Explain what does the following function do void foo (Stack s) { .pdf

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Explain what does the following function do void foo (Stack *s) { while(!s rightarrow isEmpty()) { cout Solution This function is written to call a stack which is a recursive data structure. A stack is basically a collection of objects which is based on LIFO(Last In First Out) where the element that is inserted at the last will be deleted first from the stack. To insert an element we use PUSH in a stack and to delete we use POP. TOP represents the top element in the stack. In this program, function foo calls a stack s and in the while loop there is a condition (!s- >isEmpty()) which checks whether the stack is empty or not. If the stack is not empty then the program prints the top element of the stack (cout<top()) and then s->pop(); means that after printing the top element pop opertaion is being called which deletes the top most element of the stack. So this program will delete all the elements of the stack until the stack is empty. Example- the stack has elements inserted as 10,9,8,7. So the program will print 10,9,8,7 and will delete them one by one. First 10 will be deleted then 9 and so on as stack follows a LIFO structure..

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Why does the stack use a FILO (first in last out) scheme? Solution When a program starts executing, a certain contiguous section of memory is set aside for the program called the stack. A stack is a limited access data structure - elements can be added and removed from the stack only at the top. push adds an item to the top of the stack, pop removes the item from the top. A helpful analogy is to think of a stack of books; you can remove only the top book, also you can add a new book on the top. Hence when the elements are pushed onto the stack using push operations, the first element pushes will be at the bottom of stack and the last element pushed in will be at top of stack. Therefore when pop operation is executed , top element ( last element pushed in )of stack is popped out first and hence first element pushed in popped out last. Thereby Stack operates in LIFO (last in first out ) or FILO ( First In Last Out) Scheme.

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In C++ a function used to put data into a stack is typically called a what? Solution Push function used to put data into a stack A Stack is a data structure which works on the principle LIFO(Last In, First Out).The basic operations in a Stack are : 1. Push : In which we push the data into the stack. 2. Pop : In which we remove an element from the Stack. All insertions and removals are done only from one side of the Stack , which is called the \'top\' of the Stack. A stack is generally used in function calls where the local variables are pushed onto the Stack and when the function returns , it pops the variables from the Stack. // Push operation to insert an element on top of stack. void Push(int x) { if(top == MAX_SIZE -1) { // overflow case. cout<<\"Error: stack overflow\ \"; return; } A[++top] = x; } .

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Discuss the seven factors that analysts consider where selecting a file organization. Evaluate each file organization with respect to each of the seven factors. Review Table 9-3 to review how each of these factors can easily be summarized. Solution 1. Frequency of update: A file that needs to be updated every now and then needs an organisation method that will allow easy retrieval of information and ease of updating, example of such a file is the transaction file. 2. File activity: Different files have different activities, example a sort file is used to sort data in sequential order and therefore sequential method would be appropriate for such a file. 3. File access method: Definately different files have different methods of being accessed, example a reference file is accessed using random method for easy retrieval of data. 4. Nature of the system: Files that are used in a particular system will depend on the nature of the system i.e the suitable organisation method for that particular system. 5. Masterfile medium: The masterfile is the main file for keeping permanent updates of records from transaction files and other sources, the medium by which it is updated will determine the organisation method to be used..

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Consider a 4-Link robot manipulator shown below. Use the forward kinematic D-H table and write an m file that plots the manipulator. The instructions are given in the module 6. Submit your solutions by the due date, in a single MATLAB m file. Solution Please give the kinetic D-H table else it would be difficult to code as we need to know the rotation spin axis and other momentum of manipulator Stating a general example code for manipulator with data function X = fwd_kin(q,x) % given a position in the configuration space, calculate the position of % the end effector in the workspace for a two-link manipulator. % q: vector of joint positions % x: design vector (link lengths) % X: end effector position in cartesian coordinates % configuration space coordinates: q1 = q(1); % theta 1 q2 = q(2); % theta 2 % manipulator parameters: l1 = x(1); % link 1 length l2 = x(2); % link 2 length % calculate end effector position: X = [l1*cos(q1) + l2*cos(q1+q2) l1*sin(q1) + l2*sin(q1+q2)]; % SimulateTwolink.m uses inverse dynamics to simulate the torque % trajectories required for a two-link planar robotic manipulator to follow % a prescribed trajectory. It also computes total energy consumption. This % code is provided as supplementary material for the paper: % % \'Engineering System Co-Design with Limited Plant Redesign\' % Presented at the 8th AIAA Multidisciplinary Design Optimization % Specialist Conference, April 2012. % % The paper is available from: % % http://systemdesign.illinois.edu/publications/All12a.pdf % % Here both the physical system design and control system design are % considered simultaneously. Manipulator link length and trajectory % specification can be specified, and torque trajectory and energy % consumption are computed based on this input. It was found that maximum % torque and total energy consumption calculated using inverse dynamics % agreed closely with results calculated using feedback linearization, so % to simplify optimization problem solution an inverse dynamics approach % was used, which reduces the control design vector to just the trajectory % design. % % In the conference paper several cases are considered, each with its own % manipulator task, manipulator design, and trajectory design. The % specifications for each of these five cases are provided here, and can be % explored by changing the case number variable (cn). % % This code was incorporated into a larger optimization project. The code % presented here includes only the analysis portion of the code, no % optimization. % % A video illustrating the motion of each of these five cases is available % on YouTube: % % http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR7Y9-n5SjA % % Author: James T. Allison, Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at % Urbana-Champaign % Date: 4/10/12 clear;clc % simulation parameters: p.dt = 0.0005; % simulation step size tf = 2; p.tf = tf; % final time p.ploton = 0; % turn off additional plotting capabilities p.ploton2 = 0; p.Tallow = 210; % maximum .

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Conduct some basic research on the recessive disorder Albinism. Describe the disease and its genetic basis. Explain how this disease is inherited and why it is not always inherited. Why is genetic testing controversial? Provide references for your research Solution The term recessive disorder Albinism isdefined a is a congenital disorder which usually happens due to complete or partial absence of the pigment which is present in the skin, hair and eyes. Moreover it isr elated to a number of vision defects.These include: photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Another important aspect is the Lack of skin pigmentation can usually lead to sunburn . This disorder is usually passes from parents to their children through the concept of genes. The most importaant aspect for inhertiance is that both the parents should carry an albinism gene in order to have a child who suffers from albinism disorder.Moreover, the parents can also have normal pigmentation but they still are able to carry the gene. Finally as both parents are able to carry the gene, and none of the parent has albinism.This means that there is a one-in-four chance which can happen at pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism disorder. Genetic testing is controversial because after determining the sex of the child ,some parents decide to abort it.So,in order to prevent this it has become controversial in some countries like india where it is illegal. References: 1.https://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/12 2..

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Bookmark On the Isle of Man off the coast of Ireland, a curious cat referred to as a manx cat was described in 1845. It had long hind legs and a short tail. Further work showed that the manx characteristics were the result of a dominant M allele at a single locus. An MM zygote would not survive, but Mm genotypes produced the manx characteristics. Imagine a scenario where the M allele arises by mutation on the Isle of Man. Explain how genetic drift could cause the M allele to reach a relatively high frequency (freq(M) > 0.25), even though it has harmful effects on fitness. Solution When the M allele is dominant and also deleterious when it is in the homozygous state. In the heterozygote stage Mm, the deleterious M allele is hidden due to which the selection will not eliminate it. The Mm genotypes are successful, so the frequency of M allele rises in the population. So the genetic drift selection cannot eliminate the M allele completely..

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Answer the questions below based on the database model found on the next page: 2. What titles are available in Digital Video format? 3. What titles and years are available for the Pop- Alternative genre? What is the result of the SQL statement below? SELECT from USIC where 4. MEDIA FOorrat \"Analog\" s. Which is the correct SQL statement to obtain a list of all music (titles and artists) in CD format? (select one) a. SELECT Artist, Title from MEDIA where Mediaype CD b. SELECT Artist, Title from MUSIC where Meaanp9,“ \"CD\" c. SELECT MUSIC where xediatse *CD Write valid SQL statements for the following actions: 6. Retrieve all the free Titles from the MUSIC relation: 7. Remove the Cassette Tape row from the MEDIA table: 8. Change the Year on \"Somebody 1 Used to Know to be 2012: 9. Add a new Artist row to the ARTIST Table (add any Artist and Genre you like): Solution 2. From media relation: MP4 corresponds to Digital Video Format Hence, Titles which are MP4: High School Eyes Wide Open Payphone 3. Artists that are associated with Pop-alternative genre are Gotye, Coldplay, Fiest Hence, the titles and years that correspond to these artists: The Reminder, 2007 Open Season, 2006 Mylo Xyloto, 2011 Somebody I used to know, 2011 Eyes wide open, 2012 4. We need to select music whose media format is analog. Hence, it will return music records with media type vinyl and cassette tape Hence, it will return the following records: Born to run, Bruce Springstein, 1981, Vinyl, 15.95 Greatest Hits, Ella Flitzgerald, 1972, Vinyl, 15.95 Quadrophenia, The Who, 1973, Vinyl, 25.95 Rolling Stones Box Set, Rolling Stones, 2013, Vinyl, 50.00 5. b. SELECT Artist, Title from MUSIC where MediaType = \"CD\" 6. SELECT Title from MUSIC; 7. DELETE FROM MEDIA where MediaType=\"Cassette Tape\"; 8. UPDATE MUSIC SET Year=2012 WHERE Title=\"Somebody I used to know\"; 9. INSERT INTO ARTIST Values (\"Adam Young\", \"Pop\");.

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You are reviewing basic network protocols with a new tech in your company. Of the following, what do you say are true about network protocols? (Choose two.) A. NetBIOS is used primarily to connect Windows computers to the Internet. B. TCP/IP is used exclusively to allow computers to connect to each other on the local area network. C. TCP/IP is the de facto communications protocol for the Internet. D. NetBIOS is used in Ethernet networks. Solution C and D. TCP/IP, or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is the basic communication protocol for the Internet and is also used on private networks such as intranets (web environments within a company) or extranets (web environments between two or more business partners or between a vendor and customers). NetBIOS, or Network Basic Input/Output System, is a program that allows computers to communicate on local area networks, or LANs, but does not support transport into wide area networks, or WANs, such as the Internet..

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Why might a gene have more than 2 different alleles? a. DNA sequence can deviate in many places (base-pairs) b. DNA sequence can only deviate in one place (base-pair) c. DNA sequence cannot deviate d. Genes can only have 2 possible alleles Solution Answer: a. DNA sequence can deviate in many places (base-pairs) Explanation: Multiple alleles means that there are three or more forms of a gene for a trait. That doesn\'t mean that a person can have all three of them..

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What scientific mechanism for evolution did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace propose in 1858? Describe how this concept works. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? Solution 1. Charles Darwin during 1858 had proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, where he has said that organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. Alfred Wallace who is also called the Father of Biogeography, studied the geographical distribution of animal species and said the evolution is caused due to environmental pressures on varieties of species it forces different species to adapt themselves to the local conditions, leading to different populations in different locations. Both groups of scientists have said that natural selection is the single most and important factor in evolutionary changes seen in species. Scientifically, This concept works due to different phenomenon such as: a)Mutation- It is the Sudden change in the genetic makeup of an organism.And it is the driving force of evolution, which influences the population’s gene pool.The change in the genetic makeup of organism which favors the life of species makes it the fittest to survive! b)Genetic Drift-It can occur when a small group of individuals leaves a population and establishes a new one in a geographically isolated region.It occurs in a large population and helps the population to survive. c)Natural selection-This happens when populations of organisms are subjected to the environment. The fittest creatures are more likely to survive and pass their genes to their offspring, producing a population that is better adapted to the environment. 2.MicroEvolution-Microevolution is defined as changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next.These small changes in species occur by recombining existing genetic material within the group of same species. Micro Evolution is caused due to Mutation, Migration or Gene Flow, Genetic Drift and Selection (natural and artificial). Macro Evolution: It refers to major evolutionary changes over time, the origin of new types of organisms from previously existing, but different, ancestral types.It is an evolution on a larger scale where we find the descent of many species from one common ancestor over billions of years.It is very difficult to see the Macro Evolution happening because it takes a longer time to happen. But Instead, we can reconstruct the history of life using all available evidence like geology, fossils, and living organisms..

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What are the genetic differences between a processed pseudogene and a mutated pseudogene and how do their typical locations relative to their functional paralogous genes differ? Solution Pseudogenes are the genes that have lost some part or entire of its original ability, of their real gene relative and thus they have a altered or no gene expression activity. Most commonly, pseudogenes are formed as a result of accumulation of multiple mutations in a single gene, whose gene product is not essential for survival. Pseudogenes may not be fully functional and may perform regulatory functions. Thus a pseudogene has its association with a functional gene, and both of them share a common ancestor. Processed pseudogenes are the result of retrotransposition, i.e, a part of the mRNA or hnRNA transcript from a gene spontaneously reverses back (transcribed again) into DNA and gets inserted into chromosomal DNA.Thus they are processed once and then reverses back to result in a pseudogene. As a result, random copies of genes are produced in vitro. When such pseudogenes are inserted into the genome, they usually contain a poly-A tail,they are without introns (introns are spliced out) and also lack the upstream promoters. Thus after transposition event, they become non-functional pseudogenes. Such pseudogenes are randomly inserted into the genome. On the other hand, mutated pseudogenes arise after multiple mutation events which prevent a gene from normal transcription and make them less functional or non-functional; like gene duplication event caused by homologous recombination (repititive sequences on misaligned chromosomes become non-functional) or one allele of gene having deleterious mutation resulting in loss of function, non-sense mutations, unequal cross overs and sister chromatid exchanges etc. In such pseudogenes, the location of genes remain same as their functional paralogous genes..

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The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. A. requires the addition of CO2 B. occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irreversible. C. occurs in he nucleus of the cell. D. is needed for red blood cell production. Solution The conversion of pyruate to acetyl COA (B) occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irriversible. The process is carriedout with the help of an enzyme pyruate dehydrogenase, which is located in mitochondrial matrix. During the conversion process each pyruate molecule loses one carbon atom with the release of CO2..

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Suppose S is a set of n + 1 integers. Prove that there exist distinct a, b S such that a - b is a multiple of n. Solution There n distinct remainders modulo n ie 0,1,2,...,n-1 So let there be n boxes each corresponding to one of these remainders We need to put these n+1 integers into these n boxes So two of them must be in the same box ie two of them give the same remainder modulo n Let those two integers be a,b SO,a=b modulo n a-b=0 modulo n ie a-b is a multiple of n HEnce proved.

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Structural features of fungi Complete the following paragraph to describe the structural features of fungi. Solution The thallus of most fungi is known as a(n) mycelium. which is divided into a network of filaments called hyphae These hyphae increase the surface area, maximizing the absorption of nutrients. Some species of fungi have hyphae that are partitioned by walls of tissue called septae Fungal cells have cell walls comprised of chitin Similar to animals they store energy in the form of glycogen Fungi tend to be Nonmotile, although some do contain flagella at some point in their life cycle. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually during their life cycles. Cells produced during the Asexual phase are called spores. These are haploid as they contain only one set of chromosomes.

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State some successful predictions from Einstein\'s theory of special relativity Solution Special relativity implies a wide range of consequences, which have been experimentally verified, including length contraction, time dilation, relativistic mass, mass–energy equivalence, a universal speed limit and relativity of simultaneity.The theory is \"special\" in that it only applies in the special case where the curvature of spacetime due to gravity is negligible. In order to include gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915 Several experiments predating Einstein\'s 1905 paper are now interpreted as evidence for relativity.Particle accelerators routinely accelerate and measure the properties of particles moving at near the speed of light, where their behavior is completely consistent with relativity theory and inconsistent with the earlier Newtonian mechanics. These machines would simply not work if they were not engineered according to relativistic principles. In addition, a considerable number of modern experiments have been conducted to test special relativity. Some examples 1.) According to special relativity, the properties of particles moving approximately at thespeed of light significantly deviate from the predictions of Newtonian mechanics. For instance, the speed of lightcannot be reached by massive particles. Today, those relativistic expressions for particles close to the speed of light are routinely confirmed inundergraduate laboratories, and necessary in the design and theoretical evaluation of collision experiments inparticle accelerators. 2.) The Ives–Stilwell experiment tested the contribution of relativistic time dilation to the Doppler shift of light. The result was in agreement with the formula for the transverse Doppler effect, and was the first direct, quantitative confirmation of the time dilation factor. 3.) Time dilation of moving particles as predicted by special relativity can be measured in particle lifetime experiments. According to special relativity, the rate of clock C traveling between two synchronized laboratory clocks A and B is slowed with respect to the laboratory clock rates. 4.) The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment, first conducted in 1932, is a modified form of the Michelson–Morley experimental procedure, testing special relativity.The modification is to make one arm of the classical Michelson–Morley (MM) apparatus shorter than the other one. While the Michelson–Morley experiment showed that the speed of light is independent of the orientation of the apparatus, the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment showed that it is also independent of the velocity of the apparatus in different inertial frames 5.) Hughes–Drever experiments (also clock comparison-, clock anisotropy-, mass isotropy-, or energy isotropy experiments) are spectroscopic tests of the isotropy of mass and space.Unlike Michelson–Morley type experiments, Hughes–Drever experiments test the isotropy of the interactions of matter itself, that is, of .

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