Examples Of Metaphor In Counselling

Examples Of Metaphor In Counselling
"Ordinary words convey only what we know already ; it is from metaphor that we can best get hold
of something fresh" (Rhetoric Aristotle, ch111 page 10 ed wd ross. 2010 ny cosimo inc). The Oxford
English Dictionary defines metaphor as "the figure of speech in which a name or descriptive term is
transferred to some object to which it is not properly applicable". Kopp (1995) described metaphor
as "derived from the Greek, meta, meaning 'above' or 'over,' and pherein, which means 'to carry or
bear'" (p. 92). In this context a metaphor is something that is carried over or beyond. Similarly,
Lackoff & Johnson (1980) state that metaphors can be defined as one thing becoming a symbol for
another. An example would be referring to a quiet person as a mouse. The usefulness of a metaphor
relies on the user being able to connect with, and personally relate to the metaphor. When using
metaphors, it is assumed that if aspects of the metaphor agree with aspects of reality, then ... Show
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According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p.233), "In therapy, much of self–understanding involves
consciously recognising previously unconscious metaphors and how we live by them". Types of
metaphors The aim of metaphor usage in therapy is for clients to gather information about their own
subjective experience, not necessarily for the therapist to understand it. This allows the client new
perspectives and allows them to increase their awareness of their own process (Penny Tompkins and
James Lawley 1997). Metaphors serve three important purposes in psychotherapy (Levitt et al.,
2000): 1) Assist in the development of the relationship between therapist and client. 2) Add depth to
the meaning of specific problems in the client's life. 3) Can serve as a possible marker of
psychotherapeutic
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Zoosemy In George Orwell's Animal Farm
The principal aim of the article is to discuss the phenomenom of zoosemy in George Orwell's
Animal Farm. The theoretical part of the paper briefly presents the basic mechanism of animal
metaphor as a linguistic process, followed by an attempt of analysing zoosemic extensions within
the conceptual domain of ANIMALS. The emphasis has been laid on certain negative human traits
with which animals are endowed, with a special attention devoted to pigs. The analysis carried out
in the second part of the article aims at demonstrating how the apparatus of cognitive linguistcs may
be applied to literary studies. Certain correspondences between the characters from the novel and
their historical prototypes are analysed in the light of animal metaphor – zoosemy has been used as a
tool for interpretation and analysis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It emphasizes certain similarities between the animal kingdom and the world of people. Basically,
the major aim of zoosemy is, as formulated by Kiełtyka (2008: 62) to 'emphasise a given
feature/trait of a human being in both intensive and evaluative way'. Although the trait in question
can be either positive or negative, the most widespread instances of zoosemy are pejoratively
loaded: they aim to highlight negative, mocking and contemptuous traits. Briefly speking, zoosemy
can be understood on the basis of Theory of Great Chain of Being (henceforth GCB). Having been
known since the ancient times, GCB has been applied to the study of language. Krzeszowski (1997:
68) develops the theory even further, proposing the extended version of GCB in axiological
semantics: being mode of existence the highest property GOD being in itself

Example Of Conduit Metaphor
2. Highlighting and Hiding
When explaining even more thoroughly the systematicity feature, Lakoff and Johnson referred to
Michael Reddy's (1979) "conduit metaphor": it is when a part of our experience is hidden by a
metaphorical concept; He believes that our language about language is organized or even designed
as the following metaphor:
'Ideas (or meanings) are perceived as objects', 'Linguistic expressions are perceived as containers'
and 'communication is perceived as sending'. This means that when someone wants to say an
expression (the object), he puts concepts into words (which are the container) and sends them along
a conduit to the person who is hearing him and who takes the concept out of the words which means
out of the containers. Examples of the 'conduit metaphor' are: "I gave you that idea", "it is difficult
to put my ideas into words" and "Her words carry little meaning". George Lakoff talked about
Reddy and he said that his theory and Reddy's are similar because they both imply that metaphors
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Types of Conceptual Metaphors according to Lakoff & Johnson
Lakoff & Johnson define conceptual metaphors as understanding and experiencing one kind of thing
in terms of another and argue that the way human beings think and talk is largely metaphorical.
Lakoff and Johnson prove that humans often speak in metaphors when they talk about any concept
without noticing it. Conceptual metaphors play a very important role in our lives and combines both
linguistic and cognitive domains. They identified three categories of conceptual metaphors:
1. Orientational metaphors:
Oriental metaphors are metaphors in which concepts are given spatial orientation: up–down, front–
back, on–off, central–peripheral. For example, 'HAPPY IS UP' and 'SAD IS DOWN'; the fact that
the concept happy is oriented up and the concept sad is oriented down leads to English expressions
like 'I'm feeling up today', 'That boosted my spirits' and 'I'm feeling down', 'I fell into a

Examples Of Figurative Language
Doing a Music Video for the vocab projects successfully helped me achieve my WALT 7.5 because I
demonstrated my understanding of figurative language by using the correct parts of speech, the
synonyms and antonyms of the words, and context clues for the connotations of words. During the
presentation, I said "You say a retentive memory plays back by its own though" here I used an
expression to explain what the word retentive means since retentive means to have the ability to
recall a memory using the phrase "plays back by its own though" saying you can play back any
memory. Another example of this is when I said "All of this fire will purge all of the pure wetness"
this also is an example of using figurative language using personification to show what the word
meant when I used that line in my song it meant I was doing a "good job" of rapping and using
words for the project insinuating that "I'm spitting fire and it will eliminate the water because it will
be evaporated". ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Abashed what I hope I won't be otherwise this will be embarrassing" using that line gives me an
understanding of the use the word abashed because of word mentioned later in that phrase
embarrassed because it is one of the synonyms so the word abashed itself in addition to showing
Priyangshu getting crossed up by Neel in the background to show an embarrassing moment. As well
as the phrase I used in my part was "I'm genial you and I know dude be humble." In that phrase, I
used irony to represent the word genial, so during the song, it was quite obvious that I was just
talking about how great I am which is very similar to the same Kendrick Lamar song too. Since
genial means to be welcoming to others and pleasant, I used the opposite meaning of the word for
the

The Connection Between Language And Culture
Language is necessary and crucial in many different aspects. Many may argue that language is just a
form of communication; a collection of letters and sounds trying to get a message across, whereas
others may argue that language is beyond such simple explanation. In this paper I will argue that
there is a strong connection between language and culture by taking a deeper look into what insight
language provides and its connection to culture, as well as experience.
The article Metaphors We live By gives proof of how language has a strong connection to culture
and experience. The article talks about metaphors and what metaphors could reveal about a person's
everyday activity or culture. Lakoff and Johnson provided the metaphor " time is money" as a way
to understand the deeper meaning of language. If we take a look at this metaphor we can conclude
that "time is money" translates to becoming or doing something more rapidly. Lakoff and Johnson
questioned why we assume the metaphor "time is money" as something more rapid. They came to
the conclusion that the reason why we assume this meaning is because "time is money" actually
translates to our society placing such importance or value on time. I decided to test this theory by
asking my friend how important time was for her or at her workplace. She stated "In my facility,
time is basically everything. Time truly is money there. Productivity is based on time. They break it
down to productive and unproductive time. Productive time is the time you spend with patients
doing therapy and that's what insurance companies are paying for. While unproductive time such as
filling out paperwork not in the presence of the patient, these things don't get paid for and it is
looked at as inefficient. You have to maintain the productivity level your facility expects. If it drops,
the companies question it. Sometimes insurance companies only give a certain amount of time for
each patient to be seen everyday, which may not even be enough to get anything substantial done."
Based on her answer it seems like "time is money" reflects the theory of the importance placed on
time in our society.
Does the theory prove to be true in other parts of the world? I took a very famous Spanish

The Analytical Theory: The Effects Of Horrendous Evil
The analogical theory says that a word can have a variance of meanings. So according to this theory
when I say I love food (object), I don't mean it the same way I would when I say, I love my family
(human). Here the word (love) has different meanings relating to the objects. Even though we may
in fact love both the food and our family, and the types of love are similar, I would hope that we
have a different type of love for food (objects) than we do for our family (humans) as there is a
definite gap between them. There is also a much bigger gap between humans and God. This would
then translate over to when we say God loves us all that it could have a slightly different meaning.
This takes us to the divine attributes that we associate with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These are the evils that ruin the positive significance of ones' life. They are also the evils that can
change peoples sense of identity, purpose, and can permanently change ones' positive attitude. The
effects of horrendous evil apply to both the victims and the perpetrators that participate in these
evils. She then says that the cases of horrendous evils are not rare that they are actually very
common. She concludes, that if you are optimistic and idealistic about life with these evils in it, then
you must believe in some sort of higher power to make good on all of these horrors. She thin
compares he argument to Kant's argument for living a moral life. That the moral life is only worth
living if a God exists and there is immortality. So, she is saying that if you think that there is
something to be optimistic about in the world of evil then you must believe is some sort of higher
power that is going to make it up to you for going through the evil of this world. She also says that
the same horrendous evils that we have now haven't really changed since the days of the bible.
These evils such as genocide, homicide, our self–governing systems, and other problems that have
been around for thousands of years have barley changed. So, to be optimistic that they would
suddenly get better would be naïve. She believes that the optimistic life is the better path, than the
pessimistic life, as it is more constructed and may lead to a happier

Conceptual Metaphors In The Butterfly's Burden
When explaining even more thoroughly the systematicity feature, Lakoff and Johnson referred to
Michael Reddy's "conduit metaphor": it is when an part of our experience is hidden by a
metaphorical concept; He believes that our language about language is organized or even designed
as the following metaphor:
'Ideas (or meanings) are perceived as objects', 'Linguistic expressions are perceived as containers'
and 'communication is perceived as sending'. This means that when someone wants to say an
expression (the object), he puts concepts into words (which are the container) and sends them along
a conduit to the person who is hearing him and who takes the concept out of the words which means
out of the containers. Examples of the 'conduit metaphor' are: "I gave you that idea", "it is difficult
to put my ideas into words", "Her words carry little meaning".
A. Types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
General overview of the themes in the book:
According to Marilyn Hacker, "In the brilliant, bilingual poet Fady Joudah, Darwish has found a
translator capable of rendering in English his unflinching, questing, and above all loving poems".
The incident of Israel taking over Palestine left such a big mark on Darwish that it lead him to
writing several poems about Love, exile and many other themes. But all of these themes are in a
way connected because they reflect his attachment towards his country.
1. Love/Desire
When Mahmoud Darwish returned to Palestine in 1996, he wrote the first volume of this book: "The
Stranger's Bed" (1998), which is a book of love on the level of different aspects.
a. With the voice of Darwish
This volume includes the most intimate poems and truly show the desire of Darwish for Palestine
that is at the same time achieved and unsatisfied. For example, in "Sonnet V" Darwish wrote: "I
touch you as a lonely violin touches the suburbs of the faraway place", "in your closed up gardens".
b. With the voice of a

Metaphors In Paper Towns
The Strings, the Grass, and the Vessel Life is very complex and often hard to define. However, this
challenge does not stop people from trying to sum up the meaning of life in one word. In Paper
Towns by John Green, the three metaphors the strings, the grass, and the vessel are used throughout
the book to chronicle the protagonist's, Quentin, experiences. The novel revolves around Quentin
Jacobsen, a high school senior. When his former best friend and long time crush, Margo Roth
Spiegelman, comes back into his life and then suddenly disappears, Q attempts to piece together the
clues he believes Margo left behind for him. Each of these three metaphors represent what Q is
feeling and allow him to view life from different perspectives. As ... Show more content on
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We never fully heal from these events and they affect our lives from that point on. However, I think
the strings metaphor makes life sound more fragile than it actually is. Failures, hardships, obstacles
are not fatal. Though they do affect us, they also provide a choice: to either allow these events to
lead to instability or work to strengthen the strings we have left. Yes, eventually, all of our strings
are cut; the battle is over. We spend our entire lives in combat and the end is inevitable. Life is just a
constant battle to continue to exist. Though we may repair and grow as people, our days are
numbered. Strings make life sound like a countdown to death; "Four strings to go, now three, two,
one..." In the book, Q reflects on the dual implications of this metaphor, "I like strings. I always
have. Because that's how it feels. But the strings make pain seem more fatal than it is... we are not as
frail as the strings would make us believe."(302) Though there is some truth in this metaphor, I
believe that it focuses too much on the futility of our existence; that no matter how valiantly we
fight, we will someday cease to exist. "If you choose grass, you're saying we are all infinitely
interconnected, that we can use these root systems not only to understand one another but to become
one another."(301) This metaphor states that we all share a common root system and are infinitely
connected. Though this it ia good thing as it allows us to

Rhetorical Reading Strategies And The Construction Of...
In Christina Haas and Linda Flower's article "Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of
Meaning", they present three different strategies readers use when reading a paper or an article, and
the importance of each. An experiment was constructed to show those strategies in action, and what
each type of reader does while using the strategies.
Beginner readers used content strategies, where they tried to grasp the basics of the article, or were
"concerned with content or topic information" (Hass and Flower 175). This strategy was the easiest
and least in–depth. The next strategy was function/feature, here readers dug a little deeper and tried
to interpret the text more, or "frequently named text parts, pointing to specific words, ... Show more
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Lakoff and Johnson state, "[w]e have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday
life, not just in language but in thought and action" (3). They are saying that metaphors are used all
the time and not just when people talk, but when they think and in what they do. This is exactly true
because after learning about metaphors, and getting a better understanding of them, I have realized
how much I, and others, apply them to everyday life without even realizing it, or trying to. Using a
metaphor to describe Haas and Flower's reading concepts will therefore make for a better grasp of
what the concepts mean. Lakoff and Johnson's analytical tools consist of linguistic evidence and
highlighting and hiding. When using linguistic evidence, the writer is providing the reader with
words associated with their metaphor that is used in both parts. For example, Lakoff and Johnson
use the metaphor "argument is war" (4), and they give the readers linguistic evidence like "I
demolished his argument" (4) and "I've never won an argument with him" (4) to present the readers
with evidence on why this metaphor works. When a writer uses the highlighting tool, they are
pointing out the obvious areas that thought of with the metaphors. When a writer uses hiding, they
are doing the exact opposite. Here they point out the areas that are not thought of with the presented
metaphor. The first way a reader reads, and the most basic way, is

Metaphors In The Novel 'The White Tiger'
In the novel The White Tiger, the metaphor "white tiger" is used to term the protagonists Balram. In
means of figurative language, a metaphor is a scheme or figure of speech (Meyer 31). It
"presupposes a ground of similarity between the tenor [...] and the image or vehicle" (Meyer 32).
The metaphor actually "does more because it asks us to see x as y, [thus] to regard something in a
new light (Meyer 32, Bode 94). Metaphors, therefore, try to clarify and illustrate a comparison
between x and y, and discover similarities (Meyer 37) whereas both should have at least one thing in
common, otherwise they cannot be compared and it would be very vague to refer someone to
something if not one aspect is equal. Metaphors are a cultural phenomenon (Nünning

The Importance Of Metaphors In Daily Life
Common sense seems to dictate that metaphors are common tools used in everyday life to enhance
our reading, writing and language. In addition to metaphors enhancing our reading, writing and
language, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson imply in their book, Metaphors We Live By, that
metaphors do more than those three things, that they also make up our conceptual system. In Lakoff
and Johnson's view, "Our ordinary conceptual system...is fundamentally metaphorical in nature...
[and] is not something we are normally aware of" (3). In other words, the way we act and think is
metaphorical and we don't know even know it. Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson go into detail on
why metaphors are important by suggesting, "Our concepts structure what we perceive, how one
gets around in the world, and how one can relate to other people" (3). Their point is that if our
concepts, structure our everyday life and our conceptual system is metaphorical than what we do
each day is, "... a matter of metaphor" (3). With this better understanding of how metaphors are used
daily without us realizing it, we can see more clearly where metaphors can be used, therefore one
can also analyze how they relate to our everyday lives. The metaphors I chose to analyze and
contrast that we've done in our lives are academic reading is learning how to tie your shoes and fun
reading is a rollercoaster. First, I will start with how academic reading is learning how to tie your
shoes. Academic reading is typically something

The A Defense Of Abortion
In this paper, I will argue that Thomson is right to claim that, even if a fetus is a person, abortion is
still permissible, regardless of the fetus' right to life. I will focus on Thomson's 3 main analogies –
the violinist, the people seeds, and the chocolate – and the arguments against them. In Thomson's "A
Defense of Abortion," she uses several analogies to demonstrate that abortion, regardless of the
circumstances surrounding the conception, is universally morally permissible. At the beginning of
the essay, Thomson states clearly that she is arguing under the assumption that the fetus is
considered a person. The first analogy that Thomson employs is the violinist. The basis of the
thought experiment is that the Society of Music Lovers kidnaps you and hooks you up to a famous
and deeply talented violinist who needs to use your kidneys for the next 9 months in order to live.
She revisits this analogy several times throughout the essay to demonstrate various scenarios in
which one can see the comparability to abortion clearly. In the first instance, she is arguing that a
person's right to life does not justify deciding what happens to your body without your consent.
Later on, she reuses the thought experiment with a slight change in that if you continue to let the
violinist use your kidneys, you will die within a month; however they cannot release you as it would
definitely kill the violinist and that would be considered murder. With this change, Thomson is
showing the

Metaphors In Shakespeare's Works
Shakespeare's work is among the hardest to read because of its supposed complexity and
sophistication. The language used in the Early Modern Era is different than that of the Post Modern
Era. Audiences that saw the performances were aural learners and were able to pinpoint certain
tones and facial expressions that readers may not detect through words. Watching the plays
performed provided better feedback than readings do (Palfrey 10–11). Metaphors, implicit or
explicit, are figures of speech that help compare two unlike things and are not designed for literal
intake. Yet, with Shakespeare's work, metaphors should be taken literally. According to George
Lakoff and Mark Johnson, however, this technique of comparison allows metaphors to
simultaneously highlight and hide certain attributes and/or qualities about the thing(s) being
compared to (12–13). The highlighting and hiding of metaphors gives readers more insight into
what Shakespeare may have meant at the time or even more so in what context did the people of the
Elizabethan Age use language (Palfrey 11). Two important components of metaphors that do the
highlighting and hiding are the vehicle and the tenor; each can be implicit or explicit as well. The
metaphor in question emphasizes both the importance and unimportance of Lavinia's character.
Shakespeare's work is littered with metaphors; some which require careful reading to pick up on,
while others are easily detectable. Simon Palfrey states that "Shakespeare's

Metaphor In Talk Essay
When people talk to each other, they make widespread use of metaphor. In talk, metaphor is a
shifting, dynamic phenomenon that spreads, connects, and disconnects with other thoughts and other
speakers, starts and restarts, flows through talk developing, extending, and changing. Metaphor in
talk both shapes the ongoing talk and is shaped by it. The creativity of metaphor in talk appears less
in the novelty of connected domains and more in the use of metaphor to shape a discourse event and
the adaptation of metaphor in the flow of talk. People use metaphor to think with, to explain
themselves to others, to organize their talk, and their choice of metaphor often reveals– not only
their conceptualizations– but also, and perhaps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Time is money, Time is A resource, and Time is A valuable commodity (Save time, spend time) are
grounded in our experience of a wage– based economy. Other primary metaphors based on culture–
specific experiences include gardening (spread like weeds,' plant the seeds of a new idea) or
mechanics ( ' social breakdown; the wheels are turning; repair the relationship). The internet has
yielded a raft of culturally based metaphors, although given the worldwide adoption of computer
technology these are likely to be quite widespread. (Cameron, 2003, p.78) (Maalej, 2004) provides
several examples from Tunisian Arabic to show that "embodiment" of conceptual metaphors is itself
often influenced by cultural beliefs and practices. He begins with the standard account that ANGER
is Heat originates with feeling physically hot as a result of blood rushing to the surface of the skin
(Lakoff and Kovecses, 1987, p.80). He then discusses several Tunisian Arabic expressions for Anger
that are based on culture–specific beliefs about physiology .These include" He caused my brain to
brain", my heart is sloshing with anger; He made my nerves swell, other metaphor that apply
culture–specific culinary practices (butchering and preparing meat) to anger. These include 'He
broke my bones into small bits and 'He caused my stomach to burst." As Maalaj notes it is important
to include cultural practices in any

Metaphor And The Expressions Of Emotion
Metaphor and the Expressions of Emotion
Introduction:
In May 2015, Walt Disney Pictures released the film Inside Out. The film emphasizes the
neuropsychological finding that human emotions affect interpersonal relationships. It shows how
emotions work inside a person's brain and at the same time how these emotions shape a person's
outer life (Keltner & Ekman, 2015). In this film, each character is represented by a colour With is
conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980) can be applied. As this representation works
with the theory of conceptual metaphors. 'Conceptual metaphors are metaphors that we have in our
mind that allow us to produce and understand abstract concepts' (Littlemore, 2008). The five main
human emotions that are represented as characters inside an 11–year–old girl brain are: Joy
represented as a glowing yellow; Anger as red; Disgust as green; and Fear as purple. The film was
released all over the world, gaining positive reviews from many different cultures. With these
positive reviews, the question is asked are colours–emotion metaphors universal? The purpose of
this study is to test whether the cultural experiences of individuals result in different mental
representations of colour–emotion metaphors. The colours black, white, red, yellow, and blue were
looked at because they are primary colours and have more colour–emotion metaphors associated
with them.
Literature review:
Lakoff and Johnson claim that conceptual metaphor theory is when

Conceptual Metaphors: The Concept Of Conceptual Metaphor
I. INTRODUCTION
For many people, conceptual metaphor seems to be a strange concept that only associated itself with
the "poetic imagination and rhetorical flourish"( Metaphor we live by – 1998), a dedicated language
form for limited purposes. This is why it is considered as a redundant that simply can be forgotten.
However, conceptual metaphor is a very common phenomenon in every existing language of the
world whose impact can be seen in the daily conversation of people and the involving thought
process. It is mainly concerning the formation of thought and language based on the
conceptualization of the brain perception. It was first thoroughly discussed in the book Metaphor we
live by(1980) by Lakoff and Johnson. Since then, many researchers ... Show more content on
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VEHICLE
Obviously, the use of a form of transportation method is always deemed necessary in every journey.
It is the means for the travellers to begin their own journey.
It is a representation of the relationship between the couple. This relationship will have to gone
through various stages just like how people get to experience a diversity of joys, happiness, sorrows,
etc... in the journey that they join in.
3. JOURNEY
The main focus of every journey usually lies in the journey itself. It is more than simply the chance
to observe the ever–changing world surrounding us but also the opportunity to gain new valuable
experience and knowledge. One may come to term with their characters and make great strides in
term of personal development. The self – realization formed from within oneself are crucial to the
progress toward the better life of every individual.
In relation to love it is the events that bound to happen to the couple as they go through the
hardships of life, the struggle to keep up with criticisms of families and peers, the abusing nature of
their boyfriend/girlfriend, etc... The story may end up as a happy ending with a wedding celebration
or a tragic

Metaphor As A Metaphor
Phrases like 'in a hurry', 'a close relationship', 'Juliet is the sun' and many others are commonly used
and easily understood although they are not literal. Such phrases are metaphoric in feature. What is
metaphor then? Metaphor is defined in terms of substituting one word for another with an
apparently different meaning (Ritchie, 2013). Although metaphor was once considered as a stylistic
issue, a rhetoric device, a poetic reference or decorative speech, now it has been extended to
linguistics and cognitive psychology, and has been an issue in language, thought, cognition and
communication. Burke (1945) regards metaphor as a device for seeing something in terms of
something else. This simple definition of metaphor says that metaphor has two distinct ideas which
lie in the core of metaphor. In order to understand one better, the other idea is used. Littlemore and
Low (2006a) state that "metaphor involves one entity in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For them metaphor is a matter of thought rather than language. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) extended
the definition of metaphor further and introduced Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). They claim
that concepts are metaphorically structured, so metaphors play a significant role in organizing and
functioning ideas in human conceptual system. They define metaphor not only as thinking about
something in terms of something else, but also experiencing something as something else. Since
human activities and experiences are metaphorical, we talk about things in the way that we perceive
them. Human conceptual system is structured by metaphors, in other words, it is metaphoric in
nature. This is grounded in experience and culture. Some metaphors are so deeply rooted in human
thought that they are metaphors we live by or they are conceptual in nature (Lakoff and

Rhetorical Analysis Of Backpacks By Laura Carol
In "Backpacks vs. briefcases: Steps towards Rhetorical Analysis", Laura Bolin Carrol explains the
importance of the rhetorical analysis to understand the purpose and intent of every situation. She
points first how people always focus their first glance to the others physical appearance even though
there is a saying that "don't judge a book by its cover." Through our past experiences or moments,
we can conclude quickly that person or thing we are observing or analyzing. Most of the time this is
done even without noticing that we are doing it, without understanding there is something behind it,
and Carol explains that is the rhetorical analysis. She also explains how understanding it, and
becoming proficient in it, will help to "become better

Figurative Speech In Romance Prairie Songs In The Book Of...
The relevant problem found in prairie songs (novel) is the repetition of the expression like or as
mainly in the first chapter that author used in many times the metaphor simile. This is descriptive
comparison, comparing the life in Nebraska and New York that have created our interesting to
analyze this kind of language in this novel. Research question based on the background of problems
above are:
1– What types of English figurative speech were found in prairie songs?
2– What is the meaning of those figurative speeches? Figurative speech started to attract the
attention of growing number of linguists interested in the study of these figures of speech within the
realm of everyday language and, much more importantly of our ordinary conceptual system.
Conceptual metaphor theory has since developed and elaborated although not always in complete
agreement. (Dia–Vera, 2005, p.5) Our paper deals with aspects of Analysis of figurative speech,
whose topic is "The analysis of figurative speech in Romance Prairie Songs in the Book of Pam
Conrad"
Our aims in this study are to classify the types of figurative speech (metaphors) and analyzing the
meaning of those figurative speeches that the author focused in her novel.
1.1. Theoretical Framework This Research was mainly based on theory of Conceptual Metaphor
Theory (CMT) proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in 1980, which states" metaphor as
not merely thinking about something in terms of something else, but

Conceptual Metaphors
somatisms represent one of the most ancient set of expressions which have acquired positive or
negative connotations in the course of time. (Stoyanova 7)
A cognitive perspective of body idioms
According to the classical view, idioms are frozen elements and have arbitrary meanings while the
cognitive perspective assumes that idioms are motivated rather than arbitrary since they tend to
assimilate one or more patterns already present in the conceptual system of speakers (Dobrovolskij
and Piiranien 2005: 8). In other words, idiom are not arbitrary, they depend on how the people will
conceptualise the domains to which those idioms refer (Gibbs and Nayak 1991:94). Moreover,
idioms belong to a conceptual system that is fixed in the metaphors of ... Show more content on
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Metaphors for sadness were inspired from Barcelona (1986), while lust metaphors were analyzed
first by Lakoff (1987) and Kovecses.
The major metaphorical source domains for shame were collected from Holland and Kipnis (1995)
and Pape (1995).
According to Kovecses, the container image gives an overall perspective for the human body. This is
the conventional way of conceptualizing the body in relation to our emotions and it occurs in the
majority of languages in the world. Therefore, emotions are conceptualized in many cultures
throughout the world and they are seen as „occurrences inside the body". (37)
Different cultures use certain body parts by means of metaphors and probably the following
embodied metaphor is recognised as universal: THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE
EMOTIONS. However, cultures employ different body parts in order to express a certain feeling,
such as anger. Kovecses states that the universal conceptual metaphor for anger is : ANGER IS A
CONTAINER and each culture determines which bodily container is chosen. In Romanian the
emotion of anger is located mainly in the LIVER (a–l ustura la ficati – having a stinging sensation in
the livers). Also, when someone gets upset, one says „il roade la ficati" – his livers hurt or when
someone is scared, his livers freeze : „a–i ingheta

Metaphors We Live By By George Lakoff And Mark Johnson
Book Review of 'Metaphors We Live By' by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson
In the book 'Metaphors We Live By', authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson delve into the
significance metaphors have in our lives. The book presents their argument of conceptual metaphors
affecting our daily lives through shaping fundamental thinking processes. Lakoff is a cognitive
linguist who has applied the thesis of conceptual metaphor to various other fields, such as politics,
philosophy, literature, and even mathematics. His alma maters include Indiana University and MIT,
where he studied mathematics, English literature, and linguistics. He currently teaches Cognitive
Science and Linguistics at University of California, Berkeley, where has he taught since ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Validity is given to each statement because it is based on human understanding, which can vary
depending on the individual. Much like cultural relativism– the argument that different cultures have
different morals–, the theory can sound appealing at first. However, this perspective towards truth
can be abused, with people justifying whatever they do. Nonetheless, diversity and understanding of
different truths are encouraged by the authors' theory. Lakoff and Johnson present the readers with a
captivating argument of how conceptual metaphors affect our lives. The very words and expressions
which are used everyday are the result of the conceptual metaphor structuring thought, and thus
action. The metaphors inevitably differ depending on culture, or any subculture an individual is in.
Often, the values or perception of a particular culture or group can be seen in the metaphors.
Furthermore, they do an excellent job in describing the human perception of truth. As mentioned
before, Lakoff and Johnson's theory of truth entails that truth is based on human understanding, so
no objective truth exists. To go into detail, the authors shed light on how even the truest sounding
statements can just be a result of human projection of entities and orientation.

Main Concepts Of Metaphors
The linguists have been trying to define metaphor and what it represents since the times of Aristotle.
He is considered to be the first to discuss and describe the metaphor in his "Poetics". Aristotle's
work made the foundation for the classical views of metaphor. However, it is obvious that, in spite
of different approaches, all the definitions are concerned with the key elements of comparison and
similarity. Firstly, it is important to discuss how different authors and dictionaries define the concept
of the metaphor. Also, it would be interesting to introduce a few definitions of the metaphor by
famous authors.
Metaphor is interesting not only for linguists, but also it receives a lot of attention from other
various science specialists. Usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. Richards introduced his conception of metaphor. The scholar criticized the Greek philosopher's
"ornamental theory" and claimed that "metaphor relies on a complex interaction of thoughts, rather
than a process of linguistic substitutions". Max Black in his „Models and Metaphors" examines
metaphor at the level of the statement as a whole in order to account for a change in meaning that is
centred in the word. For Black, a term functions as a metaphor only a statement because a statement
is the fundamental semantic unit. Also, Black suggests that every view which is based on
understanding that metaphor implies the demonstration of resemblance can be ascribed to the
comparison theory. He explains that this point of view treats metaphor as an elliptic or compressed
comparison. He also points out that according to the comparison theory the metaphoric utterance
can be replaced by an equivalent comparison. (Black ct. in Ortony, 1979). Metaphor was considered
a figure of style and rhetorical decoration for a long time, here metaphor does not convey any
information and appears merely as a stylistic ornament, but from the middle of the 20th century
metaphor was started to treat as the principle of thinking, knowledge of the world and the way of
perception (Gibbs, 2008,

Metaphors In Figurative Language
Figurative language uses figures of speech to make a language more persuasive, attractive, effective,
creative and impactful. It uses words or phrases which have meanings far from their literal
interpretations. It means saying something other than what is really meant by using figurative
devices like metaphors, similes, allusions, personification, onomatopoeia, idioms, oxymoron,
alliterations, puns, irony, and many more. Therefore, metaphors are regarded as representations of
something else. They are comparisons between two different things that have something in common.
They are not just an unnecessary touch to the prose and poetry, but they are the ways of thinking and
shaping our thoughts. Figurative comparisons are the heart of the language ... Show more content on
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The 'target' domain is abstract and tend to have relationship between the attributes which are found
in the source domain. Lakoff and Johnson suggest the possibility of hiding and highlighting certain
aspects, hiding especially the negative aspect like death. Hence, using the death metaphor in both
English and in Urdu as mentioned above which leads to the conceptual metaphor "DEATH IS A
JOURNEY OF DEPARTURE". These metaphors suggest that an idea is a concrete and real object
which can be metaphorically understood, this aspect helps with understanding new ideas and
underlying meanings which are interpreted individuals differently. It is possible due to the cognitive
ability of humans. For instance, "LOVE IS A JOURNEY" and "LOVE IS WAR" (Lakoff and
Johnson) due to the concrete experiences of 'journey' and 'war' we can interpret the abstract concept
of 'love'. We understand things in terms of the other and our background knowledge about the
subject, which can differ from person to person. We use metaphors to make comparison in different
ways, they are embedded in our language more than we realize. They enhance and beautify our
everyday language and help in understanding a concept. Lakoff and Johnson explained that
metaphors shape our lives, with the use of the conceptual metaphor "ARGUMENT IS WAR"
(Lakoff and Johnson). For

Art as an Embodied Imagination
ied ImJournal of Consumer Research, Inc. Speaking of Art as Embodied Imagination: A
Multisensory Approach to Understanding Aesthetic Experience Author(s): Annamma Joy and John
F. Sherry, Jr. Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 30, No. 2 (September
2003), pp. 259–282 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/376802 . Accessed: 22/10/2012 06:18 Your use of the JSTOR
archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not–for–profit service that helps
scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New research on consumer experiences also emphasizes the importance of embodiment. Pham et al.
(2001), for instance, state that consumer assessments are often based on both feelings and reason
and that one or the other becomes more prominent depending on the context. They argue that
feelings play a central role in consumer decision making and merit serious investigation, which, for
this study, means that intertwining mind and body is crucial for creating an unforgettable consumer
experience. The effort afoot to restore embodied realism to social scientiﬁc inquiry (Johnson 1999;
Lakoff and Johnson 1999) has generated some of the most exciting research into consumer behavior.
In this article, we address the links between embodiment and consumer experiences in order to
elucidate the contours of the aesthetic experience–not just the process of thinking bodily but how the
body affects the logic of our thinking about art. With this goal in mind, we revisit Kant's question in
order to explore art museum experiences–the simultaneity with which people see, hear, feel, taste,
and smell art. We believe, along with Lakoff and Johnson (1999), that our 259

What Are Metaphors?
Metaphor as a term as well as a phenomenon can be defined from many perspectives depending on
the context. At the very beginning let us focus on the definitions provided by dictionaries.
According to Harvey (1967): "Metaphor is the transfer of a name or descriptive term to an object
different form, but analogous to, that to which it is properly applicable". (p. 539). Generally,
metaphor is very often confused with other figures of speech especially with simile. The definition
from another academic source makes that difference clearer and easier to distinguish.
According to Ousby (1988) "Where simile asserts the likeness of one thing to another, metaphor
asserts their identity. Usually, though not always something relatively abstract is identified with
something relatively concrete, making it more vivid or accessible." (p. 658–659). The distinction of
metaphor from other figures of speech is a crucial factor in further process of scrutinizing them.
These definitions provided by two different dictionaries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even more precise close–up may not be successful in finding any concealed meaning of metaphors.
That way of understanding language in examples mentioned above is so schematic and common that
people automatically assume it's actuality. However, more specific examination paying special
attention to the main assumptions of conduit metaphors can prove that actually there are some
hidden aspects of communicative process. The approach from conduit metaphor point of view to the
theses stating that (THE LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS and THE
MEANINGS ARE OBJECTS) mentioned before show their common value. Each phrase shows that
every single word as well as every sentence has its own meaning regardless of the context.
However, it has to be marked that not in all circumstances contrast of the context is unnecessary to
convey the meaning. (Lakoff & Johnson,

Metaphor In The Metaphor
This literature review will outline the range of previous research on the use of metaphor in non–
literary texts, specifically in political speeches. Commentary on the use of metaphor has a long
history dating back to Ancient Greece, with Aristotle in his work Poetics (350 BC). It is considered
the metaphor as indicative of genius and an instrument of charm and ornamentation. However, he
considered this instrument of ornamentation as being suitable for poetry and prose, but being too
obscure to be used for argumentation. (Poetics, 1954).
More recently, the volume of research into metaphor has been done considerably, with conferences
on this specific topic. Besides, such research also expands a wide range of disciplines beyond
Linguistics. Such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They underlie our conceptual system and therefore have a great influence on thought. Since most
conceptual metaphors are unconsciously perceived, their power is all the more important. (Deignan
2005: 15). For example, one does not likely remark the metaphor in "I'm feeling down" because it is
so deep–seated in daily language. It is because of this entrenchment of the most actively used
expressions that their power to influence our minds is significant (Deignan 2005: 15). "In conceptual
metaphors the more abstract, cognitively unavailable target domain is explained by means of a
concrete and cognitively available one, via source domain via the process of mapping". (Lesz 2011:
13). Examples of conceptual metaphors are metaphors of construction, creation, destruction, etc. For
example, the conceptual metaphor of

Rhetorical Reading Strategies And The Construction Of...
Reading Deeper than the Words
In Christina Haas and Linda Flower's article "Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of
Meaning", they point out, and break down, the three reading strategies that are used by students
when reading a passage, or paper. An experiment was constructed to show what each of these
strategies are like while being used and what the reader may ask, or get out of, a certain excerpt.
Even though Haas and Flower do not mention George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, or even metaphors,
in their article, I will be using metaphors to get a better understanding of what these reading
strategies are like. Lakoff and Johnson's analytical tools and ideas about metaphors (, seen in
Metaphors We Live By, help me, and others, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is a lot like how a content reader reads. They get the idea of what the article, or story, is about,
and that is it. They would be able to summarize the reading to someone, but that is as far as their
interpretation goes. They do not, and may not completely understand how to, go much deeper into
the reading to get a strong, and full, understanding of why that specific reading was written and
what everything in the reading means. Words that would work with both content reading and a child
at a museum would be words along the lines of review. A reader reading for content sees their job as
understanding enough of the text to summarize it and get a general idea of what it is about. Lakoff
and Johnson's analytical tool highlighting and hiding presents readers with what is seen and unseen
in a metaphor (10). In this case, this metaphor really highlights getting the general idea of what is
going on. In both situations, the person is getting a basic understanding of what they are looking at,
or reading. This metaphor hides the fact that in a museum getting the principal idea of what
something is, is ok because there is another exhibit to look at, whereas while reading, it is ok to get
the general idea, but that chosen reading is all the reader is going to focus on, so getting a deeper,
and fuller, understanding than just the basics would be helpful, so they know what's going on and
why. Although they only get the

Metaphors In Fairclough And Wodak
Fairclough and Wodak summarized eight main principles (cited in Rogers, 2004: 2) 1)CDA
addresses social problems; 2) power relations are discursive; 3)discourse constitutes society and
culture; 4)discourse does ideology works; 5) discourse is historical; 7) sociocognitive approach is
needed to understand how relations between text and society are mediated; 8)discourse analysis is
interpretative and explanatory and uses systematic methodology; 9)CDA is socially committed
scientific paradigm.
2.3 Conceptual Metaphor Analysis
There is a wide number of definitions of metaphor, from the one Aristotle used in Poetics: "giving
the thing a name that belongs to something else", to more difficult ones, like the one Charteris–
Black uses "a linguistic representations that results from the shift in the use of a word or phrase form
the context or domain in which it is expected to occur to another context or domain where it is not
expected to occur"
Metaphor is one of the most frequently analysed linguistic realizations in discourse analysis. In
Charteris–Black's view, (2004: 28) , metaphor is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Differently from the classical approach, the cognitive viewpoint regards metaphor as a method of
structuring abstract thinking and means of constructing human experiences (Kövecses, 2010,;Lakoff
and Johnson, 2003; Lakoff and Turner, 1989; Croft and Cruse 2004 ). The theory of metaphor of
thought, known as the conceptual metaphor theory was introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in their
book Metaphors We Live By and triggered a revolution in the study of metaphor. The main idea
underlying this theory is that metaphorical thinking is rooted in the mind, and that "our conceptual
thinking ... is fundamentally metaphorical in nature" (2003: 4). In other words, the idea of
metaphoprised thinking raises an implication that metaphor influences the way people think, make
judgments and

Symbolism In My Sister's Keeper
Fire – a metaphor of life
The book I have read is called "My sister's keeper," and is written by Jodi Picoult. It is about a
family of five, with two daughters and a son. Their oldest daughter, Kate, got leukemia when she
was two years old, and her parents decided to have another child to save her. The newborn baby,
Anna, was used to donate blood to Kate. Eventually, when Anna is older she decides to sue her
parents for the rights of her own body, when she is told to donate a kidney to her sister. Through the
book we also meet the sister's older brother, Jesse, as well as their parents, Brian and Sarah, Anna's
lawyer, Campbell, and her guardian ad litem, Julia. Fire is a central theme in the book, and is used
as a metaphor in many different ways. First we can read different quotes about fire as we go trough
the book. Secondly we hear their father's description of fire on page 141, and lastly how we interpret
fire ourselves.
There are at least ten quotes about fire in the book. The quote on page 71 is my favorite quote in the
book, because I feel that it describes the family's situation, as well as making you read between the
lines after a deeper meaning.
"I will read ashes for you, if you ask me.
I will look in the fire and tell you from the gray lashes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fire starts out small, like when we are born. When the fire grows we grow as well. At that time the
fire is so small that our parents can control us. Suddenly we are teenagers and the fire is no longer
under the same control. We try different stuff and we meet different people. We get hurt, and the fire
only grows more. As we reach adulthood, some stabilize the fire more or less, but there will be times
in life where you no longer can control it. Getting old, the fire burns out, and when the fire dies, so
do we. The ashes that remains are our story from our lives we had down at earth, some are
remembered more than

A State Of Siege, By Mahmoud Darwish
Mahmoud Darwish wrote A State of Siege in 2002 as a reaction to the second Intifada. Or in other
words, as a testimony to the political and humanitarian tragedies that his people have suffered.
Darwish considers that it is both a philosophical and political fact that it is necessary to refuse the
status quo and fixity; he even considers it to be the engine for his survival. He refuses to accept the
circumstances given after the second Intifada, and this political act is clear in the complete book–
length poem entitled "A State of Siege":
"Because reality is an ongoing text, lovely white, without malady".
Here are three tables that include examples of conceptual metaphors found in Darwish's poems
(Arabic source text and English target text) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, it is when people use this image to show their approach and attitudes towards life in
their community and in the world. Or as Lakoff and Johnson said concerning this subject: "a culture
may be thought of as providing, among other things, a pool of available metaphors for making sense
of reality". The cultural approach of metaphors led Mandelblit to analyze the translation of
metaphors from a cognitive perspective, which focuses on the cultural beliefs and values of the
source language and of the target language, especially when it is the case between two very different
languages. Arabic and English are languages that are very distinct and on several levels; on the
linguistic and cultural level. However, even if both languages are different, the differences in
economic, political and environmental factors among numerous societies may be completely
important, human societies are connected by a similar biological history. The reality in which
humans live is certainly not the same, but it is on the whole and large alike, as Chitoran

The Sapir Whorf 's Hypothesis
The Sapir–Whorf "Hypothesis"
By Manuel Oppel del Rio
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is a proposition that has been debated for hundreds or even thousands
of years (Ahearn 1962: 65). Often attributed to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf, this
theory postulates that the language one speaks influences or even determines your thoughts, actions,
and perception of the world (Ahearn 1962: 65–66). I will attempt to demonstrate that this is at least
partially–although not entirely–true, based on my own anecdotal experiences of being a bilingual
speaker, and the linguistic evidence provided by Professors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson,
combined with the studies of Luisa Maffi and Harold C. Conklin.
Although the concept of the Sapir–Whorf ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whorf then simply asserts that these linguistic differences allow their speakers to perform cognitive
tasks unavailable to other cultures, but offers no experimentation or scientific evidence to support
his claims.
Because of this, it is difficult to reach any definite conclusion regarding the validity of linguistic
relativity, and I am left with my own subjective experiences and a handful of other texts with which
to judge the legitimacy of Whorf's arguments. Based solely on these resources, I find it is necessary
and important to make a distinction between language determining thought and simply influencing
it. The latter carries some weight to its arguments–which I shall discuss later–but the former is
almost entirely unconvincing.
Whorf touches on this rather extreme view when he explains how the small Indian tribe Coeur
d'Alene have three distinct causal processes against English's one: "Instead of our simple concept of
"cause," founded on our simple "makes it (him) do so," the Coeur d'Alene grammar requires its
speakers to discriminate (which of course they do automatically) among three causal processes,
denoted by three causal verb–forms: (1) growth, or maturation of an inherent cause, (2) addition or
accretion from without, (3) secondary addition, i.e., of something affected by process 2." (Whorf
1942: 340).

Rhetorical Analysis
Water metaphors are often used in public policy discourse as a way to help audiences understand
immigration. It is important that the diction used in immigration discourse be studied because word
choice is responsible for the context and understanding of various subjects. If audiences don't dive
deeper into metaphorical analysis, they may accept ideas as they are presented, rather than forming
their own opinions of controversial topics. In this paper, I will argue that the use of the "flood"
metaphor is not appropriate in immigration discourse because it equates immigration to a natural
disaster and implies that the United States government has no control over immigration policy. To
accomplish this task, I will be analyzing three articles written ... Show more content on
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In January of 2018, the Trump administration announced that they would be ending Temporary
Protected Status, or TPS, for 200,000 Salvadoran migrants. According to the Associated Press, the
"flood of returning TPS recipients" could cause a lot of economic and political instability in their
home countries (). It may seem like this an appropriate time to use the "flood" metaphor, because the
return of TPS migrants could create a potential disaster, it's inappropriate to pretend its out of the
control of the people making these decisions. A flood is a natural disaster that cannot be prevented.
They can be hard to predict and can cause damage that takes years to repair. But in truth, the flood
of migrants that the article talks about is due to the United States governments decisions. While
these people were only meant to be in the United States under a temporary status, our government is
suddenly sending them back to their home countries, without offering the countries time to prepare
for this sudden influx of citizens. Its inappropriate to pretend that we, as a country, have no control
over this flood, when in reality it is one of the only disasters we could

Examples Of Conceptual Metaphors
Introduction
The early theoretical conceptualisation saw metaphors as tool for figurative language; a poetic
device which enhances the beauty of an art work. They were considered as carriers of abstract
meanings which could camouflage ordinary thoughts and present them as extra ordinary. The
analysis of metaphors in literature took a foreground as they were taken to be an inevitable part of
interpretation and critical analysis discourse, as metaphors and symbols were considered to be the
key to hidden ideas and intuitions. Thus the concept of metaphor was exclusive to literature and
excluded from the quotidian since they were believed to be a theoretical instrument which could
condense information. The conceptual metaphor theory of George Lakoff ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Conceptual metaphor theory initially focused on the study of semantics of language. The paper on
the other hand focuses on the semiotic approach of conceptual metaphors in political cartoons. The
paper addresses two major concerns: (a) to analyse the play of conceptual metaphors in Indian
political cartoons (b) to study the psychological impact of conceptual metaphors on audience in
order to see how the political iconographic memory is build. E.H. Gombrich and Erwin Panofsky
initiated the study of iconography. Iconography is derived from two words eikon (image) and
graphien (writing); it is the study of image writing or image describing. This study involves the
stages of "exact enumeration, theme and deeper meaning" (). The political cartoons have been taken
as a text to apply the iconographic study. Political cartoons are emblematic representations of the
political situations and events. They are very brief and crisp in conveying information. On one hand
they communicate certain amount of factual knowledge, at the same time, the style of political
cartooning follows exaggeration adding a fantastic element to the truth represented. Political
cartoons are a part of mass medium and they directly communicate with the citizens through
newspapers and weeklies. They have a major role in shaping

Acquainted With The Night Poem
A poem can paint a thousand images in one's mind. The poem, Acquainted with the Night, presents a
graphic picture of a lonely, depressed man, who is possibly an insomniac, walking the streets on a
sad, rainy night .This poem shows the different emotions that the author goes through in order to
cope with heartbreak. The poem is aimed at the world in general, and the themes of depression,
loneliness, and sadness prevails across the entire poem. The poem follows the format with 3–line
stanzas and a scheme of rhyming aba bcb cdc dad aa. This poem proves that the author is going
through turmoil within himself and is struggling as the love of his life has moved on with no trace
like a thief in the night. The author starts the Poem off as follows; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Frost uses a multitude of poetic devices, including metaphors, irony, symbolism, hyperbole, and
personification "Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right. to vividly reinforce the desolation
in the mind and the surroundings of the speaker. The uncertainty of the time in the end is a reflection
of the uncertainty in the duration of isolation that the speaker would have to continue to endure. In
conclusion, this poem displays the transition into night figuratively as the author experiences a
broken heart. I have been one acquainted with the night." (V,2 ). This is a beautiful and dark poem
that describes the somber emotions that an individual endures after a separation. This poem can be
relatable to anyone as we all have experienced some type of sorrow. Hopefully after experiencing
something of this nature we can see the bright lights after being acquainted with the

Conceptual Metaphor Theory ( Cmt )
Specific Aims
Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff, & Johnson, 1980) proposes that people use concrete
experiences to represent abstract concepts through metaphorical mappings. Santiago and his
colleagues (2012) reviewed the literatures on CMT, and summarized task effect called "conceptual
congruency". Conceptual congruency effect (CCE) indicates the task effect that while people do
judgment on an abstract conceptual dimension, their performance can be influenced by the
manipulation on a concrete conceptual dimension. In daily life language, color–emotion is a kind of
commonly used conceptual metaphor. For example, English speakers use the metaphor "seeing red"
to express angry emotion; as well as use the metaphor "feeling blue" to express sad emotion. We
hypothesize that people have color–emotion metaphorical representation in their mind. Further,
conceptual congruency effect will occur while people process the stimuli what have conflict
information with the color–emotion metaphorical representation in their mind. A couple of
hypothesis–driven experiments will be conducted to achieve the following two specific aims.
Specific Aim1: Investigate neural correlates of conceptual congruency effect in color–emotion
metaphorical representation of English speakers.
The brain mechanism of conceptual congruency effect remains unclear. In this project, we will use
fMRI technique to investigate which brain regions involve the conceptual congruency effect of
mental metaphorical

Example Of Conceptual Metaphors
Kövecses classifies conceptual metaphors based on their conventionality, function, nature and the
level of metaphor generality. When it comes to conventionality from the linguistic point of view, it
implies arbitrary use of some expressions that will stand for some phenomenon. Examples of these
may be "love is a journey", ''argument is a war", ''theories are buildings". These examples of
conventional conceptual metaphors are ''deeply entrenched ways of thinking about or understanding
an abstract domain, while conventional metaphorical linguistic expressions are well worn, clichéd
ways of talking about abstract domains.'' (Kövecses, 2010:34) Conceptual metaphors can be
classified according to the cognitive function they have into three general kinds: structural,
ontological and orientational. Structural metaphors are metaphors where the source domain provides
a rich knowledge structure for the target domain or in other words the source B structure is used to
understand the target A by means of conceptual mappings between elements of A and elements of B.
The example is ''time is motion." (ibid.: 37) Ontological metaphors enable ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(ibid., 2010) There are such metaphors among orientational metaphors. An interesting point about
this kind of metaphor is that they map relatively little from a source to a target. Source domains have
skeletal image schemas. These basic image–schemas derive from our experience or interactions with
the world. This physical experience enables emergence of the image–schemas that structure many of
our abstract concepts metaphorically. The image–schemas can be foundation of other concepts. The
target domains of many structural metaphors are image schematically structured by their source.
(Kövecses,

Metaphors And Figurative Language
Literature Review
Nowadays, metaphor is considered as influential in our everyday life and its traces are not only
evident in the language but also in thought and action. The function of metaphor in language,
culture, and thought has been viewed by various disciplines (Tendahl and Gibbs, 2008). In the
discipline of linguistics, in particular, metaphor and figurative language have long been the subject
of studies from many different perspectives. From a cognitive linguistic perspective, metaphor is a
"mental mapping" (p. 1825) in the cognitive processes of thinking and reasoning of people in their
everyday life (Tendahl and Gibbs, 2008). As noted by Tendahl and Gibbs (2008), the last century
ended up with its revolutionary studies on metaphor, most significantly in the realm of cognitive
science. They discuss a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can find several theories in the discipline of Linguistics including relevance theory. Relevance
theory, originally proposed by Sperber and Wilson (1986–1987), is discussed in detail by Tendahl
and Gibbs (2008). According to Tendahl and Gibbs, relevance theory complements cognitive
linguistics in defining metaphor and its functioning. As they point out, in a cognitive linguistic
perspective, people use metaphors in their language because they think metaphorically and different
language configurations are viewed as conceptual "processing mechanisms" (p. 1825) where an
operation of mapping the concepts in the mind of speakers occurs (Tendahl and Gibbs, 2008). In
their view, relevance theory, both by its encoding and decoding pattern of thought communication
and by its view at the intended meaning in a certain context of communication, also has a cognitive
look at language and mind, or more specifically at communication and thought. We can clearly see
such cognitive perspective in relevance theory as suggested by Sperber and Wilson

Metaphors We Live Language Analysis
"High school is hell" is a dominant metaphor in Josh Whedon's cult television show, Buffy the
Vampire Slayer. Many people only view metaphor as the rich language of rhetorical discourse, plus
elaborate classical prose and poetry. However, metaphor is more often found in everyday language
when further investigated. It is imperative to understand the spirit of metaphor. When one kind of
thing, idea, or concept is known or experienced in another way, this is metaphor. Authors George
Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book Metaphors We Live By exploring how metaphor is used in
everyday language. The authors define and explain the conduit metaphor and how it relates to
context. In addition, Lakoff and Johnson describe total metaphorical structuring and argue why they
cannot be that way. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This conceptual system is metaphorical in nature. Consider the concept of argument. In everyday
language, there is a conceptual metaphor argument is a war. Many ways we relate to the argument
are in terms of war. We can win or lose an argument, or shoot down an opponent's ideas. Lakoff and
Johnson point to these metaphors as a reflection of the culture. A different culture may structure
their metaphors for argument in entirely different ways. What would it mean if a culture based their
argument metaphors on food? He chewed him up and spit him out, or that point put the icing on the
cake or his stance on the issue was hard to swallow. Perhaps to an agrarian culture this may best
relate to how they perceive the concept of an argument. However, more importantly, this point to
how pervasive metaphor is in the everyday

Examples Of Metaphor In Counselling

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Examples Of Metaphor In Counselling