilitates drainage during rainy season.
46. Bed preparation
50 m
50 cm 100cm 80 m
Total no of beds = 80m / 1.5m
= 53 beds
Total length of mulch required is 53 X 10 m = 530
m
1 k g mulch will cover about 43m² area
total mulch required = 530 m / 43 m² = 12.3 kg
46
47. Crops
Thickness of mulch film
(micron)
Increase in yield (%)
Tomato 25 45-50
MULCHING:
•It is used to increase the temperature,
•Suppress weed growth and
•Conserve soil moisture.
48. Organic mulches like straw can reduce the soil temperature
during summer season however, plastics are used to increase
the soil temperature during winter season for maintaining the
optimum temperature which is required for good growth,
flowering, fruiting and quality of tomato
49. Quality Seedling Production
Protected nursery
Nursery area is covered with 50 per cent shade net
The seedlings are raised in protrays with sterilized cocopeat
100 g of hybrid tomato seeds is required to produce seedlings
for 1 ha
25 - 30 days old are ready for transplanting
51. PLANTING TIME
seedlings are ready for transplanting between 4 – 5weeks after
seeding in nursery beds.seedlings should be hardened before
transplanting. This is done by witholding watering for 4-5 days
so as to reduce available moisture to 20%.
• The transplanting of seedlings are done in January-
February and July-august for taking two crops in a year.
• High hills -March – October.
• During winter production the plantings are done in the month
of September
52. • Spacing : 60×45 cm mostly under drip irrigation system for
efficient use of water and fertilizers for long duration
cultivation of tomato crop.
• Low pressure drip irrigation system can also be used for green
house tomato cultivation.
53. Irrigation
Water requirement of crop : 600 -700mm/ha during
initial cop stage (1month) - 8lt/m². Thus for
1m² area = 3.7 4 plants plants/m². For
4000 m² area = 14814.8 plants
Thus 2650 x 4= 10600lt/day of water is given/4000
m².
After 4 months , 12 lt/m² is given
54. Drip method of irrigation
Frequent irrigation is essential for plant growth, fruiting and yield.
The crop should be irrigated daily.
However during summer more irrigation is required due to higher
surface evaporation.
Drip system is highly economical and produces quality tomato.
Crops Water saving (%)
Increase in yield
(%)
Tomato 42 60
55. Use of growth regulators and chemicals:
55
Chemicals
2,Chloroethyl phosponic
acid
Common name
Ethephon
Doses(mg/litre)
200-500 whole plant spray
Effective
Flowering induction, better
rooting and setting of plants
2,Chloroethyl cycocel 500-100 Flower bud, stimulate
pigment formation and
increase fruit set
2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic
acid
2,4-D 2-5 seed treatment, whole
plant spray
Increase fruit set, earliness
and parthenocarpy
3 Indole butyric acid
3 Indole acetic acid
IBA
IAA
50-100
Foliage spray
Increase fruit set
Increase fruit size and yield
Naphalene acetic acid NAA Spray oil Higher fruit set, yield
Parachlorophenoxy acetic
acid
PCPA 50mg foliar spray Higher fruit set under
adverse climatic condition
6-4Hydroxy methyl 8 methyl GA
gibberline
50-100 foliar spray Elongate shoot growth and
increase fruit yield
56. •Weeding
•Staking (30 days after planting.)
•Training
•Desuckering
•De-leafing
•Fruit Pruning
Cultural Practices of Tomatoes
57. Weed control
57
The normal method of weed control is to give two hand hoeing in the
first and third fortnight after transplanting and an earthing up operation
during the seasonal fortnight.
The application of pre emergence herbicides like metribuzin at
0.35kg/ha, fluchloraline 1.25kg/ha controls the weed population and
increases the yield of tomato.
Recently the use of pendimethalin @1.0kg/ha as pre emergence
application at three days after transplanting was found very effective in
suppressing the weeds.
58. Staking
In case of indeterminate varieties, the yield and quality of fruit is
improved by staking the plants with wooden sticks/polythene
threads. Staking not only increases the yield and improve its quality
but also reduces the infection by fungal diseases.
62. Pruning:
Start pruning 30DAT
Prune the plants to two stems by removing the lateral
suckers
Helps maintain balance between vegetative growth and
fruit production
Perform every 8-10 days
64. •Harvesting of tomato fruits is carried out either at breaker stage or at
half red depending upon the market preference.
•First harvest starts at 60 days after planting.
Harvesting and Post harvest management
65. In indeterminate cultivars ,fruits can normally be harvested 70 – 100 days after
planting. While determinate cultivars may begin fruit at 70 days depending
upon the environmental conditions
1.Immature green stage: Fruits are green but have attained the normal size.
The seeds are not fully developed and not covered with jelly like substances.
The fruits are harvested at this stage when they are to be transported over a
long-long distance.
2.2. Mature green stage: the fully grown fruits with a brownish ring at stem
scar, removal of calyx, light green colour at blossom end changes to yellowish
green and seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the seed cavity.
Harvested for long distance transportation and ripen after reaching the market
3.Turning stage (breaker stage): 1/4th of the fruit especially at blossom end
shows pink colour. These fruits are harvested for local market.
4.Pink stage: 3/4th of the surface shows pink colour .
5.Hard ripe stage: Nearly all red or pink with firm flesh
6. Over ripe: Fully coloured and soft. Suitable for processing and ensure
desired quality and red colour in product.
67. Grading
Tomato fruits are graded based on
1.Colour
2.Size
3.Degree of ripening/stage of maturity
•Pack the fruits separately according to grade before sending them to
market.
•The Bureau of Indian standards has specified four grades, viz. super A,
super, fancy and commercial.
68. •The tomato can be stored in low temperature and evaporative cool
storage.
•The best storage temperature is from 12° C to 15° C. When stored
at freezing point, the fruits show low temperature injury.
•Mature green fruits can be kept for as long as 30 days at 10° C to
15° C. ripe tomatoes can be kept for 10 days at 4.5 ° C.
•The recommended relative humidity is 85-90 %per cent.
•Tomato can be stored under normal conditions for 7-10 days.
68
Storage
69. Yield
Generally most of the varieties are ready for first picking in 75-
85 DAT.
Cro
p
Tomat
o
Yield (Tonnes/Ha)
Open field
Green House 50
150
(Source: Singh et al.2013)
70. Physiological disorders of tomato:
Blossom end rot:
Brown water soaked discoloration appears at the blossom end of
the fruit where the senescent petals are attached while the fruit is
still green. The spots enlarge and darken rapidly and the affected
portion of the fruit becomes sunken, leathery and dark coloured.
This disorder may occur due to
i)Sudden change in the rate of transpiration specially in moisture
stress condition
ii)Continuously high evapotranspiration regime and a large leaf
area
iii)Increasing level of nitrogen content in the fruits
iv)Deficiency of calcium
71. Blossom end rot
Water soaked discoloration
appears at the blossom end
of the fruit. It starts with a
dry, brown lesion the size of
a dime and generally
increases in diameter as the
condition worsens. In time,
lesions often become
covered with a secondary
black mold.
72. Control
1) This disorder is decreased by increasing the frequency of
irrigation
2) Judicial fertilizer application. Increase in the level of
phosphate fertilization application decline the incidence of this
disorder.
3) Liming decreases the incidence
4) Single foliar spray of 0.5% calcium chloride (CaCl2) at the
time of fruit development.
73. Fruit cracking:
Two types of fruit cracking are seen. Radial cracking, where surface of
the mostly full ripe fruits cracks radially from the stem end of the fruit
and concentric cracking, where surface of mostly mature green fruits
cracks concentrically around the shoulder of the fruit. Radial cracking
is more common and causes greater loss than concentric cracking.
Cracking may occur due to
•Irrigation or rainfall after long dry spell
•Exposure of fruits to sun due to pruning and staking
•Boron deficiency
•Genetic factor which is reported to be inherited polygenically
74. Control
1)Irrigation at regular intervals
2)Pruning and staking during summer season should be
avoided
3)Spraying seedlings before transplanting with 0.3-0.4%
borax solution.
5) Growing resistant varieties like
Sioux, Roma, Punjab chuhara, Pusa ruby, Arka
Saurabh, Pant T1 etc.
75. Control
1)Irrigation at regular intervals
2)Pruning and staking during summer season should be
avoided
3)Spraying seedlings before transplanting with 0.3-0.4%
borax solution.
5) Growing resistant varieties like
Sioux, Roma, Punjab chuhara, Pusa ruby, Arka
Saurabh, Pant T1 etc.
76. Sun scald:
Exposed portion of either green or nearly ripe fruits get blistered and
water soaked due to extreme heat of scorching sunshine. This problem
is common in plants that have lost considerable foliage. For this
reason, training and pruning in tomato aggravate this disorder.
Control:
1)Protection of plants from defoliation by diseases and insect pests
2)Training and pruning in summer months should be avoided
77. Puffiness:
Outer wall of the grown up fruits (two-third normal size) continues to
develop normally but growth of the remaining internal tissues
(Placenta, mesocarp) is retarded resulting in partially filled fruit which
is light in weight and lacks in firmness.
•Non fertilization of ovules
•Embryo abortion after normal fertilization
•High temperature and high soil moisture are
the primary factors responsible for this disorder.
78. Control
1)Over irrigation should be avoided
2)Less nitrogen should be applied
3)Boron should be applied by spraying 0.3-0.4% borax
solution.
79. Cat face:
Distortion of the blossom end of the fruit gives rise to various
ridges, furrows and indentation in a localized area of the fruit.
Cat face is named due to these ridges and indentations.
80. Unfruitfulness:
Temperature particularly a night temperature has profound effect
on fruit setting in tomato. High day temperature (above 32C) and
high night temperature (above 20C) is not congenial to fruit set.
On the other hand fruits normally fail to set at or below 13 C.
Both high and low temperature adversely affects fruit set mainly
by reducing pollen viability and pollen germination on stigma.
81. Control
1)Growing high temperature tolerant varieties like HS-102,
Punjab Kesar, Punjab Chuhara, and Hot set etc.
2)Growing low temperature tolerant varieties like Pusa Sheetal,
Cold set.
3)Application of growth substances like parachlorophenoxy
acetic acid (PCPA) 50 ppm at full bloom stage or 2,4 D, 1-2
ppm prior to anthesis.
82. Gold fleck:
In the fruit surface around the calyx and fruit shoulder, tiny
yellow spots often appear which are called gold flecks. These
gold flecks appear due to deposition of calcium oxalate.
•With high incidence, fruits become non attractive and their
shelf life also get reduced.
•Increased magnesium concentration in the fruits
83. Silvering:
This disorder affect stems, leaves and flowers. In the stem
silvering, grey-green stripes of varying number and width
appears. This disorder may be caused due to exposure of plants
to low temperature (<21 C) for some times.
Pithy stem:
Large air spaces are formed in the pith accompanied by the
increase in abscisic acid levels in the leaves.
86. Thrips: Thrips tabaci
Management
•Mechanically uproot the diseased
plants and destroy them
•Use yellow sticky traps @ 15/ha
•Release larvae of Chrysoperla
cornea @10,000/ha
•Spray methyl demeton 25 EC
@1lit/ha or dimethoate 30 EC
@1lit/ha
86
87. Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii
Leaf miner damage
87
Dried leaves
Mining in the leaf
Management
•Collect and destroy mined leaves
•Spray NSKE 5%
88. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci
81
Fruit damage Silvery damage
Tomato leaf curling
Management
•Uproot and destroy the diseased leaf curl plants
•Use nitrogen and irrigation judiciously.
•Use yellow sticky traps at 12/ha to attract and kill insects.
•Apply carbofuran 3% G @ 40 kg /ha
•Spray of dimethoate 30% E C @1ml/lt or malathion 1.5ml/lt.
89. Fruit Borer: Helicoverpa armigera
83
Management
•Growing of trap crop -40 days old American tall marigold and 25 days old
tomato seedling at 1:16 rows
•Set up pheromone trap with Helilure at 12/ha
•Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars
•Release Trichogramma @ 1 lakh nos. /ha release at an interval of 7 days
starting from flower initiation.
•Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 2g/lit.
90. Damping off : Pythium aphanidermatum
Management
•Use raised seed bed
•Drench with Copper oxychloride 0.2% or Bordeaux mixture 1%.
•Seed treatment with fungal culture Trichoderma viride (4 g/kg of seed) or
Thiram (3 g/kg of seed) is the only preventive measure to control the pre-
emergence damping off.
91. Early Blight: Alternaria solani
•Removal and destruction of crop debris.
• Practicing crop rotation helps to minimize the disease incidence.
•Spray the crop with Mancozeb 0.2 % for effective disease control.
Early symptom
Management
Affected plant at advanced
stage
Concentric ring on infected part
92. Late blight - Phytophthora infestans
Management
•The affected plants should be removed and destroyed.
•Practicing crop rotation helps to minimize the disease
incidence.
•Drench with Copper oxychloride 0.2% or Bordeaux
mixture 1%.
93. Fusarium Wilt : Fusarium oxysporum fsp.
lycopersici
Affected plants
Management
•The affected plants should be
removed and destroyed.
•Spot drench with Carbendazim
(0.1%)
•Crop rotation with a non-host
crop such as cereals.
94. BACTERIAL WILT • Bacterial wilt is one of the
major diseases of tomato .The Solanaceae
family, also known as the "nightshade" family,
is a family of flowering plants, many of which
are edible, while others are poisonous. It is
called the deadly disease of tomato . The
disease is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia
solanacearum, previously known as
Pseudomonas solanacearum. It is one of the
most damaging plant pathogens Wilting,
stunting, yellowing of the foliage and finally
collapse of the entire plant are the
characteristic of disease.
95. Bacterial Wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum
infected plant
Management
•Crop rotations, viz., cowpea-maize-cabbage, okra-cowpea-maize,
maize- cowpea-maize and finger millet-egg plant are reported
effective in reducing bacterial wilt of tomato.
•Use of disease resistane varieties like Arka Abha, Arka Alok, Arka
Rakshak
96. Mosaic: Tomato mosaic virus (TMV)
Affected leaves
Management
•Use of disease-free seed and seedlings.
•Crop rotation with non-host crops.
•Soaking of the seeds in a solution of Trisodium
Phosphate (90 g/litre of water) a day before
sowing.
•Spray Imidachloprid 0.05 % or Dimethoate 0.05%
to control vector
96
97. Leaf curl: Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)
Foliar symptom
97
Yellowing between veins and
an upward curling of their
margins
Leaf curl symptom
Management
•Keep yellow sticky traps @ 12/ha to control white fly.
•Raise barrier crops-cereals around the field.
•Spray Imidachloprid 0.5 % or Dimethoate 0.5% @ 15, 25, 45 DAT to
control vector.
98. Singh, S.P Production Technology of vegetable crops. 1989.Agri. Comm. Res.
Centre.
S, Thamburajnd. Singh, Narendra.2014.Text book of vegetables ,tuber crops and
spices. ICAR
www.krishisewa.com
agritech.tnau.ac.in
Development of e-Course for B.Sc (Agriculture) (eagri.org)
References
www.cuchd.in Campus: Gharuan, Mohali