ground water hydrology of Ethiopia.
Hydrology means the science of water. The science deals with occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere. Practical applications of hydrology are found in such tasks as the design and operation of hydraulic structures, water supply, wastewater treatment and disposal, irrigation, drainage, hydropower generation, flood control, navigation, erosion and sediment control, salinity control, pollution abatement, recreational use of water, and fish and wildlife protection. Hydrology may be considered to encompass all the hydro-sciences, or defined more strictly as the study of the hydrologic cycle, that is, the endless circulation of water between the earth and its atmosphere. Hydrologic knowledge is applied to the use and control of water resources on the land areas of the earth.
As the branch of science, hydrology is concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and water accruing below the earth’s surface in the pores of the soil & rocks. In general sense, hydrology is very broad subject of on inter-disciplinary nature drawing support from allied sciences, such as meteorology, geology, statistics, chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics hydrology is basically an applied science. It can be used in irrigation, drainage, flood control, water supply, etc. To further emphasize the degree (extent) of applicability, this subject is sometimes classified as: The three important phases of the hydrologic cycle are:
Evaporation and evapotranspiration
Precipitation and
Runoff and
The globe has one-third land and two-thirds Ocean. Evaporation from the surfaces of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, Ocean surfaces, etc. and transpiration from surface vegetation i.e., from plant leaves of cropped land and forests, etc. take place. These vapors rise to the sky, are condensed at higher altitudes by condensation nuclei, and form clouds, resulting in droplet growth. The clouds melt and sometimes burst to result in precipitation of different forms like rain, snow, hail, sleet, mist, dew, and frost. A part of this precipitation flows over the land called runoff and part infilters into the soil, which builds up the groundwater table. The surface runoff joins the streams and the water is stored in reservoirs. A portion of surface runoff and groundwater flow back to the ocean. Again, evaporation starts from the surfaces of lakes, reservoirs, and ocean, and the cycle repeats.
• Of these three phases of the hydrologic cycle, namely, evaporation, precipitation, and runoff, it is the ‘runoff phase’, which is important to a civil engineer since he is concerned with the storage of surface runoff in tanks and reservoirs for the purposes of irrigation, municipal water supply hydroelectric power, etc.
Groundwater is a common problem in mining that requires control through planned dewatering programs. Successful dewatering requires hydrogeological assessment and selecting the appropriate technique, such as in-pit pumping, perimeter dewatering wells, or slope depressurization drains. Dewatering provides benefits like improved safety and efficiency through more stable slopes and dry working conditions.
The document discusses specific capacity, which is a measure of well productivity calculated by dividing pumping rate by drawdown. It provides key information about specific capacity, including that it can be used to identify potential well problems, estimate aquifer transmissivity, and determine maximum pumping rates. The document also outlines best practices for specific capacity testing, such as pumping for at least 24 hours and performing semi-annual tests to monitor changes over time. Rehabilitation is recommended when specific capacity drops by 25% from initial values.
Groundwater Engineering is an international company that specializes in dewatering, groundwater control, and water well engineering for mining and construction clients. The document defines mine dewatering as controlling surface water and groundwater to allow for dry mining conditions and discusses various techniques for open pit and underground mine dewatering including in-pit pumping, perimeter dewatering wells, pit slope depressurization drains, and allowing groundwater to enter underground mine workings. The benefits of effective mine dewatering include more efficient operations, reduced costs, and improved safety.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow for excavation and construction in dry conditions below the water table. It is done through various techniques like sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and eductor systems. The main purposes of dewatering are to provide a dry excavation area, improve stability, and allow for efficient construction. Proper planning and techniques are needed to safely lower the water table and discharge water without causing erosion or other issues.
The document discusses the design and construction of concrete gravity dams. It begins with an introduction of dams and their purposes, then discusses site selection factors, design considerations, foundation investigations, construction procedures, and challenges in construction. The key points are that concrete gravity dams are designed so their own weight resists external forces, and their construction involves dewatering the river, building a cofferdam, removing loose materials, and placing concrete in lifts while controlling the temperature to prevent cracking.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
ground water hydrology of Ethiopia.
Hydrology means the science of water. The science deals with occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere. Practical applications of hydrology are found in such tasks as the design and operation of hydraulic structures, water supply, wastewater treatment and disposal, irrigation, drainage, hydropower generation, flood control, navigation, erosion and sediment control, salinity control, pollution abatement, recreational use of water, and fish and wildlife protection. Hydrology may be considered to encompass all the hydro-sciences, or defined more strictly as the study of the hydrologic cycle, that is, the endless circulation of water between the earth and its atmosphere. Hydrologic knowledge is applied to the use and control of water resources on the land areas of the earth.
As the branch of science, hydrology is concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and water accruing below the earth’s surface in the pores of the soil & rocks. In general sense, hydrology is very broad subject of on inter-disciplinary nature drawing support from allied sciences, such as meteorology, geology, statistics, chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics hydrology is basically an applied science. It can be used in irrigation, drainage, flood control, water supply, etc. To further emphasize the degree (extent) of applicability, this subject is sometimes classified as: The three important phases of the hydrologic cycle are:
Evaporation and evapotranspiration
Precipitation and
Runoff and
The globe has one-third land and two-thirds Ocean. Evaporation from the surfaces of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, Ocean surfaces, etc. and transpiration from surface vegetation i.e., from plant leaves of cropped land and forests, etc. take place. These vapors rise to the sky, are condensed at higher altitudes by condensation nuclei, and form clouds, resulting in droplet growth. The clouds melt and sometimes burst to result in precipitation of different forms like rain, snow, hail, sleet, mist, dew, and frost. A part of this precipitation flows over the land called runoff and part infilters into the soil, which builds up the groundwater table. The surface runoff joins the streams and the water is stored in reservoirs. A portion of surface runoff and groundwater flow back to the ocean. Again, evaporation starts from the surfaces of lakes, reservoirs, and ocean, and the cycle repeats.
• Of these three phases of the hydrologic cycle, namely, evaporation, precipitation, and runoff, it is the ‘runoff phase’, which is important to a civil engineer since he is concerned with the storage of surface runoff in tanks and reservoirs for the purposes of irrigation, municipal water supply hydroelectric power, etc.
Groundwater is a common problem in mining that requires control through planned dewatering programs. Successful dewatering requires hydrogeological assessment and selecting the appropriate technique, such as in-pit pumping, perimeter dewatering wells, or slope depressurization drains. Dewatering provides benefits like improved safety and efficiency through more stable slopes and dry working conditions.
The document discusses specific capacity, which is a measure of well productivity calculated by dividing pumping rate by drawdown. It provides key information about specific capacity, including that it can be used to identify potential well problems, estimate aquifer transmissivity, and determine maximum pumping rates. The document also outlines best practices for specific capacity testing, such as pumping for at least 24 hours and performing semi-annual tests to monitor changes over time. Rehabilitation is recommended when specific capacity drops by 25% from initial values.
Groundwater Engineering is an international company that specializes in dewatering, groundwater control, and water well engineering for mining and construction clients. The document defines mine dewatering as controlling surface water and groundwater to allow for dry mining conditions and discusses various techniques for open pit and underground mine dewatering including in-pit pumping, perimeter dewatering wells, pit slope depressurization drains, and allowing groundwater to enter underground mine workings. The benefits of effective mine dewatering include more efficient operations, reduced costs, and improved safety.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow for excavation and construction in dry conditions below the water table. It is done through various techniques like sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and eductor systems. The main purposes of dewatering are to provide a dry excavation area, improve stability, and allow for efficient construction. Proper planning and techniques are needed to safely lower the water table and discharge water without causing erosion or other issues.
The document discusses the design and construction of concrete gravity dams. It begins with an introduction of dams and their purposes, then discusses site selection factors, design considerations, foundation investigations, construction procedures, and challenges in construction. The key points are that concrete gravity dams are designed so their own weight resists external forces, and their construction involves dewatering the river, building a cofferdam, removing loose materials, and placing concrete in lifts while controlling the temperature to prevent cracking.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
SUNMOY water well drilling rig is manufactured using advanced processes and high-quality materials. It undergoes rigorous testing and quality control measures, ensuring performance stability and long-term reliability. With its powerful drilling capability, the SUNMOY water Borehole well drilling rig can handle various geological conditions, including rocks, sandy terrains, and clay soils. It enables fast and reliable drilling, improving work efficiency. The SUNMOY water well drilling machine stands out for its high quality, efficiency, versatility, and reliability. It offers a reliable solution for users, aiding in improving living conditions and contributing to sustainable development. For more information visit our website.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
This document provides an overview of well planning and drilling methods used in the oil industry. It discusses the history of oil drilling beginning in China and the 1859 well drilled by Colonel Drake. Cable tool drilling was initially used but has been replaced by rotary drilling. Rotary drilling uses a bit that is rotated while applying downward force to crush rock formations. Drilling fluid is circulated to carry cuttings up the well. The document describes the components and functions of a rotary drilling rig, including the derrick, drill string, blowout preventers, and more. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of personnel on a drilling rig such as the driller, derrickman, and toolpusher.
This document proposes an alternative design for constructing the foundations of a new pedestrian bridge across a harbour. It suggests using a temporary sheet pile wall cofferdam that would allow workers to build the pile group and pile cap at the riverbed level, avoiding the need for divers. The cofferdam design is sized at 10x10m and embedded 10m deep. Calculations are presented to check for piping, heaving, and structural failure. A finite element model is also used. It is determined that drains will be needed to reduce water pressures and piping risks. The design of the internal bracing structure and construction sequence are also considered. The cofferdam is concluded to be a feasible alternative construction method for the bridge
This document summarizes information about ground hydrology and well completion. It discusses the different types of wells, including shallow and deep wells. It also describes various well construction methods, such as digging, boring, and drilling. Additionally, it covers topics like well casing, cementing, gravel packing, and screen placement. Proper well completion is emphasized as being important for maximizing well yield and longevity.
Dewatering methods for excavations at construction sitesAbhay Shrivastava
The document discusses four main methods for dewatering excavations at construction sites:
1. The wellpoint method uses a series of wells and pumps to lower the water table up to 5-6 meters below the wells.
2. The eductor wells method is similar but uses high pressure water and venturi tubes instead of vacuum pumps to draw water from the wells.
3. Open sump pumping relies on gravity, using sumps or ditches to collect water for removal by pumps.
4. The deep well method uses deeper wells 150-200mm in diameter surrounded by casings and screens to draw water down by up to 30 meters.
The document discusses various methods of groundwater development including wells, tube wells, artesian wells, and dug wells. It provides details on the construction and functioning of shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, and artesian wells. The document also discusses different types of pumps used for extracting groundwater including centrifugal pumps and reciprocating pumps. It compares the working and components of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Finally, the document talks about various techniques for artificial groundwater recharge including percolation tanks, flooding, contour bunds, and recharge wells.
The document discusses various components of water passages in hydropower engineering, including intakes, headrace canals/tunnels, and penstocks. Intakes are structures that control water flow and prevent debris from entering conveyance passages. Headrace canals and tunnels transport water from the intake to structures like surge tanks and forebays. Canal design considerations include carrying capacity, velocity, roughness, slopes, and cross-sectional profiles. Tunnels provide direct routing of water but require specialized construction techniques.
Chapter 4 control of ground water in excavationsKHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various methods for controlling groundwater during excavation projects. It describes 9 common dewatering methods: sumps and ditches, shallow well systems, deep well systems, well point systems, vacuum methods, cement grouting, chemical grouting, freezing processes, and electro-osmosis. For each method, it provides details on how the method works and its suitability for different soil and water conditions. The document aims to help construction professionals select the appropriate dewatering approach based on the unique factors of their project site.
1. The document discusses different types of water wells and pumps, including dug wells, bore wells, and tube wells. It describes how wells are classified based on the type of aquifer supplying water and the construction method.
2. President Kalam's message emphasizes achieving energy independence for India by 2030 through increasing renewable energy sources like solar power from 5% to 25% of total power generation.
3. Solar photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells made of silicon. When light hits the solar cell, it knocks electrons loose and creates an electric current that can be captured.
CSD is a stationary dredger equipped with a cutter device (cutter head) which excavate the soil before it is sucked up by the flow of the dredge pump(s).
This type of dredger is capable to dredge all kind of material and is accurate due to their movement around the spud. The spoil is mostly hydraulically transported via pipeline, but some dredgers do have barge-loading facilities as well.
The document discusses various construction techniques used in building structures. It describes the basic components of a building like foundation, flooring, walls etc. It then explains concepts like abutments, piers which support bridges. Further, it discusses trenchless construction techniques - box jacking, pipe jacking, microtunneling, pipe bursting. Horizontal directional drilling and its stages are also summarized. Formwork techniques like jump formwork and slip formwork used for constructing high rise buildings are explained along with their advantages.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) is a technique that collects rainwater from a building's roof and stores it in tanks or uses it to recharge groundwater. RRWH helps conserve water and provides a source of potable water, especially during dry seasons. The key components of an RRWH system include the roof catchment, conduits to transport water, filters to treat water, storage tanks, and recharge structures. Stored rainwater can be used directly for non-potable purposes like washing and gardening, while excess water can recharge groundwater through bore wells, dug wells, or percolation tanks. While RRWH has advantages like reducing water bills and improving groundwater, it also has
This document discusses methods for transporting large volumes of water needed for drilling sites. Key options include sourcing groundwater onsite, trucking via tankers, and using temporary above-ground or buried pipelines. Groundwater sourcing is preferable if available but requires licensing. Trucking requires many vehicle movements that impact roads and communities. Pipelines can transport water more efficiently with less traffic but require infrastructure and cause short-term disruption during installation. Costs are site-specific based on water source, volumes needed, transportation method, and environmental factors. Careful planning is needed to reliably supply sufficient water cost-effectively while minimizing impacts.
Construction dewatering techniques are used to control subsurface water levels during construction projects. Common techniques include sumps, wellpoints, and deep wells. Sumps are useful for shallow dewatering in tight soils. Wellpoints are small-diameter, shallow wells that can effectively dewater coarse soils and are often used in wellpoint systems connected to header pipes and pumps. Deep wells, which use submersible pumps, can lower water levels deeper than wellpoints and are best suited to permeable soils. Other methods like caissons, ground freezing, and underwater excavation are more complex and costly.
Excavation and Ground water control1.pptxssusercbae26
This document summarizes different types of excavation including topsoil excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation, and earth excavation. It then discusses various purposes of excavation such as cut and fill excavation, trench excavation, basement excavation, and dredging excavation. Finally, it covers topics related to controlling groundwater and surface water during excavation projects through methods like pumping, cutoff walls, and special techniques.
Once a well is drilled and cased, completion engineers optimize production by inserting equipment into the wellbore. Completion involves perforating the casing near productive formations, installing tubing and other equipment like packers and valves, and performing operations like fracturing or sand control to facilitate hydrocarbon flow. The goal is to recover the maximum amount of oil and gas possible at a reasonable cost. Engineers consider formation evaluation data, expected production rates and conditions, and may install equipment like pumps or gas lift systems as needed to optimize each individual well completion.
Strong ground motions of the 2003 Bam Earthquake, Southeast of Iran(Mw 6.5). Detail review of Bam earthquake. describe about strong ground motion, Strong motion duration and Rupture directivity effect.
Briefly describe about Construction Aggregates. How to manufractured how sampling its uses application all thing are described here. To understand about aggregate read this slide.
SUNMOY water well drilling rig is manufactured using advanced processes and high-quality materials. It undergoes rigorous testing and quality control measures, ensuring performance stability and long-term reliability. With its powerful drilling capability, the SUNMOY water Borehole well drilling rig can handle various geological conditions, including rocks, sandy terrains, and clay soils. It enables fast and reliable drilling, improving work efficiency. The SUNMOY water well drilling machine stands out for its high quality, efficiency, versatility, and reliability. It offers a reliable solution for users, aiding in improving living conditions and contributing to sustainable development. For more information visit our website.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
This document provides an overview of well planning and drilling methods used in the oil industry. It discusses the history of oil drilling beginning in China and the 1859 well drilled by Colonel Drake. Cable tool drilling was initially used but has been replaced by rotary drilling. Rotary drilling uses a bit that is rotated while applying downward force to crush rock formations. Drilling fluid is circulated to carry cuttings up the well. The document describes the components and functions of a rotary drilling rig, including the derrick, drill string, blowout preventers, and more. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of personnel on a drilling rig such as the driller, derrickman, and toolpusher.
This document proposes an alternative design for constructing the foundations of a new pedestrian bridge across a harbour. It suggests using a temporary sheet pile wall cofferdam that would allow workers to build the pile group and pile cap at the riverbed level, avoiding the need for divers. The cofferdam design is sized at 10x10m and embedded 10m deep. Calculations are presented to check for piping, heaving, and structural failure. A finite element model is also used. It is determined that drains will be needed to reduce water pressures and piping risks. The design of the internal bracing structure and construction sequence are also considered. The cofferdam is concluded to be a feasible alternative construction method for the bridge
This document summarizes information about ground hydrology and well completion. It discusses the different types of wells, including shallow and deep wells. It also describes various well construction methods, such as digging, boring, and drilling. Additionally, it covers topics like well casing, cementing, gravel packing, and screen placement. Proper well completion is emphasized as being important for maximizing well yield and longevity.
Dewatering methods for excavations at construction sitesAbhay Shrivastava
The document discusses four main methods for dewatering excavations at construction sites:
1. The wellpoint method uses a series of wells and pumps to lower the water table up to 5-6 meters below the wells.
2. The eductor wells method is similar but uses high pressure water and venturi tubes instead of vacuum pumps to draw water from the wells.
3. Open sump pumping relies on gravity, using sumps or ditches to collect water for removal by pumps.
4. The deep well method uses deeper wells 150-200mm in diameter surrounded by casings and screens to draw water down by up to 30 meters.
The document discusses various methods of groundwater development including wells, tube wells, artesian wells, and dug wells. It provides details on the construction and functioning of shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, and artesian wells. The document also discusses different types of pumps used for extracting groundwater including centrifugal pumps and reciprocating pumps. It compares the working and components of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Finally, the document talks about various techniques for artificial groundwater recharge including percolation tanks, flooding, contour bunds, and recharge wells.
The document discusses various components of water passages in hydropower engineering, including intakes, headrace canals/tunnels, and penstocks. Intakes are structures that control water flow and prevent debris from entering conveyance passages. Headrace canals and tunnels transport water from the intake to structures like surge tanks and forebays. Canal design considerations include carrying capacity, velocity, roughness, slopes, and cross-sectional profiles. Tunnels provide direct routing of water but require specialized construction techniques.
Chapter 4 control of ground water in excavationsKHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various methods for controlling groundwater during excavation projects. It describes 9 common dewatering methods: sumps and ditches, shallow well systems, deep well systems, well point systems, vacuum methods, cement grouting, chemical grouting, freezing processes, and electro-osmosis. For each method, it provides details on how the method works and its suitability for different soil and water conditions. The document aims to help construction professionals select the appropriate dewatering approach based on the unique factors of their project site.
1. The document discusses different types of water wells and pumps, including dug wells, bore wells, and tube wells. It describes how wells are classified based on the type of aquifer supplying water and the construction method.
2. President Kalam's message emphasizes achieving energy independence for India by 2030 through increasing renewable energy sources like solar power from 5% to 25% of total power generation.
3. Solar photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells made of silicon. When light hits the solar cell, it knocks electrons loose and creates an electric current that can be captured.
CSD is a stationary dredger equipped with a cutter device (cutter head) which excavate the soil before it is sucked up by the flow of the dredge pump(s).
This type of dredger is capable to dredge all kind of material and is accurate due to their movement around the spud. The spoil is mostly hydraulically transported via pipeline, but some dredgers do have barge-loading facilities as well.
The document discusses various construction techniques used in building structures. It describes the basic components of a building like foundation, flooring, walls etc. It then explains concepts like abutments, piers which support bridges. Further, it discusses trenchless construction techniques - box jacking, pipe jacking, microtunneling, pipe bursting. Horizontal directional drilling and its stages are also summarized. Formwork techniques like jump formwork and slip formwork used for constructing high rise buildings are explained along with their advantages.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) is a technique that collects rainwater from a building's roof and stores it in tanks or uses it to recharge groundwater. RRWH helps conserve water and provides a source of potable water, especially during dry seasons. The key components of an RRWH system include the roof catchment, conduits to transport water, filters to treat water, storage tanks, and recharge structures. Stored rainwater can be used directly for non-potable purposes like washing and gardening, while excess water can recharge groundwater through bore wells, dug wells, or percolation tanks. While RRWH has advantages like reducing water bills and improving groundwater, it also has
This document discusses methods for transporting large volumes of water needed for drilling sites. Key options include sourcing groundwater onsite, trucking via tankers, and using temporary above-ground or buried pipelines. Groundwater sourcing is preferable if available but requires licensing. Trucking requires many vehicle movements that impact roads and communities. Pipelines can transport water more efficiently with less traffic but require infrastructure and cause short-term disruption during installation. Costs are site-specific based on water source, volumes needed, transportation method, and environmental factors. Careful planning is needed to reliably supply sufficient water cost-effectively while minimizing impacts.
Construction dewatering techniques are used to control subsurface water levels during construction projects. Common techniques include sumps, wellpoints, and deep wells. Sumps are useful for shallow dewatering in tight soils. Wellpoints are small-diameter, shallow wells that can effectively dewater coarse soils and are often used in wellpoint systems connected to header pipes and pumps. Deep wells, which use submersible pumps, can lower water levels deeper than wellpoints and are best suited to permeable soils. Other methods like caissons, ground freezing, and underwater excavation are more complex and costly.
Excavation and Ground water control1.pptxssusercbae26
This document summarizes different types of excavation including topsoil excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation, and earth excavation. It then discusses various purposes of excavation such as cut and fill excavation, trench excavation, basement excavation, and dredging excavation. Finally, it covers topics related to controlling groundwater and surface water during excavation projects through methods like pumping, cutoff walls, and special techniques.
Once a well is drilled and cased, completion engineers optimize production by inserting equipment into the wellbore. Completion involves perforating the casing near productive formations, installing tubing and other equipment like packers and valves, and performing operations like fracturing or sand control to facilitate hydrocarbon flow. The goal is to recover the maximum amount of oil and gas possible at a reasonable cost. Engineers consider formation evaluation data, expected production rates and conditions, and may install equipment like pumps or gas lift systems as needed to optimize each individual well completion.
Strong ground motions of the 2003 Bam Earthquake, Southeast of Iran(Mw 6.5). Detail review of Bam earthquake. describe about strong ground motion, Strong motion duration and Rupture directivity effect.
Briefly describe about Construction Aggregates. How to manufractured how sampling its uses application all thing are described here. To understand about aggregate read this slide.
This document discusses landslide hazard mapping using GIS. It describes different methodological approaches for landslide hazard mapping including heuristic, statistical, and deterministic approaches. The statistical approaches include bivariate and multivariate analysis. Case studies applying bivariate analysis and logistic regression are presented. Key inputs for landslide hazard mapping include landslide inventory maps, lithology, slope, and other thematic maps. The document concludes different statistical methods can be used but validation and replication of results is challenging.
Landslide investigation in field. describe the procedure to find the shallow or large scale landslide in field. To understand Landslide you should walk through whole Landslide.
Slope inclinometers are devices used to monitor slope movement and stability. They are installed in cased boreholes in the ground and use probes to measure the tilt of the casing over time. This provides data on the magnitude, rate, direction, and type of any landslide movement occurring. Proper installation and regular monitoring are needed to get accurate readings, as inclinometer measurements can be affected by random errors, systematic errors, and limitations in field accuracy. Expert interpretation of the data is important to understand slope behavior and design remediation solutions if needed.
This document discusses different types of graphical representations used in geology. It begins by defining graphs and graphical representation. It then discusses why engineering geologists use graphs, including to visualize and predict geologic events. It provides examples of log-normal graphs, log-log graphs, triangular diagrams, and polar graphs. It also discusses equal interval, equal angle, and equal area projections of a sphere and how they are used to plot surface data onto a flat surface.
This document discusses the bearing capacity of bedrock and soil deposits on slopes. It provides definitions of key terms like ultimate and allowable bearing capacity. It describes various methods for calculating bearing capacity, including equations that account for factors like rock mass quality, joint spacing, slope angle, and soil type. Failure modes like general shear, local shear, and punching shear are also outlined. The document notes how soil deposits form on slopes and factors affecting the stability of soils on steep slopes, both natural and human-related.
This document discusses foundations in lake and river beds. It begins by introducing foundations and their purpose of distributing structural loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations: shallow and deep. In lakes, soft sediments require careful attention as clay can cause issues. Common lake foundations are pile, floating, and buoyant foundations. River beds present challenges from erosion. Common river bed foundations include spread footing, stepped, pile, well, pier, and caisson foundations. Caissons can be floated into place and sunk, making them suitable for rivers. Pile foundations are used when scouring is a risk. Foundation selection depends on factors like soil type and water velocity.
This document summarizes Saurav Poudel's objectives in reviewing a paper by Barden from 1965 on the consolidation of clay with non-linear viscosity. The objectives are to answer questions about why Barden thought Terzaghi's theory of consolidation was oversimplified, what parameters Terzaghi described that were in discrepancies with Barden's considerations, and the similarities and differences between Terzaghi and Taylor's hypotheses. Barden felt Terzaghi's theory was one-dimensional and could not explain secondary deformation from pore pressure loss or soil's non-elastic behavior. Terzaghi viewed soil as linearly elastic while Barden incorporated non-linear viscosity. Both Terzaghi and Taylor viewed consolidation as continuous over primary and
This document provides information about the geology of the Siwalik region in Bagmati-Gosainkund, Nepal. It describes the general geology, lithostratigraphy, lithofacies, structure, and conclusions. The Siwalik sequence is intensely folded and faulted. It is divided into four formations from oldest to youngest: Rapti Formation, Amlekhgunj Formation, Churia Khola Formation, and Churia Mai Formation. Seven lithofacies are identified, deposited under different fluvial environments including meandering, braided, and sandy river systems. Several thrust faults are also described, including the Kokhajor Thrust and Basan Thrust. In conclusion, the basement
The document discusses compaction testing and summarizes the standard proctor and modified proctor tests. The standard proctor test is used to determine the maximum density and optimum moisture content of soils through controlled compaction, while the modified proctor test uses higher compactive effort to achieve greater densities. Key differences between the tests include the mold volume, hammer weight, and number of blows per layer used. Compaction testing provides important information about soil engineering properties and is used to improve foundation bearing capacity and reduce settlement and landslide risk.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. Introduction
Groundwater exploitation refers to the
drilling and pumping of groundwater by
people in order to use this groundwater
for various purposes
The proper exploitation of ground water
resources involves apart from the location
of suitable source, the construction of
properly designed wells
Numerous problems of ground water
exploration & exploitation require
systematic use of scientific techniques
3. GROUND WATER ABSTRACTING STRUCTURES
The ground water abstracting structures are man made which collect & hold
water for exploitation.
The common ground water abstracting structures are Dug wells, Dug cum
bore well, bore well, collector well & Infiltration gallery.
Wells are vertical shafts excavated or holes drilled in earth to the level of
water table for extraction.
The wells have to be designed to get the optimum quantity of water
economically from a given geological formation
4. Groundwater Wells
a hole or shaft
Usually vertical, excavated for bringing groundwater to the surface
Success of ground water exploration program depends on the exploitation of
it
The ground water explored should be extracted by abstracting structures like
dug wells & bore wells adapting proper exploitation techniques
5. Types of water well
Dug well
Bored well
Driven wells
Jetted wells
7. Cable Tool Method
An impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is
dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock
Capable to drill holes upto 8 to 60cm through consolidated rock
material.
least affective in unconsolidated sand and gravel.
8.
9. Rotary Method
Uses a sharp, rotating drill bit
and downward pressure to cut,
or crush, through the
subsurface
Capable to drill holes 45cm
through unconsolidated strata
Rapid method
10. Air Rotary Method
Use compress air
Rapid and convenient for small diameter hole drilling in
unconsolidated strata
Drilling Depth can exceed 150 meter under favorable circumstances
Advantage
Ability to drill through fissured rock formations with little or no water
required
12. Reverse Circulation Rotary Method
Method of drilling which uses dual
wall drill rods that consist of an
outer drill rod with an inner tube
Use to drill large diameter hole in
unconsolidated strata.
Drilled fluid is clear water
13. Well Design
The success of well depends on well design and construction. The tube well
design shall ensure an efficient and economical well with a service life of
more than one decade
The size of the well should be properly chosen since it significantly affects
the cost of well construction.
Well must be large enough to accommodate the pump to be installed.
Before installation of screen it is essential to check the verticality of
borehole.
borehole. The optimum length of well screen is chosen in relation to the
aquifer thickness, available drawdown and stratification of aquifer.
14. Well Design Criteria
The choice of open well or bore well & the method of well design
depends upon topography, geological conditions of the underlying strata,
depth to water table, rainfall, climate and the quantity of water required
A water well design involves selection of proper dimensions like the
diameter of the well & casing, length & location of the screen including
slot size, shape & percentage open area.
15. Well Screen
Provision of a suitable
well screen is the most
important part of well
design
The selection of screen
size includes, type of
screen, the entrance
velocity, the open area
& diameter & length of
the screen
16. Well Completion
The process of making a well ready for production after drilling operations
This involve
Placement of casing
Cementing of casing
Placement of well screen
Gravel packing
17. Well Casing and Cementing
A lining installed in well to maintain
an open hole from ground surface.
It seals out surface water, undesirable
groundwater and provide structural
support.
Cementing is done to prevent
entering the unsatisfactory water, to
prevent from corrosion and stabilize
the caving rock formation.
18. Placement of Well Screen and Gravel Packing
Screen allow to enter maximum
amount of water
Gravel packing is artificially placed
graver to surround the screen.
To prevent sand pumping
Stabilize aquifer
19. Well Construction
The suitability of well construction depends upon the geology, depth to
water level and design of tube well
Placement of gavel or pebble packing around a well has to be done carefully
to avoid segregation or bridging.
The gravel pack materials should be clean, rounded, smooth and uniform.
The maximum grain size should be less than 10 mm.
20. Pumping
Pumping test is done to determine:
• Performance characteristics of a well
– Yield and drawdown are recorded so that specific capacity can be
calculated. Also gives info on pump capacity required.
• Hydraulic parameters of the aquifer or aquifer test
– Transmissivity and storage coefficient can be calculated
Pumping test will not give accurate results if not done methodically
pumping should be done for several hours to determine:
– Max. anticipated drawdown
– Vol of water produced
– Best method to measure yield
– Means to avoid instant recharge
21. Pumping Equipment
•Well Pumps produce flow by transforming mechanical energy to
Hydraulic Energy.
•The selection of size and type of pump depend on
a) Pumping Capacity
b) Well diameter and Depth
c) Depth and Variability of Pumping Level
d) Straightness of the Well
e) Sand Pumping
f) Total Pumping Head
g) Duration of Pumping
h) Type of Power Available
22. Total Pumping Head/ Total dynamic Head
It represents the total vertical lift of the water from the well.
It consist of three components
a) The drawdown inside the well ( Including aquifer and well
Losses)
b) The Static head
c) Friction loss due to flow.
Total Pumping head increases with Discharge.
24. Pumps For Shallow Wells
Only small Discharge is needed.
Discharge range up to 500m3/day.
Hand-operated pitcher pump, turbine pump, and gear
pump are installed.
For large discharge from shallow well centrifugal pump
are used.
25. Pumps for Deep Wells
Large-capacity pumps serving irrigation, municipal,
or industrial water requirements.
Plunger, displacement, airlift, jet deep well turbine
and Submersible pump are example.
The deep well turbine pump has been widely adopted
for large, deep, high-capacity wells.
The pump is usually driven by an electric motor at the
ground surface.
An advantage of submersible pumps is that they can
lift water from deep wells.
26. Figure:- Pumps for deep wells. a) Turbine b) Submersible (After Anderson
1966)
27. Photograph:- Photograph showing the process of Pump installation. (PCLRIP,
2021)
Some Features of Pump:-
Brand:- KSB Make
Phase:- 3 Phase
Pump Power:- 20HP
Stage:- 10 Stage
Type of Pump:- Submersible
water Pump
Set Model :- BPD 242/ 10A+
UMAI 1509122”
30. Figure:- Plan and Elevation views of a developed spring showing a typical method for
providing Sanitary Protection (After Us Public Health Service)
31. Figure:- A drilled well showing grout seal, concrete slab, and well seal for
sanitary protection (After Us Public Service)
32. Figure:- Diagram of a domestic well Installation with a pitless adapter to protect the well
from frost (After Gibb)
33. Conclusion
Dug wells, Bored wells, Driven wells and Jetted wells
are used for the constructing shallow wells.
Cable toll method, Rotary Method, Air rotary method,
Down the Hole and Reverse circulation rotary
method used for drilling deep wells.
Well Casings, cementing, screens and Gravel packing
is done for Well Completion.
Pumping, Surging, Backwashing with air and
Hydraulic jetting are done for well Development.
Submersible pumps are used for pumping in deep
wells.
Sanitary, frost protection are usually done for the
Protection of wells.