The document describes a biology experiment that investigates the effects of smoke water on the germination and growth of Eucalyptus pilularis seeds. Smoke water is created by burning organic matter like leaves and hay and soaking it in water. The experiment involves germinating E. pilularis seeds in either smoke water or deionized water, and measuring the germination rate and seedling height over 14 days. It is predicted that smoke water will stimulate greater germination and growth than deionized water due to chemicals in smoke. The experiment and its methodology are described in detail, including controls, data collection, and statistical analysis planned to analyze results.
Germination is a process by which seeds produce shoot and root from the endosperm. Favourable Temperature and Relative Humidity influence the germination process
This document discusses various plant propagation methods, focusing on seed propagation. It describes that seed propagation involves determining seed purity and viability, overcoming seed dormancy through methods like scarification, and providing optimal conditions for germination like moisture, oxygen, and temperature. Tests for viability include direct germination tests, excised embryo tests, and tetrazolium tests. Factors that influence successful seed propagation include seed treatment, sowing methods, and aftercare of seedlings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "Seed Germination Theory and Practice" by Norman C. Deno.
The book aims to provide concise directions for optimizing the germination of nearly 2,500 plant species based on extensive experiments conducted by the author. It also discusses the underlying principles of seed germination from a mechanistic chemical perspective.
The book is intended to be useful for plant growers by providing practical germination methods, as well as for biologists and chemists by exploring seed germination as a complex chemical process that can be studied using techniques from those fields. The author encourages an open and experimental approach to germinating different plant species using efficient new methods described in the book
A germination test measures the percentage of viable seeds in a seed lot that are able to germinate under favorable conditions. The test involves taking random samples from seed bags, placing a set number of seeds on moist material in trays, and counting the number that sprout over 5 days. Calculating the germination rate by dividing the number germinated by the total seeds tested and multiplying by 100 provides an estimate of field performance and helps farmers adjust planting rates accordingly.
This document provides information about seed germination testing methods. It defines seed germination as the budding of a seed after being planted. Seed germination testing is conducted to predict field performance, obtain planting values, and compare germination rates between seed lots. Common substrates used include paper, sand, and soil. Seeds are placed on or between the layers of these substrates in trays under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Proper lighting, cleaning, and breaking of dormancy are also required. Germination rates are calculated based on the number of normal seedlings observed over a testing period, usually 7-14 days.
11.charlene 12. monica phages first revisionMonica Rivera
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteriophages from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were enriched with Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to encourage phage growth. Plaques indicating phage presence were observed after three rounds of purification on agar plates. While some purifications were successful, others required multiple attempts due to issues like bacterial defects or fungal growth. Ultimately a phage named Monchar was isolated but further purification was not completed. The isolated phage will be subject to future characterization.
This document discusses the production of nucleus seed for potato through tuber indexing and maintenance of virus tested stocks in 3 stages. Tubers are tested for common potato viruses like X, Y, A, and leaf diseases. Disease-free clones are selected and their progeny are planted in separate plots and bulked in stage III to produce final virus-free nucleus stocks for breeder seed production.
This document provides guidance on sampling techniques for nematode assays. It discusses:
- The objectives of nematode sampling including diagnosis, detection, research needs
- Factors to consider in designing sampling procedures like nematode distribution, biology, and crop management
- Recommended sampling depths, timing, and methods for different crop types including field crops, vegetables, orchards, and trees
- Proper handling of samples including storage, delivery, and labeling for analysis
Germination is a process by which seeds produce shoot and root from the endosperm. Favourable Temperature and Relative Humidity influence the germination process
This document discusses various plant propagation methods, focusing on seed propagation. It describes that seed propagation involves determining seed purity and viability, overcoming seed dormancy through methods like scarification, and providing optimal conditions for germination like moisture, oxygen, and temperature. Tests for viability include direct germination tests, excised embryo tests, and tetrazolium tests. Factors that influence successful seed propagation include seed treatment, sowing methods, and aftercare of seedlings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "Seed Germination Theory and Practice" by Norman C. Deno.
The book aims to provide concise directions for optimizing the germination of nearly 2,500 plant species based on extensive experiments conducted by the author. It also discusses the underlying principles of seed germination from a mechanistic chemical perspective.
The book is intended to be useful for plant growers by providing practical germination methods, as well as for biologists and chemists by exploring seed germination as a complex chemical process that can be studied using techniques from those fields. The author encourages an open and experimental approach to germinating different plant species using efficient new methods described in the book
A germination test measures the percentage of viable seeds in a seed lot that are able to germinate under favorable conditions. The test involves taking random samples from seed bags, placing a set number of seeds on moist material in trays, and counting the number that sprout over 5 days. Calculating the germination rate by dividing the number germinated by the total seeds tested and multiplying by 100 provides an estimate of field performance and helps farmers adjust planting rates accordingly.
This document provides information about seed germination testing methods. It defines seed germination as the budding of a seed after being planted. Seed germination testing is conducted to predict field performance, obtain planting values, and compare germination rates between seed lots. Common substrates used include paper, sand, and soil. Seeds are placed on or between the layers of these substrates in trays under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Proper lighting, cleaning, and breaking of dormancy are also required. Germination rates are calculated based on the number of normal seedlings observed over a testing period, usually 7-14 days.
11.charlene 12. monica phages first revisionMonica Rivera
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteriophages from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were enriched with Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to encourage phage growth. Plaques indicating phage presence were observed after three rounds of purification on agar plates. While some purifications were successful, others required multiple attempts due to issues like bacterial defects or fungal growth. Ultimately a phage named Monchar was isolated but further purification was not completed. The isolated phage will be subject to future characterization.
This document discusses the production of nucleus seed for potato through tuber indexing and maintenance of virus tested stocks in 3 stages. Tubers are tested for common potato viruses like X, Y, A, and leaf diseases. Disease-free clones are selected and their progeny are planted in separate plots and bulked in stage III to produce final virus-free nucleus stocks for breeder seed production.
This document provides guidance on sampling techniques for nematode assays. It discusses:
- The objectives of nematode sampling including diagnosis, detection, research needs
- Factors to consider in designing sampling procedures like nematode distribution, biology, and crop management
- Recommended sampling depths, timing, and methods for different crop types including field crops, vegetables, orchards, and trees
- Proper handling of samples including storage, delivery, and labeling for analysis
The document describes an experiment to determine the effect of different amounts of fertilizer (none, 1.25mL, 2.5mL, 5mL, 7.5mL) mixed with 3.78 liters of water on the height of lima bean plants over 18 days. The experiment measures the height of the plants every few days and analyzes which amount of fertilizer results in the tallest plants. The goal is to see if using the recommended amount of fertilizer on the packaging actually produces the best growth.
Sampling,extraction and identification of plant parasitic nematodes PPN'sFrancis Matu
This document provides information on sampling, extracting, and identifying plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). It discusses the importance of sampling and outlines appropriate tools and methods for taking representative soil and root samples from fields. Extraction methods are described for separating nematodes from soil and plant materials, including tray, sieving, and centrifugal-flotation techniques. The goal is to extract nematodes while removing debris for clear identification of PPNs present. Proper sampling, extraction, and identification are necessary to determine appropriate nematode control measures.
This document provides a lesson on methods of plant propagation. It outlines learning outcomes which include demonstrating marcotting, identifying types of propagation, comparing sexual and asexual methods, and explaining advantages and disadvantages of artificial propagation. The lesson is expected to take one week. It then introduces plant propagation as creating new plants from various plant parts, and describes common propagation techniques like cuttings, grafting and budding. The document provides tasks on arranging pictures of the division process and discussing sexual and asexual propagation methods and their advantages.
The document outlines the schedule and topics covered during an on-campus training phase for an agriculture program, including lectures and practical demonstrations on topics like entomology, plant pathology, soil science, and microbiology. It provides details of procedures demonstrated like rearing insects, isolating microbes, and analyzing soil properties. The training phase aims to orient students to various agriculture subjects and hands-on skills through interactions with course teachers and activities.
Germination requires certain conditions to be present for the development of the plant from its seed. Water is necessary to soften the seed coat, make food materials soluble, and activate enzymes for growth. Warmth, light, oxygen, and the proper temperature range are also needed for the seeds' enzymes to catalyze the reactions of germination. There are two main types of germination - epigeal, where the hypocotyl arches up and the cotyledons emerge above ground, and hypogeal, where the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil.
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Germination is the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in the formation of the seedling, it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radical and plumule.
All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and in most plant species some store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos; these are called empty seeds and never germinate. Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental conditions that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell growth. Under proper conditions, the seed begins to germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth, developing towards a seedling
“SCREENING FOR ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCERS IN SOIL FROM THE BANKS OF SEWER CANALS, AND TESTING THE EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS OBTAINED, AGAINST COLIFORMS”
This document provides information about seed purity analysis and germination testing procedures. It discusses the steps involved in purity analysis, including removing debris, separating lightweight materials, and examining seeds for damage. It also describes how to calculate purity percentages. For germination testing, it outlines the materials needed, sample size, placement methods on filter paper or between paper towels, and incubation conditions. Evaluation involves classifying seedlings as normal or abnormal based on root and shoot development.
This document provides instructions for preparing a casing mixture for mushroom cultivation. It discusses:
1) What casing is and why it is required for mushroom formation. Casing provides a reservoir for developing mushrooms and triggers fruitification.
2) The ideal materials for a casing mixture including well-decomposed farm yard manure, spent mushroom compost, coir pith, and bark. It also discusses the properties the mixture should have.
3) The steps for preparing a casing mixture which includes sterilizing individual materials, mixing to the proper proportions, and applying to colonized substrate. Proper moisture levels and several example mixtures are also covered.
Saving Water in Vegetable Gardens - University of CaliforniaFinola87v
The document provides information on saving water in vegetable gardens. It recommends selecting crops that can be properly irrigated given available water supplies. Drip or trickle irrigation, plastic or paper mulches, organic mulches, weed control, choosing crops with lower water needs, and proper timing and amounts of irrigation can help conserve water. Drip irrigation places water directly in the root zone with little waste, while mulches reduce evaporation from the soil surface and control weeds. Selecting deep-rooted or cool-season crops also reduces water needs. Proper soil moisture monitoring and avoiding over- or under-watering makes irrigation most efficient.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Propagation by cuttings, layering and divisionDebbie-Ann Hall
This document provides information on asexual plant propagation methods including cuttings, layering, and division. It discusses preparing rooting media and conditions to promote rooting. Various types of cuttings are described such as stem, leaf, and root cuttings. Methods of layering plants include tip, simple, compound, and mound layering. The document aims to inform readers on vegetative propagation techniques to reproduce desired plant varieties.
This document provides an introduction to vegetable gardening. It discusses selecting vegetables and herbs to plant, buying seeds or transplants, and planting schedules. Specific vegetables like tomatoes, potatoes, beans, and carrots are described. Tips are provided on soil preparation, planting, maintenance, and common problems. The goal is to help gardeners successfully grow their own vegetables.
Jauhar ali. vol 2. screening for abiotic and biotic stress tolerancesFOODCROPS
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice for drought tolerance. It recommends identifying a widely adaptable rice genotype and using multiple drought tolerant donors. Screening should occur at the BC1F2 generation under high stress levels that can kill the recipient parent. Progeny must be confirmed over at least two generations before traits are considered stably inherited. Extremely drought tolerant plants should be used to further combine drought tolerance genes from different donors. The document provides details on screening protocols conducted in the field and in growth chambers, including measuring traits like pollen sterility, grain sterility, and yield under drought conditions.
Jauhar ali. vol 3. screening for abiotic and biotic stress tolerancesFOODCROPS
This document provides protocols for screening rice lines for submergence tolerance. It describes methods for screening in screen houses using seed boxes, screening in field tanks by transplanting seedlings, and screening in deep water ponds. It also includes a protocol for anaerobic germination screening and results from submergence screening trials conducted in several countries in Asia that identified tolerant lines.
Plant propagation can occur through seeds, cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture. Seeds contain dormant plant embryos that germinate under suitable environmental conditions like water, oxygen, temperature, and light. Cuttings involve rooting stem or branch cuttings, while grafting combines tissues from similar or dissimilar plants. Tissue culture grows plants from collected plant tissues in a sterile nutrient solution. Sexual propagation uses seeds to create genetically variable offspring, while asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture replicates the exact parent plant. Propagation allows multiplying plant species, protecting endangered plants, and improving plant qualities and yields commercially.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effect of acid rain on the germination and growth of common beans. The experiment involved planting bean seeds in pots, watering half with pH 5.6 water and half with pH 4.3 water to simulate normal and acid rain. Results showed that beans watered with acidic water had significantly longer germination times and reduced heights compared to those watered with normal pH water. The study concluded that acid rain negatively impacts agricultural plants like beans and suggested further research on other crops and environmental conditions.
The document summarizes a student's biology research project investigating the effect of light exposure on mung bean germination. The student designed an experiment with five light exposure conditions (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours per day) and tracked germination rates over 72 hours. Results showed that mung beans receiving 8 hours of light germinated the fastest, with a statistically significant difference from the no light condition. However, differences between other light intervals were not statistically significant. The student concluded that increased light exposure facilitated faster germination by warming the beans and stimulating enzymes.
The document describes an experiment to determine the effect of different amounts of fertilizer (none, 1.25mL, 2.5mL, 5mL, 7.5mL) mixed with 3.78 liters of water on the height of lima bean plants over 18 days. The experiment measures the height of the plants every few days and analyzes which amount of fertilizer results in the tallest plants. The goal is to see if using the recommended amount of fertilizer on the packaging actually produces the best growth.
Sampling,extraction and identification of plant parasitic nematodes PPN'sFrancis Matu
This document provides information on sampling, extracting, and identifying plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). It discusses the importance of sampling and outlines appropriate tools and methods for taking representative soil and root samples from fields. Extraction methods are described for separating nematodes from soil and plant materials, including tray, sieving, and centrifugal-flotation techniques. The goal is to extract nematodes while removing debris for clear identification of PPNs present. Proper sampling, extraction, and identification are necessary to determine appropriate nematode control measures.
This document provides a lesson on methods of plant propagation. It outlines learning outcomes which include demonstrating marcotting, identifying types of propagation, comparing sexual and asexual methods, and explaining advantages and disadvantages of artificial propagation. The lesson is expected to take one week. It then introduces plant propagation as creating new plants from various plant parts, and describes common propagation techniques like cuttings, grafting and budding. The document provides tasks on arranging pictures of the division process and discussing sexual and asexual propagation methods and their advantages.
The document outlines the schedule and topics covered during an on-campus training phase for an agriculture program, including lectures and practical demonstrations on topics like entomology, plant pathology, soil science, and microbiology. It provides details of procedures demonstrated like rearing insects, isolating microbes, and analyzing soil properties. The training phase aims to orient students to various agriculture subjects and hands-on skills through interactions with course teachers and activities.
Germination requires certain conditions to be present for the development of the plant from its seed. Water is necessary to soften the seed coat, make food materials soluble, and activate enzymes for growth. Warmth, light, oxygen, and the proper temperature range are also needed for the seeds' enzymes to catalyze the reactions of germination. There are two main types of germination - epigeal, where the hypocotyl arches up and the cotyledons emerge above ground, and hypogeal, where the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil.
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Germination is the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in the formation of the seedling, it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radical and plumule.
All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and in most plant species some store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos; these are called empty seeds and never germinate. Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental conditions that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell growth. Under proper conditions, the seed begins to germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth, developing towards a seedling
“SCREENING FOR ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCERS IN SOIL FROM THE BANKS OF SEWER CANALS, AND TESTING THE EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS OBTAINED, AGAINST COLIFORMS”
This document provides information about seed purity analysis and germination testing procedures. It discusses the steps involved in purity analysis, including removing debris, separating lightweight materials, and examining seeds for damage. It also describes how to calculate purity percentages. For germination testing, it outlines the materials needed, sample size, placement methods on filter paper or between paper towels, and incubation conditions. Evaluation involves classifying seedlings as normal or abnormal based on root and shoot development.
This document provides instructions for preparing a casing mixture for mushroom cultivation. It discusses:
1) What casing is and why it is required for mushroom formation. Casing provides a reservoir for developing mushrooms and triggers fruitification.
2) The ideal materials for a casing mixture including well-decomposed farm yard manure, spent mushroom compost, coir pith, and bark. It also discusses the properties the mixture should have.
3) The steps for preparing a casing mixture which includes sterilizing individual materials, mixing to the proper proportions, and applying to colonized substrate. Proper moisture levels and several example mixtures are also covered.
Saving Water in Vegetable Gardens - University of CaliforniaFinola87v
The document provides information on saving water in vegetable gardens. It recommends selecting crops that can be properly irrigated given available water supplies. Drip or trickle irrigation, plastic or paper mulches, organic mulches, weed control, choosing crops with lower water needs, and proper timing and amounts of irrigation can help conserve water. Drip irrigation places water directly in the root zone with little waste, while mulches reduce evaporation from the soil surface and control weeds. Selecting deep-rooted or cool-season crops also reduces water needs. Proper soil moisture monitoring and avoiding over- or under-watering makes irrigation most efficient.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Propagation by cuttings, layering and divisionDebbie-Ann Hall
This document provides information on asexual plant propagation methods including cuttings, layering, and division. It discusses preparing rooting media and conditions to promote rooting. Various types of cuttings are described such as stem, leaf, and root cuttings. Methods of layering plants include tip, simple, compound, and mound layering. The document aims to inform readers on vegetative propagation techniques to reproduce desired plant varieties.
This document provides an introduction to vegetable gardening. It discusses selecting vegetables and herbs to plant, buying seeds or transplants, and planting schedules. Specific vegetables like tomatoes, potatoes, beans, and carrots are described. Tips are provided on soil preparation, planting, maintenance, and common problems. The goal is to help gardeners successfully grow their own vegetables.
Jauhar ali. vol 2. screening for abiotic and biotic stress tolerancesFOODCROPS
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice for drought tolerance. It recommends identifying a widely adaptable rice genotype and using multiple drought tolerant donors. Screening should occur at the BC1F2 generation under high stress levels that can kill the recipient parent. Progeny must be confirmed over at least two generations before traits are considered stably inherited. Extremely drought tolerant plants should be used to further combine drought tolerance genes from different donors. The document provides details on screening protocols conducted in the field and in growth chambers, including measuring traits like pollen sterility, grain sterility, and yield under drought conditions.
Jauhar ali. vol 3. screening for abiotic and biotic stress tolerancesFOODCROPS
This document provides protocols for screening rice lines for submergence tolerance. It describes methods for screening in screen houses using seed boxes, screening in field tanks by transplanting seedlings, and screening in deep water ponds. It also includes a protocol for anaerobic germination screening and results from submergence screening trials conducted in several countries in Asia that identified tolerant lines.
Plant propagation can occur through seeds, cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture. Seeds contain dormant plant embryos that germinate under suitable environmental conditions like water, oxygen, temperature, and light. Cuttings involve rooting stem or branch cuttings, while grafting combines tissues from similar or dissimilar plants. Tissue culture grows plants from collected plant tissues in a sterile nutrient solution. Sexual propagation uses seeds to create genetically variable offspring, while asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture replicates the exact parent plant. Propagation allows multiplying plant species, protecting endangered plants, and improving plant qualities and yields commercially.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effect of acid rain on the germination and growth of common beans. The experiment involved planting bean seeds in pots, watering half with pH 5.6 water and half with pH 4.3 water to simulate normal and acid rain. Results showed that beans watered with acidic water had significantly longer germination times and reduced heights compared to those watered with normal pH water. The study concluded that acid rain negatively impacts agricultural plants like beans and suggested further research on other crops and environmental conditions.
The document summarizes a student's biology research project investigating the effect of light exposure on mung bean germination. The student designed an experiment with five light exposure conditions (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours per day) and tracked germination rates over 72 hours. Results showed that mung beans receiving 8 hours of light germinated the fastest, with a statistically significant difference from the no light condition. However, differences between other light intervals were not statistically significant. The student concluded that increased light exposure facilitated faster germination by warming the beans and stimulating enzymes.
The document discusses the roles and relationships between development (Dev) and operations (Ops) teams, and introduces the DevOps approach. It notes that traditionally there has been a disconnect between Devs and Ops that results in inefficiencies. DevOps aims to bridge this gap through a collaborative mindset and practices like automating infrastructure provisioning and deployments, implementing continuous integration/delivery, monitoring metrics, and breaking down silos between teams. Specific tools mentioned that support DevOps include Puppet for configuration management and Autobahn for continuous deployment.
Accenture DevOps: Delivering applications at the pace of businessAccenture Technology
Are you ready to shift to continuous delivery? DevOps, a leading software engineering innovation, makes this shift possible by bringing business, development and operation teams together to streamline IT and applying more automated processes.
DevOps and Continuous Delivery Reference Architectures (including Nexus and o...Sonatype
There are numerous examples of DevOps and Continuous Delivery reference architectures available, and each of them vary in levels of detail, tools highlighted, and processes followed. Yet, there is a constant theme among the tool sets: Jenkins, Maven, Sonatype Nexus, Subversion, Git, Docker, Puppet/Chef, Rundeck, ServiceNow, and Sonar seem to show up time and again.
This document outlines an experiment to determine the effect of organic fertilizer on tomato plant growth. It involves growing 10 tomato plants, with 5 receiving an organic fertilizer treatment and 5 as a control. Over 5 days, the plants will be observed and measurements taken of leaf length and number of leaves. The results will then be analyzed to see if the fertilized plants exhibited faster growth or structural differences compared to the control group. The objective is to utilize the scientific process and draw conclusions about how organic fertilizer affects tomato plant development.
This study investigated how different levels of oxygen in soil affect the germination rate of wheat seeds. Seedlings were planted in pots with soil that was loosened, compacted, or left untouched as a control. Over three weeks, the height of the seedlings was measured. Results showed that seeds planted in compacted soil, which had higher oxygen levels, germinated and grew faster than those in loosened soil or the control. This disproved the hypothesis that increased oxygen through loosening soil would boost germination. Future experiments are planned to better understand how tilling methods impact plant health.
Investigation
1. Diffusion and Osmosis
How does water move into and out of a cell?
Water passes into and out of the cell by osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water
across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. In this investigation, you will use an egg membrane as a model system and observe the effects of water movement when the egg is placed in different solutions.
Materials
• 600 mL beakers/clear plastic cups (2)
• Wax pencil/permanent marker
• Balance
• Vinegar
• Tablespoon
• Fresh eggs (2)
• 50 mL beakers/plastic cups
• Paper plates
• Distilled water
• Corn syrup
Dissolving the eggshell
Stop and think
Placing the eggs into different solutions
Thinking about what you observed
Exploring on your own
2, Photosynthesis and Color
Does the color of light affect photosynthesis?
Living organisms, both plant and animal, contain chemicals known as pigments. A
pigment’s color is determined by the wavelengths of light that the pigment reflects. Plant leaves contain chlorophyll, a pigment that is vital to photosynthesis. In this investigation we will find out which colors of light are needed by chlorophyll to sustain photosynthesis
Materials
• Four small potted plants
• Plant grow light (75 W)
• Red light (75 W)
• Blue light (75 W)
• Green light (75 W)
• Four light fixtures
• Water
• Thermometer
Setting up
Stop and think
Doing the experiment
Thinking about what you observed
3. Photosynthesis and Color
Does the color of light affect photosynthesis?
In Vitro Seed Germination Studies and Flowering in Micropropagated Plantlets ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the in vitro seed germination and flowering of micropropagated plantlets of Dendrobium ovatum Lindl. Various basal media including MS, B5, KC, and VW were tested with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. VW medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 5 mg/L NAA was found most suitable, promoting 95% plantlet formation. VW medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 2 mg/L IAA induced rooting and supported in vitro flowering, with plantlets producing 10-12 flowers after 90 days. Hardened plantlets were successfully transferred to the greenhouse.
This document contains information about several plant experiments including:
1. An experiment on the effect of temperature on beetroot membrane permeability that measures the degree of redness as the dependent variable and controls volume of water and uniform rinsing of beetroot discs.
2. An experiment testing the antimicrobial properties of plants by extracting plant material in ethanol and measuring inhibition zones around filter paper discs.
3. An experiment investigating plant mineral deficiencies by growing seeds in nutrient solutions deficient in different minerals and controlling various environmental factors.
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Economization of Datura Plant Using Planttissue Cultureiosrjce
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This document summarizes a third to fourth grade science project on plants, fossils, and measuring devices. It includes exhibits on the life cycle of pine trees using a pine cone sample, the growth of an avocado tree from a pit, and a fossilized trilobite. It demonstrates using common measuring cups and spoons to measure dry and liquid ingredients, showing that volumes differ between cup types. The project was created by future teacher Annabel Lee to teach students about science topics aligned with state standards.
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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1. Biology teacher support material 1
Investigation 1 (annotated)
A study on the effect of smoke water on the germination and growth
of Eucalyptus pilularis
Background
Australia is a country where bushfires are commonplace during the summer season, and these fires affect
much of Australia's flora. As a by-product of this, numerous native Australian plants that inhabit fire-
dependent ecosystems have evolved reproductive strategies to adapt to factors associated with fire. These
adaptations that affect their germination can be classified as either physical (derived from the immense
heat of the bushfire stimulating a seed to germinate) or chemical (derived from a combination of various
chemical elements produced by the smoke that stimulates germination).
Aim
The aim of this biology laboratory experiment is to explore the effects of smoke water, a mixture of water,
burnt plants and hay, and its effect on the germination and post germination growth Eucalyptus pilularis
seeds also known as gumnut or blackbutt, an Australian native plant which predominates in forests that are
frequently burned.
Research question
Does smoke water stimulate germination and post germination growth of Eucalyptus pilularis seeds
compared to de-ionized water?
Prediction
Smoke water will successfully germinate more Eucalyptus pilularis than de-ionized water, and thus, as a
result of this, the post germination growth of the Eucalyptus piluiaris seeds by the smoke water will be
more effective. Effectiveness, for this experiment, is defined as the height of the seedling that emerges
from the germinated gumnut seed. If the various chemicals, such as phosphorous and nitrogenous
compounds found in the smoky remnants of organic matter function as chemical triggers, then Eucalyptus
pilularis will begin its germination out of its dormant state. These phosphorous and nitrogenous
compounds, such as NaN03, KN03, NH4Cl and NH4N03, that are naturally occurring in organic matter, are not
found in de-ionized water (Dixon et al. 1995), and hence, smoke water is predicted to germinate a larger
number of seeds and grow more after germination than de-ionized water1
.
Method
Preliminary experiment
The gumnut seeds were obtained from trees growing in local forestry plantations.
It was felt necessary to find out if the gumnut seeds would germinate or not.
1. 50 seeds were planted in 5 Petri dishes of potting mixture (10 seeds per dish).
2. Each dish was watered with 10 ml of de-ionised water and left for two weeks at room temperature.
3. At the end of the two weeks the numbers of seeds germinating was counted.
Results
Number of seeds germinating = 22/50
Percentage germination = 44%
The supply of seeds was considered viable enough to proceed with the experiment.
1
http://anpsa.org.au/APOL2/jun96-6.htmI
Comm: Overall the report is clear,
concise and logically structured.
Comm:Subject specific terminology
and notation are used throughout.
PE:Student shows a high degree of
engagement with the investigation.
EX:Investigation set in context and
justified.
EX: Smoke water defined
EX:Research question focussed
EX:Methodology appropriate
Ex: Defines method to collect relevant
data
Ex: Method can be easily followed and
repeated by others.
Ex : Anticipates that method may need
modifying.Sufficient data is planned
for
Ex: Suitable control
An: Data displayed from trial run
An: Appropriate processing
Ev : Conclusion made from trial run.
1
2. Biology teacher support material 2
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Equipment
• 10 Petri dishes
• 100g of "Yates premium quality" potting mix
• 5.00g of hay
• 5.00g of Eucalyptus leaves
• 5.00g of grass
• Electronic weighing scale (±0.01g)
• 100 seeds of E. pilularis that are 2.00 mm in diameter (±0.5mm)
• 10.0cm ruler (±0.5mm)
• 100ml of de-ionized water to create the smoke water
• 100ml of de-ionized water to create the control
• Tea strainer
• 3 x 250ml graduated beaker (±0.4mL)
• Matches
• 2 Sand baths
• 2 thermometers (±0.05°c)
To create the smoke water
1. Place 5g each of the hay, grass and Eucalyptus leaves into one of the 250ml beaker.
2. Ignite the organic matter with a match so that they catch on fire. Let them burn until they are all
charred.
3. Measure 100ml of de-ionized water with the second 250ml beakers. Pour this water into the first
beaker with the leaves, hay and twigs and leave to infuse for 5 hours.
4. Strain the smoke water mixture into the third measuring beaker using the tea strainer, ensuring
that you are only left with the liquid remnants.
SAFETY Care should be taken when burning the organic matter, this should be carried out in a
ventilated area and the beakers should be made of heat resistance glass.
Germination and growth
1. Set the sand baths to 30 degrees Celsius and place a thermometer in each one to verify the
temperature setting.
2. Place 5 Petri dishes into one sand bath and the remaining 5 Petri dishes into another. One will be
our control and one will be our test.
3. Measure out 10 x 10.0g of the potting mix using the electronic weighing scale and place 10.0g into
each one of 10 Petri dishes. 5 dishes for smoke water treatment and 5 dishes for de-ionised water
treatment.
4. Sow 10 gumnuts into each Petri dish and submerge them into the potting mix at a consistent depth
of 0.5cm. Place the seeds towards the edges of the Petri dish so they can be observed through the
glass without having to disturb the seeds to observe them.
5. Water the control sand bath at 8:15am with 10ml of de-ionized or smoke water each day for
fourteen days.
6. After 14 days, count the number of seeds germinated (distinguished by the emergence of the
seedling) and measure the height of the emergent seedling in the test and the control groups with
the 10.0cm ruler. The seedling height is measured from the soil surface to the highest part of the
stem.
7. Repeat the set up once to ensure sufficient data.
Controlled Variables
• The same volume (10ml) of liquid is added to each dish at the same time (8:15am) each day
throughout the 14 days.
• All 100 E. pilularis seeds that were used in this experiment were kept within a size range of 2.00
mm in diameter
• The water used to create the smoke water was de-ionized water like the control, which allowed
consistency between the control and the test groups.
Ex: Safety risks assessed
Ex: Plans for sufficient data
Ex: Plans for sufficient data
Comm: Correct definition
of germination
Ex: Plans for sufficient data
Ex: Thorough consideration of the
other factors that may influence the
investigation
2
3. Biology teacher support material 3
Investigation 1 (annotated)
• The temperature of the seeds was kept constant at 30.0°C by the sand baths.
• The potting mix for the seeds was from the same brand, "Yates premium potting mix" and the mass
of potting mix used for the seeds was kept constant at 10.0g.
• Same amount of light was assumed to be received for each plant as the experiment was conducted
in the same location on the same days.
• The seeds were placed at a depth of 0.5cm into the soil in the Petri dish.
The experiment continued for fourteen days to allow for sufficient time to gauge of the effect of the
different water types, the manipulated variable. Both sand baths set at the same temperature are placed
next to each other, as specified by the method, and they are assumed to be receiving equal amounts of
light. The potting mix was taken from the same batch, so all samples could be assumed to contain the same
ratio of ingredients. Furthermore, the E. pilularis was submerged into the potting mix at a consistent depth
of 0.5cm and towards the edges of the Petri dish to allow for observations to be made through the glass
without having to disrupt the seeds to observe them.
Our method of data collection for this experiment is to count the seeds that successfully germinated from
the different Petri dishes in the control and test groups respectively, the measured variable. This is done by
observing through the side of the Petri dish whether the seed coat has broken and the seedling has
emerged. The other way to collect data in this experiment is to measure the height of the seedlings (from
the soil surface to the seedling tip) of the germinated seeds after the 14 days of the experiment. The
difference between smoke water and de-ionised water was determined using the χ2
test for the
germination and the t-test for the growth of the seedlings.
Assumptions
• The light is of the same intensity because the seeds will be set up side by side.
• The de-ionized water contains the same impurities
• The potting mix contains the same amount of its constituent components.
• The impurities and chemical elements in the air will be the same for both sets of seeds.
• The gumnut seeds are all composed of the same percentage of elements.
Observations
• The E. pilularis seeds were no bigger than 2mm, and were brownish black in colour. There
were no obvious signs of previous germination, or cracking of the outer seed coat.
• The smoke water was clearly distinctive from the de-ionized water. The de-ionized water was
clear, as one would expect if it had been filtered. The smoke water, however, had a blackish,
straw coloured hue, due to its absorption of the remnants of the burnt organic matter.
• Definite germination was seen on a lot more seeds with the smoke water than with the de-
ionized water.
• The E. pilularis subjected to smoke water germinated earlier on average than the seeds
subjected to de-ionized water. Seeds with smoke water started showing first signs of
germination as early as 7 days, when their seed coats started to split to allow the seedlings to
emerge. In comparison, the de-ionized watered seeds took up to 10 days to start showing
germination.
• The E. pilularis that were germinated by the smoke water tended to have larger seedlings
emerging from the split seed coat.
• The E. pilularis that were watered with the smoke water had significantly larger cracking of the
seed coat, allowing for more space for the seedlings to grow and extend outwards from the
shell.
• The colour of the seedlings in both experiments was a distinct dark purple colour, and leaves
appeared only on the smoke water experiment, with a maximum of 2 small, juvenile leaves
found, measuring no more than approximately 50.0mm.
An: Appropriate method of analysis
chosen
An: Adequate qualitative observations
made
3
4. Biology teacher support material 4
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Number of seeds successfully germinated
In order to determine the number of seeds that were germinated successfully, the number of seeds that
showed distinct cracking of the seed coat and the emergence of the seedling for both the smoke water and
the de-ionized water test groups were counted and placed into the table below. The raw data is presented
in appendix A.
Water Type Trial Numbers germinated (/50) Average %
De-ionized 1 26 25 49
2 23
Smoked 1 43 44 88
2 45
From the processed data that informs us about the number of seeds successfully germinated, we can
clearly see that smoke water germinates, on average.
Graph of de-ionised water seed germination
Percentage de-ionised
water gumnut seeds
germinated
Percentage de-ionisedwater
gumnut seeds NOT
germinated
Comm: Data table set in context.
Clear, unambiguous presentation
Comm: Data analysis can be
followed (no need for a worked
example here)
An: Uncertainties missing but not
considered relevant here for a count.
However uncertainties ±2% could
have featured for the percentage
germination data.
An: Appropriate graphical
presentation of processed data
Comm: Clear presentation of graph
4
5. Biology teacher support material 5
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Χ2
test
In order to see if there is a significant difference between the germination of the seeds treated with smoke
water and de-ionised water a Χ2
test was carried out.
Null Hypothesis: Smoke water does not affect germination of gumnut seeds
Alternative Hypothesis: Smoke water affects germination of gumnut seeds
Smoke water De-ionised water Row total
Germinated 88 49 137
Not germinated 12 51 63
Column total 100 100 200
Proportion of seed germinating = 137/200 = 68.5%
Proportion of seeds not germinating = 100 – 68.5 = 31.5%
Expected number of smoke water treated seeds to germinate = 68.5% of 100 = 68.5
Expected number of de-ionised water treated seeds to germinate = 68.5% of 100 = 68.5
Expected number of smoke water treated seeds not to germination = 31.5% of 100 = 31.5
Expected number of de-ionised water treated seeds not to germinate = 31.5% of 100 = 31.5
Observed
frequency
Expected
frequency Difference
Positive
difference
O E O-E IO-EI (IO-EI)2
/E
88 68.5 19.5 19.5 5.55
49 68.5 -19.5 19.5 5.55
12 31.5 -19.5 19.5 12.07
51 31.5 19.5 19.5 12.07
Χ2
calc 35.25
Number of degrees of freedom = (rows – 1) x (columns – 1) = (2-1) x (2-1) = 1
Χ2
crit = 3.84 for p=0.05
Since the test value for Χ2
calc = 35.25 is a lot greater than the critical value Χ2
crit = 3.84 we must reject the
Null Hypothesis and accept the Alternative Hypothesis. The test value is significant for p < 0.001
Comm: Data processing can be
followed.
An: Processed data correctly
interpreted
An: Successful data analysis
completed. Conclusion can be
deduced.
5
6. Biology teacher support material 6
Investigation 1 (annotated)
The effect of smoke water and de-ionized water on post germination growth
This section of the experiment is designed to test the effectiveness of gumnut seed germination, depending
on the type of water it received, either de-ionized or smoke water. Effectiveness was determined by the
height of the seedling that emerged from the seed coat of the germinated gumnut seeds. The higher the
seedling the more effective the water is on germination. The raw data is presented in appendix A.
Height of seedlings for germinated seeds
Water Type Trial Trial average of
seedling height /mm
±0.5mm
Trial
Standard
Deviation
Overall average height
/mm ±0.5mm
Overall standard
deviation
De-ionized 1 13.0 13.4 23.4 13.6
2 11.8 13.9
Smoked 1 57.8 24.5 59.5 12.4
2 61.1 22.3
On first observation of the processed data, it can be seen that smoked water clearly has a higher average
seedling height than the de-ionized water whilst also having a lower standard deviation. This indicated that
the smoked water seeds seedling grew higher than the de-ionized water. The error bars in the graph below
suggest that there may be a significant difference between the affects of the treatment on seedling growth.
However, the range of variation in the results as given by the standard deviations is large especially for the de-
ionised water treatment trials. To verify this, a t-test was carried out on the data.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Smoke water De-ionised water
Averageseedlinglength/mm
Treatment
The effect of smoke water on the growth of
gumnut (Eucalyptus pilularis) seedlings
Error bars = ±1 standard deviation
Comm : Terminology is imprecise
here. Strictly speaking this is post
germination growth
Comm: Data table set in context.
Clear, unambiguous presentation.
Processing can be followed, a worked
example is not expected here.
Processing can be followed. Correct
conventions for uncertainties
An: The candidate considers the
reliability of the data though it could
be argued that ungerminated seeds
should not be included here. These
results (0cm growth) skew the
distribution so that it is not normally
distributed.
6
7. Biology teacher support material 7
Investigation 1 (annotated)
t-test
In order to statistically test whether the shoot of smoke water germinated gumnut seedlings grew more than the
de-ionized water, a two-tailed t-test for independent samples was carried out to investigate whether there is a
significant difference between the growth of the seedlings.
• Null Hypothesis - the smoke water has no effect on post germination growth of the gumnut
seedlings.
• Alternative Hypothesis - the smoke water does have an effect on post germination growth of the
gumnut seedlings.
t-test formula:
degrees of freedom = n1 + n2 – 1 = 198
tcalc = 17.4
tcrit (p=0.05) = 1.97
Because our test t value tcalc = 17.4 is greater than the critical value tcrit =1.97 at p = 0.05, we can accept the
alternative hypothesis, that the smoke water significantly stimulates the growth of the gumnut seedlings
germinated. The test value is significant for p < 0.001
Evaluation of Weaknesses with suggested improvements
The potting mixture used was obtained from the local garden shop, and whilst the same brand and the same
amount of the potting mixture was used for both seeds in the experiment, the potting mixture may have
contained impurities which could potentially have enhanced or reduced the ability of the seeds to germinate,
especially because the Yates brand "Contains trace elements to add extra vital nutrients"2
. Some of the chemicals
from the smoke water also could have potentially reacted with some of the ingredients of the potting mix and
rendered them useless, however the seeds watered with de-ionized water may not have had this potential
problem. To improve this, I could have used a different support for the seeds such as cotton wool or filter paper.
Using different types of leaves, twigs and hay to create the smoke water would give you different chemicals, as
each has a differing composition of chemicals, some of which may be beneficial for germination, and some of
which wouldn't. For this experiment, I could have used only one variable like hay, instead of twigs and leaves as
well. This would narrow my scope of results down as well and I would potentially be able to pinpoint the specific
chemical, or source of the chemical, that allows gumnuts to germinate successfully. It may be found that twigs, for
example, don't enhance seed germination but leaves do. By singling out the element that best enhances seed
germination, further experiments could be carried out, and the exact chemical could be identified, that best
enhances the seeds germination.
Combined with this, I could have used gumnut seeds that were all the same weight rather than the same size in
diameter. I tried to use gumnut seeds that were only 2.00mm in diameter, however it would have been better
served to use seeds that all had a constant weight of 0.2g for example, as then I could have assumed that each
seed contained the same amounts and composition of nutrients, enzymes and other chemicals inside it.
To further narrow my scope of the experiment, I could have tested the effects of different concentrations of the
smoke water as well. Instead of only using a 1:10 ratio of 1 part twigs, hay and leaves to 10 parts de-ionized water,
I could have tested a ratio of 1:5 with 1 part twigs, hay and leaves and 5 parts de- ionized water. Working out the
optimum concentration of smoke water would help this experiment as better and clearer results could be
obtained.
2
http://www.yates.com.au/products/pots-and-potting-mix/all-purpose-potting-mix/yates-premium-potting-mix/
An: Appropriate method of analysis
chosen.
Comm: Processing can be followed.
An: Successful data analysis and
interpretation completed
Ev: Student considers the reliability of
the data and considers the impact of
experimental uncertainty
Ev: Sensible suggested improvement.
Ev: Feasible extension proposed.
Ev: Suggested improvement
impractical
Ev: Unsafe assumption
Ev: Feasible extension proposed.
7
8. Biology teacher support material 8
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Conclusion
In conclusion, the experiment supported my hypothesis that smoke water will successfully germinate more
Eucalyptus pilularis than de-ionized water. Furthermore, the subsequent growth of the Eucalyptus pilularis seeds
by the smoke water was found to be more effective than the de-ionized water due to the significantly taller
seedlings of the Eucalyptus pilularis that were exposed to the smoke water. This could because the various
chemicals, such as phosphorous and nitrogenous compounds found in the smoky remnants of the burnt organic
matter (in my case, the burnt leaves, hay and twigs) acted as chemical triggers for the E. pilularis to begin its
germination out of its dormant state and stimulate its subsequent growth. While all of the active compounds in
smoke have not yet been identified, a large majority of the compounds present in the smoke water mixture
(NaN03, KN03, NH4CI and NH4N03) are water soluble, thus they are easily able to be taken in by the gumnut seed
and, once inside the seed, they are used as these so called "chemical triggers” to start germination. These
chemical triggers work by altering the levels of chemicals that the seed maintains in homeostasis, once the seed
has registered these differing levels of phosphorous and nitrogenous compounds, it stimulates the germination of
the seed. There are, however, compounds called butenolides that have confirmed germination-promoting action.
These butenolides are produced by some plants on exposure to high temperatures and smoke caused by bush
fires. In particular, botanists Flematti, Ghisalberti, Dixon and Trengove isolated a particular butenolide called 3-
methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one, which was found to trigger seed germination in plants whose reproduction is
fire-dependent, such as the E. pilularis used in my experiment3
. One theory about how this butenolide called 3-
methyl-2tf-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one is formed by the plant is given to us by Light, Berger and van Steden, who
hypothesized that this particular butenolide was created from cellulose within the plant, and this substance,
created by the cellulose, stimulated the seeds reproductive cycle, and hence, germination4
. The two pie graphs
that show the percentage of seeds germinated for the smoke water experiment and de-ionized water experiment
respectively, furthermore indicate that my hypothesis was correct, with 88% of the smoke watered seeds
successfully germinating compared to only 47% of the de-ionized water seeds germinating. This was backed up
with my χ2
-test that accurately concluded that we could reject the null hypothesis, with a 95% degree of
confidence, that the smoke water successfully germinated more seeds that the de-ionized water. The t-test on the
seedling growth shows that the smoke water has a significant positive effect on the gumnut seedlings.
Bibliography
Yates Gardening Ltd Sydney Australia http://www.yates.com.au/products/pots-and-potting-mix/all-purpose-
potting-mix/yates-premium-potting-mix/ Last visited July 10 2011
Gavin R. Flematti, Emilio L. Ghisalberti, Kingsley W. Dixon and Robert D. TrengoveA Compound from Smoke That
Promotes Seed Germination http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5686/977 Science 13 August 2004:
Vol. 305 no. 5686 p. 977Published Online July 8 2004
Marnie E. Light,Barend V. Burger and Johannes van Staden Formation of a Seed Germination Promoter from
Carbohydrates and Amino Acids http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf050710u J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005,
53 (15), pp 5936–5942 Publication Date (Web): July 1, 2005
3
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5686/977
4
http//pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf050710u
Ev: Compare to relevant scientific
theory
Ev : Successful interpretation of the
results. Relevant justified conclusion
drawn
8
9. Biology teacher support material 9
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Appendix A - raw data tables
Seeds watered with Smoke Water (Trial 1)
Seed Number Did the seed Germinate Height of seedling in / mm ±0.5mm
1 Yes 56.0
2 Yes 71.0
3 Yes 73.0
4 Yes 67.0
5 Yes 54.0
6 No 0
7 Yes 58.0
8 Yes 70.0
9 Yes 66.0
10 Yes 61.0
11 Yes 64.0
12 Yes 71.0
13 No 0
14 No 0
15 Yes 59.0
16 Yes 67.0
17 Yes 58.0
18 Yes 63.0
19 Yes 62.0
20 Yes 64.0
21 Yes 72.0
22 Yes 75.0
23 No 0.0
24 Yes 68.0
25 Yes 64.0
26 Yes 69.0
27 Yes 70.0
28 No 0
29 Yes 52.0
30 No 0
31 Yes 79.0
32 Yes 81.0
33 Yes 83.0
34 Yes 74.0
35 Yes 74.0
36 Yes 78.0
37 Yes 63.0
38 Yes 69.0
39 Yes 58.0
40 Yes 70.0
41 Yes 68.0
42 Yes 62.0
43 Yes 63.0
44 Yes 68.0
45 Yes 58.0
46 Yes 81.0
47 Yes 68.0
48 Yes 73.0
49 Yes 67.0
50 No 0
An: Raw data recorded includes
uncertainties
Comm: Decimal places should be
consistent
9
10. Biology teacher support material 10
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Seed Number Did the seed Germinate Height of seedling in / mm ±0.5mm
1 Yes 18
2 Yes 27.0
3 Yes 19.0
4 No 0
5 No 0
6 No 0
7 Yes 24.0
8 No 0
9 Yes 25.0
10 No 0
11 Yes 28.0
12 No 0
13 No 0
14 Yes 17.0
15 Yes 23.0
16 No 0
17 Yes 16.0
18 No 0
19 Yes 26.0
20 Yes 27.0
21 Yes 15.0
22 No 0
23 No 0
24 Yes 27.0
25 No 0
26 Yes 21.0
27 Yes 22.0
28 No 0
29 Yes 27.0
30 Yes 37.0
31 No 0
32 No 0
33 Yes 26.0
34 Yes 31.0
35 No 0
36 No 0
37 Yes 27.0
38 Yes 41.0
39 No 0
40 No 0
41 No 0
42 Yes 25.0
43 No 0
44 Yes 19.0
45 No 0
46 No 0
47 Yes 37.0
48 Yes 22.0
49 No 0
50 Yes 25.0
Seeds watered with De-ionized water (Trial 1)
10
12. Biology teacher support material 12
Investigation 1 (annotated)
Seed Number Did the seed Germinate Height of seedling in / mm ±0.5mm
1 No 0
2 Yes 26.0
3 Yes 21.0
4 Yes 23.0
5 No 0
6 No 0
7 No 0
8 No 0
9 Yes 31.0
10 No 0
11 Yes 14.0
12 No 0
13 No 0
14 Yes 16.0
15 Yes 18.0
16 No 0
17 No 0
18 No 0
19 Yes 26.0
20 Yes 31.0
21 Yes 25.0
22 No 0
23 No 0
24 Yes 21.0
25 No 0
26 Yes 31.0
27 Yes 26.0
28 No 0
29 Yes 23.0
30 Yes 36.0
31 No 0
32 No 0
33 Yes 14.0
34 Yes 23.0
35 No 0
36 No 0
37 Yes 23.0
38 Yes 27.0
39 No 0
40 No 0
41 No 0
42 Yes 24.0
43 No 0
44 Yes 45.0
45 No 0
46 No 0
47 Yes 42.0
48 Yes 23.0
49 No 0
50 No 0
Seeds watered with De-Ionized water (Trial 2)
12