Metfi 120 (introduction to Weather and Climato) Orline - Unit 2 Revie.pdf
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Metfi 120 (introduction to Weather and Climato) Orline - Unit 2 Review Adiabatic processes in the mountaln. The diagram below shows the lapse rates that air parcel will encounter while it is forced to move over a mountain. If an alr parcel descends through the atmosphere the air will heat at the dry adiabatic rate as it will necessarily be unsaturated. In summary, while rising air cools at varying rates, descending air heats at a uniform rate. 16. Using the table below, fill in the blanks for temperature and dew-point temperature at various helghts on the windward and leeward sides of the mountain. Assume that the WALR is 0.5C/100m. (Note: temperature and dew-paint drop together above LCL when a saturated air parcel rises and water vapor condonses. In addition, start from the 500m at windward side 1000m1500m2000m Peak 2000m at leeward side 1500m1000m500m Sea Level at leeward side.) 17. Compare to those of on the windward side, how do air temperature and dew point on the leeward side? 18. From the previous question, Why? MEIR120 (introduction to Weather and CImate) Onine - Unit2 Review Here is a challenging question. Assume that the wet adiabatic lapse rate (WALR) is 0.6C/100m. Fill the blanks in the boxes in the figure. Here is how to get answers. 1. At the LCL, temperature (2C) and dew point (2C) are the same. Until air parcel reaches LCL, temperature falls at the DALR (1.0C/100m). At the LCL, temperature falls 25C from the surface (27C2C=25C). It means air parcel rises 2500m. Thus LCL is 2500m. 2. Below the LCL, dew point changes at the Dew Point Lapse Rate (DPLR, 0.2C/100m ), it means that dew point has changed 5.0C(0.2C/100m2500m). Thus dew point at the surface is 7C/100m 3. Above the LCL, both temperature and dew point fall at the WALR (0.6C/100m). Atthe peak, dew point is 1C. It is 3C cooler than the LCL. It means air parcel rises another 500m(0.6C/100m500m=3C). Thus, peak elevation is 3000m(LCL+500m=2500m+500m) 4. At the leeward side, temperature and dew point rise at the DALR (1.0C/100m) and DPLR (0.2C/100m), respectively. Elevation has changed 2500m(3000m500m). Thus temperature and dew point rise 25C/100m and 5C. Thus, temperature will be 24C(1C+25C) and dew point will be 4C(1C+5C). Chapter 6: Precipitation and its formation Steps in the formation of precipitation according to the Bergeron process. The Bergeron process relies on the fact that cloud droplets do not freeze until they reach a temperature below the freezing point, and even then only in the presence of freezing nuclei (solid particles that have a crystal form similar to that of ice). Because freezing nuclel are much less abundant than condensation nuclei, many clouds exist in the liquid state while at temperatures well below 0C. These are supercooled clouds. The freezing nuclei present promote the formation of a few scattered ice crystals. Since lce crystals are more efficient absorbers of water vapor, they consume the "excess" water vapor, which lowers the relative humid.
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1. What is the marginal opportunity cost of producing the second unit of butter?
2. What is the total opporunity cost of producing the second unit of butter?
3. What is the marginal opporutnity cost of producing the third unit of butter?
4. What is the total opportunity cost of producing the third unit of
butter?CombinationsGunsButterA04B143C262D361E440
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a.
(36 26 = 10)
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b.
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3) Clouds form through convection when warm air rises and cools, orographic lifting when air rises over mountains, and when warm and cold air masses collide. Latent heat is released when water vapor condenses.
4) Clouds are classified by height as low, middle, or high, and by
am3.pptx
Meteorological factors such as wind speed, temperature, and humidity influence the dispersion of air pollutants from their sources. Calm air with low wind allows pollutants to accumulate near their source, while strong winds disperse pollutants over larger areas, lowering their concentration. Temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. Rain can help remove pollutants from the air but can also lead to acid rain. Turbulence and stability of the atmosphere determine how pollutant plumes behave and spread. Different plume types occur under varying meteorological conditions and impact pollutant concentrations near the ground.
Hydrology presentation on rainfall
The document discusses several key physical properties of water and the water cycle:
1) Water has a unique molecular structure that allows it to exist in solid, liquid, and gas forms on Earth. It takes a significant amount of energy to change between these phases due to hydrogen bonding between molecules.
2) The vapor pressure of water increases with temperature, as warmer air can hold more water vapor. When air reaches saturation, the rate that molecules enter and leave liquid water is equal.
3) Relative humidity compares the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure, ranging from 0-100%. Dew point temperature indicates the water content of air.
Meteorology
The document discusses various components of weather including:
1. Uneven heating of the Earth's atmosphere by the sun causes air movements and reactions that produce the wide variety of weather conditions.
2. Key weather variables such as temperature, air pressure, moisture, wind speed and direction are measured using instruments like thermometers, barometers, and anemometers.
3. Moisture in the atmosphere exists as water vapor, liquid droplets, or ice crystals, and the amount of moisture the air can hold depends on temperature. Changes in temperature and moisture can lead to precipitation.
Weather
The atmosphere is divided into layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen but also contains argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature, thickness and composition varies between each atmospheric layer.
Type of rainfall (Hydrology)
This document discusses different types of rainfall including artificial/cloud seeding rainfall, convective rainfall, orographic rainfall, frontal rainfall, and cyclonic rainfall. It provides details on the formation process for each type. Artificial rainfall involves using chemicals to stimulate condensation and seed clouds. Convective rainfall occurs from heating of the earth's surface and rapid changes in intensity. Orographic rainfall is caused when air is forced upwards over mountains, cooling and condensing. Frontal rainfall occurs when warm and cold air masses meet along a front. Cyclonic rainfall is associated with low pressure systems and occurs along fronts with the meeting of different air masses.
Similar to Metfi 120 (introduction to Weather and Climato) Orline - Unit 2 Revie.pdf (20)
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1. What is the marginal opportunity cost of producing the second unit of butter?
2. What is the total opporunity cost of producing the second unit of butter?
3. What is the marginal opporutnity cost of producing the third unit of butter?
4. What is the total opportunity cost of producing the third unit of
butter?CombinationsGunsButterA04B143C262D361E440
Solution
a.
(36 26 = 10)
10 units of guns
b.
(44 26 = 18)
18 units of guns
c.
(26 14 =12)
12 units of guns
D.
(44 14 = 30)
30 units of guns.
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1. What are the three sources of competitive advantage unavailable to domestic firms but
available to international businesses? [1]
Which is most important? Is the answer the same for every firm? [3]
How about for the firm in your Country Assessment Project? [1]
Solution
1. What are the three sources of competitive advantage unavailable to domestic firms but
available to international businesses?
Global efficiencies
Multinational flexibility
Worldwide learning
Which is most important? Is the answer the same for every firm?
Global efficiencies
How about for the firm in your Country Assessment Project?
It will depend in your country assessment project, I dont have any data to provide that answer..
1. What is the income before extraordinary items2. Extraordinary i.pdf
1. What is the annual tax shield to a firm that has a capital structure consisting of 100 million of
debt and $180 million of equity, if the average interest rate on debt is 9%, the return on equity is
13%, and the marginal tax rate is 40%?
Solution
Answer: Tax shield = 0.09($100)(0.4) = $3.6 (million).
1. What exactly is globalization2. What has been the impact of th.pdf
1. What are the six steps in the hypothesis testing procedure?
Solution
SIX STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTING 1. HYPOTHESES State in order:
Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Alternate Hypothesis Recall the difference between a
general research hypthesis which will not be overturned by a single investigation and a simple
null and alternate hypothesis. 2. ASSUMPTIONS include: 1. measurement level of data, 2.
distributions underlying the data, 3. knowledge or lack of about population characteristics 4.
sample size and method, 5. sample characteristics necessary for applying the test statistic, 6.
level of significance for testing 3. TEST STATISTIC (or Confidence Interval Structure) 1.
structure to be used to test significance levels or set of confidence intervals (be sure to include
the equations & notation) 2. special conditions to be met by statistic 4. REJECTION REGION
(or Probability Statement) Expected measure of the test statistic as generated from tables or
critical valve for a confidence interval. Yes, before you start the calculations you should inform
the reader as to how the test will be used to reject of fail to reject the null hypoethesis and the
critical value for making the determination. 5. CALCULATIONS (Annotated Spreadsheet)
Actual test statistic measure or confidence interval generated including specification of all
additional equations used plus notation. May also include sample calculations. Solving any
problem is as much an art as a skill. From the skill side you should break the problem down into
small parts or modules, these you will then want to continually check using sample calculations,
your hand calculator, and other methods to make certain that no errors occur in the solution.
Remeber, in the working world no one will check your work unless a tragic error occurs (then of
course it\'s too late, so instead you must develop skills for continually critiquing whatever you
are doing). Breaking problems into smaller parts not only helps in error checking, but also
enables you to understand how the data is being manipulated and makes the work much less
intimidating. This can provide for further critiquing of the method selected and data set being
used. Finally, sample calculations help to insure that calculations are being properly preformed
and again provides additional insight as to the manner in which the statistic manipulates the data.
Problem solving is also an art. There are very elegant ways of laying out a task which even to the
most uninformed reader makes it look simple! And in fact any problem broken down into its
constituent parts is quite simple. Second, careful constrution of a spreadsheet enables it to solve
more than just the problem at hand. Simple adjustments to the number of rows enables the
number of cases to rapidly be altered and an additional problem solved. Finally, as always
consider your audiance. Have you provided the clarity that enables others (sometimes experts,
sometimes not) to rapidly understan.
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1. what are the three mechanisms of runoff generation in a watershed?
2. Given a unit hyrograph and a constant precipitation event (lasting only a single time unit), how
do you determine the direct runoff hydrograph? What information do you need to then determine
the total streamflow hydrograph?
3. Given a unit hyrograph and a time varying precipitation event, how do you determine the
direct runoff hydrograph?
4. How do you calculate a unit hydrograph given a total streamflow hydrograph and a time
varying precipitation event? What other information do you need besides the total streamflow
hydrograph and the hyetograph to do this calculation?
Solution
Q.1 Answer
Streamflow is generated by three mechanisms
1.Horton overland flow
2.Subsurface flow
3.Saturation overland flow
Horton overland flow :
# Horton overland flow describes the tendency of water to flow horizontally across land surfaces
when rainfall has exceeded infiltration capacity and depression storage capacity.
Subsurface flow :
# Subsurface flow is the flow of water beneath earth\'s surface as part of the water cycle when
rainfall occurs and water infiltrates through the surface of land
Saturation overland flow
# In many regions runoff is most commonly generated on relatively small portions of the
landscape that are susceptible to becoming completely saturated.
# Once the soils in these areas saturate to the surface, any additional rainfall that falls becomes
overland flow. This process is termed saturation-excess overland flow.
1. What are the elementary factors of the Labor Process accordin.pdf
1. What are some of the similarities and differences between an S corporation and a partnership?
Which type of entity would you prefer for your business and why?
2. How much can an individual give away as gifts each year to a person without having to file
the gift tax return? How does this helps in the giftor’s estate tax planning?
Solution
Similarity of S Corp & Partnership;
No entity-level tax on earnings ( Exception for S corporations: built in gain (BIG) tax and excess
net passive income (ENPI) tax ). Both S Corp owners and Partners are taxed on income as it is
earned , rather than when distributed. Therefore , the Tax burden is generally on the owner level
and not on the entity level.
Differences of S Corp & Partnership;
Only S corporations can have a single owner •
S corporations can have only certain types of owners, Domestic individuals and certain trusts. No
such restriction on partnership
S corporations can have up to 100 owners only , in partnership , no limitation.
S corporations can have only one class of ownership interest - Common stock only, voting and
non-voting, partners can have multiple types of voting rights.
Allocable income in S Corp is not subject to Self employment Tax , whereas in partnesrship,
allocable income may be subject to SE tax
In S Corp. shareholders may be employees, in partnership , partners are treated as self employed.
In S Corp, entity liabilities not included in basis, in Partnership, it is included in basis.
Gift Tax :
Gifts worth $14,000 per person per year for any no of persons is exempt from gift tax.
This is a great way of Estate Tax planning. You can transfer maximum upto $14,000 of assets
per person to any no of persons to keep your estate valuation below $5.34 million which is the
limit of Gift and Estate Tax free estate holding. Therefore intelligent planning to give away gifts
within the allowable limit of $14,000 per person per year to keep owned estate valuation within
tax free limits of $5..43 M is a very lucrative way of estate tax planning..
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1. When performing a hypothesis test it is possible to make decision errors, that is, the sample
leads us to support one hypothesis when the other is actually true. When we support the
alternative hypothesis as the truth and the null hypothesis is actually true, we have committed a
_______________ error. The probability of making this kind of decision error is called
______________________. type II; the power of the test
type II; the level of significance of the test
type I; the power of the test
type I; the level of significance of the test
Solution
(1) type I; the level of significance of the test
(2)
a goodness-of-fit test; a regression problem
(3)
that as the percentage of high school dropouts increases, the murder rate per 1000 residents also
increases.
(4)
will not necessarily be a good sample because it is self-selected.
(5) P(X=x)=xC15*(0.6^x)*(0.4^(15-x))
So P(X=6)=0.06121411
Answer: 6.1%.
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1. what is the role o the cost of capital in the aluation process, and what is one of the primary
uses the cost of capital (meaning in what area of chance is the ost often applied)? why is itd
important for financial managers to understand the cost of capital?
Solution
In simple terms, Cost of Capital refers to the discount rate that is used in determining the
present value of the estimated future cash proceeds of the business/new project and
eventually deciding whether the business/new project is worth undertaking or now.
It is also the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on its investment which will
maintain the market value of share at its current level.
It can also be stated as the opportunity cost of an investment, i.e. the rate of return that a
company would otherwise be able to earn at the same risk level as the investment that has
been selected. For example, when an investor purchases stock in a company, he/she expects
to see a return on that investment. Since the individual expects to get back more than his/her
initial investment, the cost of capital is equal to this minimum return that the investor expects
to receive (also termed as investor opportunity cost).
The cost of each source of capital (Equity Share or Debt) is called specific cost of capital.
When these specific costs are combined for all the sources of capital for a business, then we
arrive at overall cost of capital for a business.
We will first discuss the specific cost of capital for each source of capital before discussing
and defining the overall cost of capital.
Measurement of Cost of Capital
In order to calculate the specific cost of each type of capital, recognition should be given to the
explicit and the implicit cost. The cost of capital can be either explicit or implicit.
The explicit cost of any source of capital may be defined as the discount rate that equates the
present value of the funds received by the firm net of under writing costs, with the present value
of
the expected cash out flows. These outflows maybe interest payment, repayment of principal or
dividend. It can also be stated as the internal rate of return a firm pays for financing.
Implicit cost is the rate of return associated with the best investment opportunity for the firm
and its shareholders that will be foregone if the project presently under consideration by the
firm was accepted. Opportunity costs are technically referred to as implicit cost of capital.
The distinction between explicit and implicit costs is important from the point of view of the
computation of the cost of capital.
The first step in the measurement of the cost of the capital of the firm is the calculation of the
cost of individual sources of raising funds. From the viewpoint of capital budgeting decisions,
the long term sources of funds are relevant as they constitute the major sources of financing
the fixed assets. In calculating the cost of capital, therefore the focus is on long-term funds
which are:-
i. Long.
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Solution
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which makes the price of a security equal to the present value of its cash flows. It is also called
as the static spread..
It is used for the analysis of an asset swap.
A nominal spread used one point on the treasury yield curve to determine the spread at a single
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involvement on the football team. This award is permissible if the following occurs: The award
is made on only one occasion. The rotary club does not limit the award to one institution. There
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Mrs. Adams has experienced gradual but significant hearing loss and now avoids social
situations because she feels left out of conversations. She is afraid of embarrassing herself by
giving the wrong response and straining to hear a conversation makes her tired. She no longer
listens to the radio or watches tv. She has stopped going to church because she cannot hear the
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meiosis during crossing over. 1n gametes produced in mitosis fuse to produce 2n cells in
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