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Exploitation of Groundwater
Presented By:
Saroj Shrestha (9)
Saurav Poudel (11)
Samyog Khanal (13)
Sapna Badekar (15)
Introduction
Groundwater exploitation refers to the
drilling and pumping of groundwater by
people in order to use this groundwater
for various purposes
The proper exploitation of ground water
resources involves apart from the location
of suitable source, the construction of
properly designed wells
Numerous problems of ground water
exploration & exploitation require
systematic use of scientific techniques
GROUND WATER ABSTRACTING STRUCTURES
 The ground water abstracting structures are man made which collect & hold
water for exploitation.
 The common ground water abstracting structures are Dug wells, Dug cum
bore well, bore well, collector well & Infiltration gallery.
 Wells are vertical shafts excavated or holes drilled in earth to the level of
water table for extraction.
 The wells have to be designed to get the optimum quantity of water
economically from a given geological formation
Groundwater Wells
 a hole or shaft
 Usually vertical, excavated for bringing groundwater to the surface
 Success of ground water exploration program depends on the exploitation of
it
 The ground water explored should be extracted by abstracting structures like
dug wells & bore wells adapting proper exploitation techniques
Types of water well
Dug well
Bored well
Driven wells
Jetted wells
Methods of Drilling Deep Wells
Cable Tool Method
An impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is
dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock
Capable to drill holes upto 8 to 60cm through consolidated rock
material.
least affective in unconsolidated sand and gravel.
Rotary Method
 Uses a sharp, rotating drill bit
and downward pressure to cut,
or crush, through the
subsurface
 Capable to drill holes 45cm
through unconsolidated strata
 Rapid method
Air Rotary Method
 Use compress air
 Rapid and convenient for small diameter hole drilling in
unconsolidated strata
 Drilling Depth can exceed 150 meter under favorable circumstances
 Advantage
 Ability to drill through fissured rock formations with little or no water
required
Rotary Percussion Method
Reverse Circulation Rotary Method
 Method of drilling which uses dual
wall drill rods that consist of an
outer drill rod with an inner tube
 Use to drill large diameter hole in
unconsolidated strata.
 Drilled fluid is clear water
Well Design
 The success of well depends on well design and construction. The tube well
design shall ensure an efficient and economical well with a service life of
more than one decade
 The size of the well should be properly chosen since it significantly affects
the cost of well construction.
 Well must be large enough to accommodate the pump to be installed.
 Before installation of screen it is essential to check the verticality of
borehole.
 borehole. The optimum length of well screen is chosen in relation to the
aquifer thickness, available drawdown and stratification of aquifer.
Well Design Criteria
 The choice of open well or bore well & the method of well design
depends upon topography, geological conditions of the underlying strata,
depth to water table, rainfall, climate and the quantity of water required
 A water well design involves selection of proper dimensions like the
diameter of the well & casing, length & location of the screen including
slot size, shape & percentage open area.
Well Screen
Provision of a suitable
well screen is the most
important part of well
design
The selection of screen
size includes, type of
screen, the entrance
velocity, the open area
& diameter & length of
the screen
Well Completion
 The process of making a well ready for production after drilling operations
This involve
 Placement of casing
 Cementing of casing
 Placement of well screen
 Gravel packing
Well Casing and Cementing
 A lining installed in well to maintain
an open hole from ground surface.
 It seals out surface water, undesirable
groundwater and provide structural
support.
 Cementing is done to prevent
entering the unsatisfactory water, to
prevent from corrosion and stabilize
the caving rock formation.
Placement of Well Screen and Gravel Packing
Screen allow to enter maximum
amount of water
Gravel packing is artificially placed
graver to surround the screen.
 To prevent sand pumping
 Stabilize aquifer
Well Construction
 The suitability of well construction depends upon the geology, depth to
water level and design of tube well
 Placement of gavel or pebble packing around a well has to be done carefully
to avoid segregation or bridging.
 The gravel pack materials should be clean, rounded, smooth and uniform.
The maximum grain size should be less than 10 mm.
Pumping
 Pumping test is done to determine:
• Performance characteristics of a well
– Yield and drawdown are recorded so that specific capacity can be
calculated. Also gives info on pump capacity required.
• Hydraulic parameters of the aquifer or aquifer test
– Transmissivity and storage coefficient can be calculated
 Pumping test will not give accurate results if not done methodically
 pumping should be done for several hours to determine:
– Max. anticipated drawdown
– Vol of water produced
– Best method to measure yield
– Means to avoid instant recharge
Pumping Equipment
•Well Pumps produce flow by transforming mechanical energy to
Hydraulic Energy.
•The selection of size and type of pump depend on
a) Pumping Capacity
b) Well diameter and Depth
c) Depth and Variability of Pumping Level
d) Straightness of the Well
e) Sand Pumping
f) Total Pumping Head
g) Duration of Pumping
h) Type of Power Available
Total Pumping Head/ Total dynamic Head
It represents the total vertical lift of the water from the well.
It consist of three components
a) The drawdown inside the well ( Including aquifer and well
Losses)
b) The Static head
c) Friction loss due to flow.
 Total Pumping head increases with Discharge.
Figure:- Diagram illustrating total pumping head for a well supplying a storage
reservoir.
Pumps For Shallow Wells
Only small Discharge is needed.
Discharge range up to 500m3/day.
Hand-operated pitcher pump, turbine pump, and gear
pump are installed.
For large discharge from shallow well centrifugal pump
are used.
Pumps for Deep Wells
Large-capacity pumps serving irrigation, municipal,
or industrial water requirements.
Plunger, displacement, airlift, jet deep well turbine
and Submersible pump are example.
The deep well turbine pump has been widely adopted
for large, deep, high-capacity wells.
The pump is usually driven by an electric motor at the
ground surface.
An advantage of submersible pumps is that they can
lift water from deep wells.
Figure:- Pumps for deep wells. a) Turbine b) Submersible (After Anderson
1966)
Photograph:- Photograph showing the process of Pump installation. (PCLRIP,
2021)
Some Features of Pump:-
Brand:- KSB Make
Phase:- 3 Phase
Pump Power:- 20HP
Stage:- 10 Stage
Type of Pump:- Submersible
water Pump
Set Model :- BPD 242/ 10A+
UMAI 1509122”
Photograph:- Photograph shows the final Discharge of pump.
Protection of Wells
a) Sanitary Protection
b) Frost Protection
c) Abandonment of Wells
Figure:- Plan and Elevation views of a developed spring showing a typical method for
providing Sanitary Protection (After Us Public Health Service)
Figure:- A drilled well showing grout seal, concrete slab, and well seal for
sanitary protection (After Us Public Service)
Figure:- Diagram of a domestic well Installation with a pitless adapter to protect the well
from frost (After Gibb)
Conclusion
Dug wells, Bored wells, Driven wells and Jetted wells
are used for the constructing shallow wells.
Cable toll method, Rotary Method, Air rotary method,
Down the Hole and Reverse circulation rotary
method used for drilling deep wells.
Well Casings, cementing, screens and Gravel packing
is done for Well Completion.
Pumping, Surging, Backwashing with air and
Hydraulic jetting are done for well Development.
Submersible pumps are used for pumping in deep
wells.
Sanitary, frost protection are usually done for the
Protection of wells.
Thank you!
Any Questions?

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Exploitation.pptx

  • 1. Exploitation of Groundwater Presented By: Saroj Shrestha (9) Saurav Poudel (11) Samyog Khanal (13) Sapna Badekar (15)
  • 2. Introduction Groundwater exploitation refers to the drilling and pumping of groundwater by people in order to use this groundwater for various purposes The proper exploitation of ground water resources involves apart from the location of suitable source, the construction of properly designed wells Numerous problems of ground water exploration & exploitation require systematic use of scientific techniques
  • 3. GROUND WATER ABSTRACTING STRUCTURES  The ground water abstracting structures are man made which collect & hold water for exploitation.  The common ground water abstracting structures are Dug wells, Dug cum bore well, bore well, collector well & Infiltration gallery.  Wells are vertical shafts excavated or holes drilled in earth to the level of water table for extraction.  The wells have to be designed to get the optimum quantity of water economically from a given geological formation
  • 4. Groundwater Wells  a hole or shaft  Usually vertical, excavated for bringing groundwater to the surface  Success of ground water exploration program depends on the exploitation of it  The ground water explored should be extracted by abstracting structures like dug wells & bore wells adapting proper exploitation techniques
  • 5. Types of water well Dug well Bored well Driven wells Jetted wells
  • 6. Methods of Drilling Deep Wells
  • 7. Cable Tool Method An impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock Capable to drill holes upto 8 to 60cm through consolidated rock material. least affective in unconsolidated sand and gravel.
  • 8.
  • 9. Rotary Method  Uses a sharp, rotating drill bit and downward pressure to cut, or crush, through the subsurface  Capable to drill holes 45cm through unconsolidated strata  Rapid method
  • 10. Air Rotary Method  Use compress air  Rapid and convenient for small diameter hole drilling in unconsolidated strata  Drilling Depth can exceed 150 meter under favorable circumstances  Advantage  Ability to drill through fissured rock formations with little or no water required
  • 12. Reverse Circulation Rotary Method  Method of drilling which uses dual wall drill rods that consist of an outer drill rod with an inner tube  Use to drill large diameter hole in unconsolidated strata.  Drilled fluid is clear water
  • 13. Well Design  The success of well depends on well design and construction. The tube well design shall ensure an efficient and economical well with a service life of more than one decade  The size of the well should be properly chosen since it significantly affects the cost of well construction.  Well must be large enough to accommodate the pump to be installed.  Before installation of screen it is essential to check the verticality of borehole.  borehole. The optimum length of well screen is chosen in relation to the aquifer thickness, available drawdown and stratification of aquifer.
  • 14. Well Design Criteria  The choice of open well or bore well & the method of well design depends upon topography, geological conditions of the underlying strata, depth to water table, rainfall, climate and the quantity of water required  A water well design involves selection of proper dimensions like the diameter of the well & casing, length & location of the screen including slot size, shape & percentage open area.
  • 15. Well Screen Provision of a suitable well screen is the most important part of well design The selection of screen size includes, type of screen, the entrance velocity, the open area & diameter & length of the screen
  • 16. Well Completion  The process of making a well ready for production after drilling operations This involve  Placement of casing  Cementing of casing  Placement of well screen  Gravel packing
  • 17. Well Casing and Cementing  A lining installed in well to maintain an open hole from ground surface.  It seals out surface water, undesirable groundwater and provide structural support.  Cementing is done to prevent entering the unsatisfactory water, to prevent from corrosion and stabilize the caving rock formation.
  • 18. Placement of Well Screen and Gravel Packing Screen allow to enter maximum amount of water Gravel packing is artificially placed graver to surround the screen.  To prevent sand pumping  Stabilize aquifer
  • 19. Well Construction  The suitability of well construction depends upon the geology, depth to water level and design of tube well  Placement of gavel or pebble packing around a well has to be done carefully to avoid segregation or bridging.  The gravel pack materials should be clean, rounded, smooth and uniform. The maximum grain size should be less than 10 mm.
  • 20. Pumping  Pumping test is done to determine: • Performance characteristics of a well – Yield and drawdown are recorded so that specific capacity can be calculated. Also gives info on pump capacity required. • Hydraulic parameters of the aquifer or aquifer test – Transmissivity and storage coefficient can be calculated  Pumping test will not give accurate results if not done methodically  pumping should be done for several hours to determine: – Max. anticipated drawdown – Vol of water produced – Best method to measure yield – Means to avoid instant recharge
  • 21. Pumping Equipment •Well Pumps produce flow by transforming mechanical energy to Hydraulic Energy. •The selection of size and type of pump depend on a) Pumping Capacity b) Well diameter and Depth c) Depth and Variability of Pumping Level d) Straightness of the Well e) Sand Pumping f) Total Pumping Head g) Duration of Pumping h) Type of Power Available
  • 22. Total Pumping Head/ Total dynamic Head It represents the total vertical lift of the water from the well. It consist of three components a) The drawdown inside the well ( Including aquifer and well Losses) b) The Static head c) Friction loss due to flow.  Total Pumping head increases with Discharge.
  • 23. Figure:- Diagram illustrating total pumping head for a well supplying a storage reservoir.
  • 24. Pumps For Shallow Wells Only small Discharge is needed. Discharge range up to 500m3/day. Hand-operated pitcher pump, turbine pump, and gear pump are installed. For large discharge from shallow well centrifugal pump are used.
  • 25. Pumps for Deep Wells Large-capacity pumps serving irrigation, municipal, or industrial water requirements. Plunger, displacement, airlift, jet deep well turbine and Submersible pump are example. The deep well turbine pump has been widely adopted for large, deep, high-capacity wells. The pump is usually driven by an electric motor at the ground surface. An advantage of submersible pumps is that they can lift water from deep wells.
  • 26. Figure:- Pumps for deep wells. a) Turbine b) Submersible (After Anderson 1966)
  • 27. Photograph:- Photograph showing the process of Pump installation. (PCLRIP, 2021) Some Features of Pump:- Brand:- KSB Make Phase:- 3 Phase Pump Power:- 20HP Stage:- 10 Stage Type of Pump:- Submersible water Pump Set Model :- BPD 242/ 10A+ UMAI 1509122”
  • 28. Photograph:- Photograph shows the final Discharge of pump.
  • 29. Protection of Wells a) Sanitary Protection b) Frost Protection c) Abandonment of Wells
  • 30. Figure:- Plan and Elevation views of a developed spring showing a typical method for providing Sanitary Protection (After Us Public Health Service)
  • 31. Figure:- A drilled well showing grout seal, concrete slab, and well seal for sanitary protection (After Us Public Service)
  • 32. Figure:- Diagram of a domestic well Installation with a pitless adapter to protect the well from frost (After Gibb)
  • 33. Conclusion Dug wells, Bored wells, Driven wells and Jetted wells are used for the constructing shallow wells. Cable toll method, Rotary Method, Air rotary method, Down the Hole and Reverse circulation rotary method used for drilling deep wells. Well Casings, cementing, screens and Gravel packing is done for Well Completion. Pumping, Surging, Backwashing with air and Hydraulic jetting are done for well Development. Submersible pumps are used for pumping in deep wells. Sanitary, frost protection are usually done for the Protection of wells.