3. Asslkm…
First of all, Let us say thanks to Allah SWT,
which has given guidance and blessing to us,
therefore we can finish My homework from to
Mr. Budi hamudin M,Esl, without hindrance of
any. Our Sholawat and greeting are always
delivered on our Great Prophet Muhammad
SAW, which has brought us from darkness to
brighter
Hi ser How are you? Are you fine ser? I hope
you good to day! , Oke Ser, it is My Project
Sildesher in blog I hope you can see and I can
get good point,
Thank you
4. Symbol and Referent
SYMBOLAND REFERENT
what That it’s mean?
As nouns the difference between Referent and Symbol
is that referent is (semantics) the specific entity in the world that world or
phrase identifies.
or denotes while symbol is a character or glyph representing an idea, concept
or object.
For example;
"the cat over there looks unfriendly"
the symbol : the cat
the content : what a cat is like
the referent : the cat over there
5. so..
symbol is something which we use to represent
another thing - it might be a picture, a letter, a spoken
or witten word - anything we use conventionally for the
purpose.
referent is everything that related with symbol
this may sometimes be an object in the physical world
( the world rover is the symbol; a real dog is the
referent). but it may be something which is not at all, or
not obviously, present - like freedom, unicorns or
hamlet.
6. EUPHEMISM
What is EUPHEMISM?
A euphemism is used on polite expressions are words or phrases that
might be considered rude or distasteful to be heard. Euphemism used
regularly, and there are many examples of the use of euphemism in
everyday language.
Replacement of offensive expressions (such as "just passed away") to
replace the word deemed objectionable ("dead").
In his Oxford Dictionary of euphemism (2007), the record Holder in the
speech that the RW or writing "we use the euphemism for dealing with
things that are taboo or touchy subjects. That is the language of the
embezzlement, hypocrisy, coquettishness, and lies.
7. For example
Some euphemism used to make truth the less fun it looks softer.
Euphemism examples that are included in this category include:
Using just Passed away than died to declare death
Use Correctional facility rather than jail to State prison
Use the Departed than died to declare dead
Use Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled to reveal defects
Use Fell off the back of a truck than to reveal the stolen stolen
Using Ethnic cleansing rather than genocide to State Tribes
Use Turn a trick rather than engage in prostitution to declare prostitution
Using Negative patient outcomes than dead to declare dead
Use the Relocation center rather than the prison camp to State prison
8. Denotation,connotation and
implication
Denotation
The language consists of a large number of words and each word has a
direct correlation with something outside language. And if we
communicate with each other through language we all must be the
same ' idea ' or ' concept ' associated with each word.
Ogden and Richard mentioned the bond between the object and the
word meaning. When we hear or read the word, we often form a mental
picture of what that word represents, and equate "concept" with a
mental picture.
The reference is the relationship between the expression language like
this door, both doors, the dog, another dog and anything else related to
expression in certain situations when the use of language, including
what the speaker might imagine. Denoted is the potential of words like
door or dog to enter into the expression language like that. The
reference was the way the speaker and the listener using the
expression work.
Denoted is the knowledge that they have that makes them use
successfully.
The problem with the theory of mentalistik meaning, first, that not all
words can be associated with a mental image. the example Sentence
9. CONNOTION
The connotations are affective or emotional
Association of menthol, which obviously doesn't
need to be the same for all those who know and use
the word. Identify the central aspects of denoted
meaning of the word, where every people generally
agree about. The connotation of referring to the
personal aspect of meaning, evoke emotional
Association said. Connotation varies according to
experience, some words have the connotation of
sharing.
10. Implication
what is implication
An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly.
When you left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by
implication.
Implication has many different senses: Usually used in the plural,
implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the
future. You might ask, "What are the implications of our decision?"
Implication is also the state of being implicated, or connected to
something bad: "Are you surprised by their implication that you were
involved in the crime?"
Examples of implication in a sentence
… but whereas Updike and Roth work to establish connection and
coherence in the face of time's chaos, DeLillo is an artist of diffusion
and dispersal, of implication and missing information. —A. O. Scott,
New York Times Book Review, 21 May 2006
… the power of ideas to transform the world is itself accelerating.
Although people readily agree with this observation when simply
stated, very few people truly appreciate its profound implications. —
Ray Kurzweil, Curious Minds, (2004) 2005
11. Ambiguity
A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning. The
word 'light', for example, can mean not very heavy or not very dark. Words like
'light', 'note', 'bear' and 'over' are lexically ambiguous. They induce ambiguity
in phrases or sentences in which they occur, such as 'light suit' and 'The duchess
can't bear children'. However, phrases and sentences can be ambiguous even if
none of their constituents is. The phrase 'porcelain egg container' is structurally
ambiguous, as is the sentence 'The police shot the rioters with guns'. Ambiguity
can have both a lexical and a structural basis, as with sentences like 'I left her
behind for you' and 'He saw her duck'.
The notion of ambiguity has philosophical applications.
For example, identifying an ambiguity can aid in solving a philosophical
problem. Suppose one wonders how two people can have the same idea, say of
a unicorn. This can seem puzzling until one distinguishes 'idea' in the sense of a
particular psychological occurrence, a mental representation, from 'idea' in the
sense of an abstract, shareable concept. On the other hand, gratuitous claims of
ambiguity can make for overly simple solutions. Accordingly, the question
arises of how genuine ambiguities can be distinguished from spurious ones.
Part of the answer consists in identifying phenomena with which ambiguity
may be confused, such as vagueness, unclarity, inexplicitness and indexicality.
12. Metaphor
DEFINITION OF METAPHOR
A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something
as being the same as another thing for rhetorical effect. It
may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between
two ideas. Where a simile compares two items, a
metaphor directly equates them, and does not use "like" or
"as" as does a simile.
METAPHOR EXAMPLES
The detective listened to her tales with a wooden face.
She was fairly certain that life was a fashion show.
The typical teenage boy’s room is a disaster area.
What storms then shook the ocean of my sleep.
The children were roses grown in concrete gardens,
beautiful and forlorn.
13. Simile
Simile Definition
A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing
similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile
draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it
is a direct comparison.
We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear
comments like “John is as slow as a snail.” Snails are notorious for their
slow pace and here the slowness of John is compared to that of a snail.
The use of “as” in the example helps to draw the resemblance. Some
more examples of common similes are given below.
Common Examples of Simile
Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
Her cheeks are red like a rose.
He is as funny as a monkey.The water well was as dry as a bone.
He is as cunning as a fox.
Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize
comparisons to convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid
word pictures like a simile.
14. Synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy
Definition Synonym, Antonym, hyponym
Synonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same or very similar
meaning. All words can have a synonym. Nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs and prepositions can have a synonym
as long as both words are the same part of speech.
Examples of Synonyms
Adjectives: beautiful, lovely, gorgeous, stunning, striking
Nouns: House, home, dwelling, residence, abode,
quarters
Verbs: jump, bound, leap, hop, skip
Prepositions: in, inside, within
15. Antonyms
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.
For example, the antonym of long is short. Often
words will have more than one antonym but as with
synonyms it depends on the context. For instance, the
word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In
order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look
at all the meanings and how the word is used. Cool
can mean stylish as well as chilly so the word cool
may not be the best choice.
Types of Antonyms
Graded antonyms are word pairs that have
variations between the two opposites. For example,
big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of
changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like
this:
Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, little Other
examples are:
16. Homonym
Two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but
differ in meaning. Generally, the term homonym refers both
to homophones (words that are pronounced the same but have
different meanings, such as pair and pear) and
to homographs (words that are spelled the same but have
different meanings, such as "bow your head" and "tied in
a bow").
Accordingly homonym divided into two :
1. Homophone
Homophone is a words that are pronounced the same but have
different eanings. Example:
§ patience/patients
§ some/sum
§ knap/nap
§ knead/kneed/need
§ knead/kneed/need
§ knight/night
§ desert /dessert
17. Collocation
Definition
A collocation is a familiar grouping of words,
especially words that habitually appear together
and thereby convey meaning by association.
Collocational range refers to the set of items that
typically accompany a word. The size of a
collocational range is partially determined by a
word's level of specificity and number of
meanings
18. Metonymy
Definition Metonymy
Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called
synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same.
Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For
example, calling a car “a wheel” is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e.
“a wheel” stands for the whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand,
the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that
particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, “Crown” which
means power or authority is a metonymy
Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life
We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better
understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples:
England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the
government.)
The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and
sword to military force.)
The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy
as it stands for people at work in the office.)
Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)
19. Hyperbola
Hyperbole (pronounced hahy-pur-buh-lee, not hyper-bowl)
is an exaggeration which is obvious, extreme, and
intentional. Hyperbole is used in order to stir up a strong
emotion or response in the reader. It is important to note,
though, that hyperbole should not be taken literally. Rather,
it is used to emphasize a certain statement or
characteristic.
For example:
That suitcase weighed a ton!
This would mean that the suitcases weighed two thousand
pounds! Of course, the person does not mean that the
suitcase actually weighed a ton. He is using hyperbole in
order to point out the heavy weight.
The word hyperbole is derived from the Greek word
hyperbolḗ meaning “over-casting
20. Polysemy
Definition
Polysemy is the association of one word with two
or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word
or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective:
polysemous or polysemic.
In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word
and a meaning is called monosemy. According to
William Croft, "Monosemy is probably most
clearly found in specialized vocabulary dealing
with technical topics" (The Handbook of
Linguistics, 2003).
21. Homonymy, homophone and
homograps
homonym
A homonym is a word that is said or spelled the same
way as another word but has a different meaning.
"Write” and “right” is a good example of a pair of
homonyms.
Homonym traces back to the Greek words homos,
meaning “same,” and onuma, meaning “name.” So a
homonym is sort of like two people who have the
same name: called the same thing but different. A
homonym can be a word that sounds the same as
something else — like by (“near”) and buy
(“purchase”) — or it can be spelled exactly the same
way and pronounced differently — like minute (unit of
22. homophone
A homophone is a word that sounds the same as
another word but has a different meaning and/or
spelling. “Flower” and “flour” are homophones
because they are pronounced the same but you
certainly can’t bake a cake using daffodils.
Other common homophones are write and right,
meet and meat, peace and piece. You have to
listen to the context to know which word someone
means if they’re spoken aloud. If they say they
like your jeans (genes?), they’re probably talking
about your pants and not your height and eye
color — but you’d have to figure it out from the
situation!
23. homograph
Use the noun homograph to talk about two words
that are spelled the same but have different
meanings and are pronounced differently — like
"sow," meaning female pig, and "sow," to plant
seeds.
The word homograph merges homos, the Greek
word for "same," with graph, "to write." If two
words are written identically but don't share a
meaning, they are homographs. Some examples
are close ("to shut") and close ("nearby"); and
bass ("deep") and bass ("the fish"). Homographs
are confusing at first glance, but once you read
them in the context of a sentence or hear them
spoken aloud, you'll easily figure out which word
is intended
24. Proveb
Definition of Proverb
Proverb is a brief, simple and popular saying, or a
phrase that gives advice and effectively embodies a
commonplace truth based on practical experience or
common sense. A proverb may have an allegorical
message behind its odd appearance. The reason of
popularity is due to its usage in spoken language as
well as in the folk literature. Some authors twist and
bend proverbs and create anti-proverbs to add literary
effects to their works. However, in poetry, poets use
proverbs strategically by employing some parts of
them in poems’ titles such as Lord Kennet has written
a poem, A Bird in the Bush, which is a popular
proverb. Some poems contain multiple proverbs like
25. idiom
Idiom Definition
The term refers to a set expression or a phrase
comprising two or more words. An interesting fact
regarding the device is that the expression is not
interpreted literally. The phrase is understood as to
mean something quite different from what individual
words of the phrase would imply. Alternatively, it can
be said that the phrase is interpreted in a figurative
sense. Further, idioms vary in different cultures and
countries.
Idiom Examples
“Every cloud has its silver lining but it is sometimes a
little difficult to get it to the mint.”
The statement quoted above uses “silver lining” as an
idiom which means some auspicious moment is
lurking behind the cloud or the difficult time
