MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database program that uses JSON-like documents with optional schemas. It provides high performance, high availability, and easy scalability. The document outlines the installation process for MongoDB on Windows, which involves downloading the installer file, running it to complete the installation, configuring the path variable to locate MongoDB files, and using commands like mongod and mongo to start the MongoDB service and open a connection. The conclusion indicates that MongoDB has now been successfully installed on the system.