Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. ∆5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Keywords: Biosynthetic Machinery, Enzymes, Adrenal-Ovary Interrelation & Pregnenolone to Progesterone, Corticosteroidogenesis.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords:Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
Biochemical Changes in Ascorbate and Peroxidase Activity in the Adrenal Gland...paperpublications3
Abstract: Rapid synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland. ACTH is also known to cause depletion of adrenal ascorbate and cholesterol in the hypophysectomized rat which is shown to occur within Minutes of ACTH injection and to exhibit a characteristic time sequence. Peroxidase mediated conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone stimulated in the presence of ascorbate in the rat and rabbit ovarian tissue had also been demonstrated.Since ascorbate is known to be a donor in peroxidase reaction, the possibility of peroxidase system being involved in the rapid depletion of ascorbate during the normal reproductive cycle .
the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…Saramita De Chakravarti
A morphogenetic hormone.
Has multiple functions and a primary role of JH in insect development is to modulate ecdysone action.
Maintains the current commitment of the tissues and cells whereas ecdysone causes both predifferentiative and differentiative cellular events that are necessary for the moult.
When JH is present, a moult to a larval stage ensures.
If JH is absent at the onset of the moult, morphogenesis occurs.
Further studies and researches are still going on that can elucidate new
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords:Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
Biochemical Changes in Ascorbate and Peroxidase Activity in the Adrenal Gland...paperpublications3
Abstract: Rapid synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland. ACTH is also known to cause depletion of adrenal ascorbate and cholesterol in the hypophysectomized rat which is shown to occur within Minutes of ACTH injection and to exhibit a characteristic time sequence. Peroxidase mediated conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone stimulated in the presence of ascorbate in the rat and rabbit ovarian tissue had also been demonstrated.Since ascorbate is known to be a donor in peroxidase reaction, the possibility of peroxidase system being involved in the rapid depletion of ascorbate during the normal reproductive cycle .
the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…Saramita De Chakravarti
A morphogenetic hormone.
Has multiple functions and a primary role of JH in insect development is to modulate ecdysone action.
Maintains the current commitment of the tissues and cells whereas ecdysone causes both predifferentiative and differentiative cellular events that are necessary for the moult.
When JH is present, a moult to a larval stage ensures.
If JH is absent at the onset of the moult, morphogenesis occurs.
Further studies and researches are still going on that can elucidate new
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
flowering is perhaps the most important physiological phenomenon in the life-cycle of higher plants. it is a resultant of a range of internal and external factors, that leads to the activity of a plethora of genes, that leads to the development of flowers
molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation auxin is described with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PRO...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Segmentation Words for Speech Synthesis in Persian Language Based On Silencepaperpublications3
Abstract: In speech synthesis in text to speech systems, the words usually break to different parts and use from recorded sound of each part for play words. This paper use silent in word's pronunciation for better quality of speech. Most algorithms divide words to syllable and some of them divide words to phoneme, but This paper benefit from silent in intonation and divide words at silent region and then set equivalent sound of each parts whereupon joining the parts is trusty and speech quality being more smooth . this paper concern Persian language but extendable to another language. This method has been tested with MOS test and intelligibility, naturalness and fluidity are better.
Keywords:TTS, SBS, Sillable, Diphone.
Abstract: Identity means to display ourselves how we want others to perceive us. How people construct their identities has been an important concern. Because, identity is an important mode of lifestyle. Language has been in close relationship with identity. Role of language in maintenance of identity has been obvious in many renowned works. The Present study investigated the role of language in constructing ethnic identity and data interpretation revealed the need and importance of language for maintenance of identity.
Keywords: Identity, maintenance, language, ethnic group, researchers.
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and
researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines.
This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of
distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially
operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So,
there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer
service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks
leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting
emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope
for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the
evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a timestretch
of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
impedance-based algorithm.
TUNING OF GAINS IN BASIS WEIGHT USING FUZZY CONTROLLERSpaperpublications3
Abstract: new generation fuzzy logic controllers are based on the integration of conventional and fuzzy controllers. India being the fastest growing market for paper globally presents an exciting industry scenario. The main requirement concerns measured and controlled variable for paper including basis weight and moisture. This research is an effort to achieve better performance with nonlinear processes in servo applications. Three different structures on fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd and fuzzy-pd+i are studied for variable inputusing simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox. Analysis of four scaling gainsge, gce, gie and gu is done to obtain most appropriate output.
Keywords:fuzzy controllers, fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd, fuzzy-pd+i, basis weight, simulink.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
flowering is perhaps the most important physiological phenomenon in the life-cycle of higher plants. it is a resultant of a range of internal and external factors, that leads to the activity of a plethora of genes, that leads to the development of flowers
molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation auxin is described with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PRO...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Segmentation Words for Speech Synthesis in Persian Language Based On Silencepaperpublications3
Abstract: In speech synthesis in text to speech systems, the words usually break to different parts and use from recorded sound of each part for play words. This paper use silent in word's pronunciation for better quality of speech. Most algorithms divide words to syllable and some of them divide words to phoneme, but This paper benefit from silent in intonation and divide words at silent region and then set equivalent sound of each parts whereupon joining the parts is trusty and speech quality being more smooth . this paper concern Persian language but extendable to another language. This method has been tested with MOS test and intelligibility, naturalness and fluidity are better.
Keywords:TTS, SBS, Sillable, Diphone.
Abstract: Identity means to display ourselves how we want others to perceive us. How people construct their identities has been an important concern. Because, identity is an important mode of lifestyle. Language has been in close relationship with identity. Role of language in maintenance of identity has been obvious in many renowned works. The Present study investigated the role of language in constructing ethnic identity and data interpretation revealed the need and importance of language for maintenance of identity.
Keywords: Identity, maintenance, language, ethnic group, researchers.
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and
researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines.
This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of
distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially
operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So,
there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer
service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks
leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting
emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope
for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the
evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a timestretch
of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
impedance-based algorithm.
TUNING OF GAINS IN BASIS WEIGHT USING FUZZY CONTROLLERSpaperpublications3
Abstract: new generation fuzzy logic controllers are based on the integration of conventional and fuzzy controllers. India being the fastest growing market for paper globally presents an exciting industry scenario. The main requirement concerns measured and controlled variable for paper including basis weight and moisture. This research is an effort to achieve better performance with nonlinear processes in servo applications. Three different structures on fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd and fuzzy-pd+i are studied for variable inputusing simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox. Analysis of four scaling gainsge, gce, gie and gu is done to obtain most appropriate output.
Keywords:fuzzy controllers, fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd, fuzzy-pd+i, basis weight, simulink.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
LANGUAGE ASSIMILATION THROUGH TYPE-2 FUZZY GRAMMARS: AN APPLICATION IN COMPUT...paperpublications3
Abstract:In computer entertainment and video games users interact with machine controlled agents often referred to as Non-Player Characters (NPC). An NPC is generally intended as an antagonist for the user, but frequently helpful NPCs designed to aid the player are employed. These types of NPCs are referred to as companions. This paper presents a novel method for improving companion NPC by way of Language Acquisition through the use of Fuzzy Set theory in the form of Type-2 Fuzzy Grammar, which is an extension of the canonical Fuzzy Grammar by Lee and Zadeh. Type-2 Fuzzy Grammar captures the ambiguity of natural language and can easily model the level of expertise with said language. A case study is presented where humans participate in a multi player Predator-Prey pursuit game. The text messages that players exchange during the game are used to teach the language to a companion NPC so that it may directly interact with the players to test its communication capability. Results show how the companion NPC acquired language and its impact on the game.
Keyword:Fuzzy Grammar, Fuzzy Language, Fuzzy Sets, Intelligent Agents, Language Acquisition, Natural Language Processing, Video Games.
Developing an Auto Sizing System for Vertical Honing Machinepaperpublications3
Abstract:Honing is an internal cutting technique that uses abrasives on a rotating tool to produce extremely accurate holes that require a very smooth finish. Similar to lapping where abrasive sticks are mounted in a rotating tool. Auto sizing means inspecting the dimension of work piece while machining itself. It avoids unnecessary time and manpower used in inspection process. It helps in getting high productivity.In this project work, an attempt has been made to build an autosizing system using pressure cell and microcontroller. An experiment has been conducted by using two stage air compressor, air gauge, ADC, microcontroller, honing head etc., to study the variations of pressure, voltage verses clearance of work piece and depth micrometer.
Keywords:Honing head, Pressure cell, 8051 Microcontroller.
Discourse Analysis of News from DAWN (Pakistani) Newspaperpaperpublications3
Abstract: To reveal the hidden and out of sight value of things analyst do discourse analysis. In The present study analysts tried to analyze news from a local Pakistani newspaper with the intentions to investigate the real nature of the incident and in doing so many hidden and back grounded aspects were found which were necessary to be foreground.
Keywords: Shia, suni, ashura, pindi, muharram, imambargh, masjid.
STUDY ON IMPACTS OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION TO THE ENVIORNMENT: A CASE OF KAZ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Study on environmental impact of organic food production to the environment was conducted over the period of four months concentrating exclusively in the Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate Limited (KKTE) in Panchagarh district. The main objective of this study was to make an assessment on environmental impact of organic food production. In order to get qualitative information, data were collected through FGDs and KIIs. Organic food is free of harmful chemicals, tastier and healthier than conventional foods, and can be stored more days than chemical foods. Every one articulated the negative impacts of conventional foods. The role of organic production to the environment is inevitable with positive sign. KKTE is playing great role in raising awareness on environment among the workers and community people through training and supporting hardware. Respondents were mentioned that KKTE is playing great role in environmental conservation by planting trees, organic farming and using renewable energy. Such organic production is offering diverse products in the local to national and international market including vegetables, tea, herbal tea, ghee, honey and sweets. Organic production is releasing less carbon by using nature friendly inputs and renewable energy and promoting for communal uses including solar energy and bio-gas plant. Chemical contaminations from others conventional farming are the main problem for organics. Lack of awareness and training is the main hindrance in popularizing the organic foods. Appropriate policy support, incentives, organic food fair may create greater awareness among the mass people. It is recommended that if the perceived problem could be solved by setting up of more tea processing industries, competitive markets at the grass roots for organic foods, supply of natural gas and resolving problems could accelerate the production of organic food production, organic regulations, policy support, training and advocacy would be the pathway for sustainable development.
Keywords:Bio-pesticides; bio-fertilizer; organic production; organic farming; renewable energy.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS: A REVIEW PAPERpaperpublications3
Abstract: Polymers are long chains of repeating chemical units called monomers. They share several characteristics including macro and micro properties, electrical transport properties, semiconducting properties and optical properties. Polymers can be synthesized by chemical and electrochemical polymerization. Polymers prepared through these methods can also be characterized by their electrical, optical, mechanical and electrochemical means.
Keywords: conducting polymers, doping, and polymerization.
A DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY IN CASTING BY MINIMIZING DEFECTSpaperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper design of experiment and FMEA techniques are combined to analyze casting defects. Attempt has been made to get optimal parameter setting for defects like cold shut and blow hole. Producing defect free casting is impossible. Defect analysis is carried using FMEA tool and Pareto analysis to know potential causes of failure and their effects along with correct actions to improve quality strength and productivity. The main objective of this paper is to optimize sand casting process parameter using DOE method through Taguchi method. Taguchi based L9 orthogonal array was used for experimental purpose and analysis was carried out using Minitab software for analysis of mean (ANOM) plot. In this paper the data collected is taken from one foundry.
Keywords:Casting, FMEA, DOE, Taguchi methodology, Pareto analysis.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
what increases penile boom diagram.
reproductive anatomy: gonads - paired testes in adult males & normally a single ovary in ladies ovary maximum birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are regular of many raptors includes from 500 to several thousand number one oocytes testes & follicles increase dramatically in length because the breeding season processes. as day duration will increase, photic stimulation of the hypothalamus consequences within the secretion of gonadotropin liberating hormone (gnrh below). when activated by means of gnrh, the anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropin hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh). fsh acts on sperm-generating systems in the testes, even as lh acts on the interstitial cells of the testes inflicting them to secrete the steroid hormone testosterone. the pituitary gland monitors the quantity of testosterone in the blood, consequently growing a poor feedback loop to maintain hormone ranges within a hard and fast variety (akins and burns 2001). ambient visible cues, which include sunlight hours, activate photosensitive loci inside the mind both in a roundabout way, through the eyes, and without delay, through the cranium. the hypothalamus of the bird brain includes special cells which are touchy to extremely low mild ranges, intensities comparable to the quantity of light that could penetrate mind tissue (akins and burns 2001).
from: akins and burns (2001)
the pattern of testosterone secretion in unfastened-residing populations of tune sparrows. plasma tiers height in april and can as breeding got underway after which had been maintained at a decrease “breeding baseline” at some point of the relaxation of the breeding season. as prebasic molt ensued, plasma stages of testosterone were basal and remained so during autumn and iciness. from: wingfield and hahn (1994).
biological movements of the steroid hormone testosterone . the morphological, physiological and behavioral moves of testosterone that are critical for male reproductive feature are given on the right hand and lower facets of the discern. the “expenses” of prolonged high degrees of testosterone are given at the left hand side in italics. the styles of plasma testosterone ranges may be a characteristic of secretion patterns to preserve male reproductive function, and “costs” of testosterone that require that plasma ranges be low. from wingfield et al. (2000).
testosterone increases availability of carotenoids -- androgens and carotenoids play a essential role in the expression of secondary intercourse developments in animals that speak information on man or woman high-quality. in birds, androgens modify music, aggression, and a diffusion of
Sesame leaves intake improve and increase epididymal spermatocytes reserve in...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about the potential effects of both synthetic and natural estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) on human reproductive health in our environment in the last decade. However, little attention is paid to histomorphometric structural changes of the epididymis. We aim to evaluate the chronic exposure effects of phytoestrogens found in aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats’ epididymes. Thirty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (2 treated and 1 control groups respectively). In the treated groups, a single daily dose of aqueous leaves extract of S. radiatum (14.0 mg/kg and 28.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered via gastric garvage, while, equal volume of normal saline was administered in control group for six weeks. Histomorphometric study of the epididymal tissues and hormonal assay were analyzed using SPSS software and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant (P < 0.05) body weight gain in a dose dependent was observed in all the animals. Also, there was significant weight gain in both raw weight and relative organo-somatic weight of the epididymis per 100 g body weight. However, the weight gain was more in the high dose than the low dose group. The epididymal lumen appeared wider and fuller with spermatocytes when compared to the control. There is significant (P > 0.05) increases in testosterone level compared to control, however, the low dose was also significantly lower than the control. Sesame improves the storage capacity for the spermatozoa in the epididymis in a dose related manner.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LIZARD (Calotes versicolor)
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HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LIZARD (Calotes versicolor)
Dr. Shobha Chaturvedi
Department of Zoology, PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore (M.P.), India
Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. Δ5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Keywords: Biosynthetic Machinery, Enzymes, Adrenal-Ovary Interrelation & Pregnenolone to Progesterone, Corticosteroidogenesis.
1. INTRODUCTIION
The various in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the ovary and adrenal possess the side-chain cleaving system to convert C27 cholesterol to pregnenolone which are mainly a C22-C20 lyase and hydroxylases (Simmer, 1968). Other Steroidogenic enzymes viz. sulfatase, steroid -isomerase, 3B-OH-steroid dehydrogenase and 20-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have also been reported (Beyer et al., 1956; Burstein et al., 1963 and Weist et al., 1963) which are involved in the biosynthesis of progesterone and androgens.
The sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex of both males and females are progesterone, testosterone and estrogens. The adrenal gland is the source of sex hormones until the testis and ovaries mature at puberty. The secretion of these hormones is controlled by ACTH and not by gonadotrophins which stimulate the testes and the ovaries.
Since ,adrenals are known to secrete large quantities of progesterone, which is an oxidation product Of pregnenolone, it appears probable that conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone may be brought about peroxidatively by the operation of peroxidase as suggested in the ovary (Agrawal and Laloraya, 1977 ). The role of peroxidase in the endocrine regulation of hormone action in the adrenals which is closely interlinked in reproductive functioning of different groups of animals remains largely unknown. There appear important gaps in the understanding of the hormone regulation and the enzymic mechanis which lead to the rapid formation and secretion of hormones namely progesterone and corticosteroids in the adrenal gland is largely unknown.
A relationship between adrenal steroidogenesis and reproduction has been demonstrated for several species (Christian, 1963; Liptrap, 1970; Ramaley, 1973). Progesterone is known to be a precursor of several steroid hormones including androgens, estrogens corticoids..Samuels and Uchikawa (1967) in In Vitro studies have shown that it occupies a key position in the biosynthesis of adrenal corticoids. The presence of Δ 5-3β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 β – hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in the adrenal glands of some birds. All these enzymes occurred in the interregnal cells and no activity was observed in the chromaffin cells. The interregnal cells are probably capable of synthesizing both corticosteroids and sex steroids ( Bhujle et al., 1976).
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The enzyme activities like Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21 Hydroxylase(21-OHase) and 11β-hydroxylase (11β- OHase ) in the adrenals of mammals have been correlated with the synthesis of progesterone and corticosteroids in the cells of zona fasciculata and zona reticularis ( Rubin et al.,1957; Chester Jones, 1957 and Rubin et al., 1963 ). ACTH is shown to promote Cholesterol ester hydrolysis by activating cholesterol esterase (Tyslowitz, 1943; Long 1947) thereby stimulating the synthesis of pregnenolone ,the intermediate precursor of progesterone. How this pregnenolone is rapidly converted to progesterone in adrenals remains to be known. In biological systems a group of enzymes known as the peroxidases are known to bring about rapid oxidations of organic molecules using H2O2. The importance of this reaction in regulating steroidogenesis has received active attention (Agrawal & Laloraya ,1977,1980; Agrawal & Harper,1982;Lyttle&Jellinck,1976andDeme et al., 1978 ). LH is shown to promote cholesterol ester hydrolysis by activating cholesterol esterase(Behrman and Amstrong , 1979 ) , this stimulates net progesterone secretion by increasing conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Also it stimulates the synthesis of the enzyme, Δ5-3β- hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase which plays a key role in the early biosynthetic pathways of all the biologically active steroid hormones.
The objective of the present investigation therefore was:
1. To study in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. Δ5-3β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and cytochrome oxidase in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor).
2. To work-out the biochemical mechanism controlling steroid biogenesis.
3. To understand the Physiological importance of adrenal progesterone which is yet to be known.
2. MATERIAL & METHODS
The experimental animal , Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor)were supplied by an animal catcher at different reproductive phases They were sacrificed at one fixed time keeping in mind the circadian rhythm in the secretions of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal-adrenal axis as reported by a large number of workers (Ganong, 1963 ; Critchlow, 1963; Critchlow et al., 1963) and later subjected for histochemical studies.
Histochemical Procedure: Gelatin fixed frozen sections (4μ) of the interregnal tissue were cut in the American Optical Cryocut and were then used for the localization of various enzymes.
1. Peroxidase: This enzyme was localized by the modified method of Van Duija (1951) using benzidine as a donor. Another method Graham &Karnovsky (1966) using diaminobenzidine as a donor was alsoapplied.The activity was also tested with the other donor namely Guaiacol.
2. Cytochrome Oxidase: The method followed for the localization of Cytochrome oxidase was that of Burstone, (1959 ).
3. Δ53β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: This enzyme was localized by the method of Wattenberg(1958).
4. Acid Phosphatase: This enzyme was localized after the method of Gomori,(1950).
5. Alkaline Phosphatase: The Calcium-Cobalt method for Alkaline phosphatase , Gomori (1952) wasfollowed .
6. Lipids: Lipids were stained in frozen sections (4μ) by Herxheimer’s fat stain method (1903).
3. RESULTS
3.1 Adrenal Gland
Adrenal gland of reptiles undergoes seasonal changes in histology and histochemistry of the cortical tissue. The cortical tissue consists of polyhedral low columnar cells that are not arranged in definite cords. These cells have round or oval basophilic nuclei, the appearance of which vary seasonally and become round and turgid during the secretory stage. The subcapsular and inner cortical zones of the adrenal undergo marked seasonal fluctuations throughout the breeding season.
3.2 Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
A positive Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been seen in the inner cortical cells of the follicular stage (Plate 1A) which increases during ovulatory phase (Plate 1B). A decline in activity could be observed during the post-ovulatory phase (Plate 1C). the increased activity of this enzyme in cortical adrenal elements is apparently related to the corticosteroids production.
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3.3 Cytochrome Oxidase
A moderate activity of Cytochrome oxidase is seen during the follicular phase (Plate2A) which increases during the ovulaory phase (Plate2B). A sharp decline in activity is observed during the post-ovulatory phase (Plate 2C).
3.4 Peroxidase
The histochemical properties of the reptilian adrenocortical tissue is more or less similar to those of mammals. Peroxidase is present in the inner cortical tissue during the ovulatory phase (Plate 3B)while diffused activity is seen during the post-ovulatory period (Plate 3C).. the enzyme is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm. Low activity of peroxidase is seen during the follicular phase Plate 3A).
3.5 Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases
The cortical cells show high activity of acid phosphatase during the ovulatory phase (Plate 4B), which gets diffused during the post-ovulatory phase (Plate 4C). During the follicular stage, the activity appears to be weak compared to other stages (Plate 4A). Alkaline phosphatase showed a high activity during both ovulatory and post-ovulatory stages (Plate 5A&B).
3.6 Lipids
In contrast to other enzymes which show a high activity during the ovulatory phase, the deposition of lipid is decreased at the ovulatory and post-ovulatory phase (Plate 6B & C) with high content at follicular Phase (Plate 6A).
Plate 1A,B & C Plate 2A,B & C
Localization of enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Garden lizard(Calotes) at different phases of Sexual cycle – Plate 1 -> Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase & Plate 2 -> Cytochrome oxidase
Plate 3 A,B & C Plate 4 A,B & C
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Localization of enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Garden lizard (Calotes versicolor) at different stages of reproductive cycle -Plate 3 ->Peroxidase & Acid phosphatase ( Follicular ,Ovulatory & Post- Ovulatory phases ). Plate 4-> Acid phosphatase(follicular, Ovulatory & Post-Ovulatory phases).
Plate 5 A & B Plate 6A,B & C
Localization of enzymesin the Adrenal of Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor)at different stages of sexual cycle. Plate 5 - > Alkaline phosphatase(ovulatory & Post-Ovulatory phase) & Plate 6 -> Lipids (Follicular,Ovulatory & Post-Ovulatory phases.
4. OVARY
4.1 Follicular Growth
The developing oocyte in the reptilian ovary ia associated with theollicularpithelium(pleomorphicGranulosa cells) and thecal layer. The ovarian stroma is well developed.. No activity of peroxidase could be observed in the growing follicles(Plate 7A). A high localization of Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase is seen in the IGT (Plate 7B). Cytochrome oxidase activity also is high at this stagein the IGT ( Plate 7C). Acid phosphatase activity is seen to be high in the growing oocytes and in IGT (Plate 7D).
Growing follicles show an intense activity of alkaline phosphatase at this stage (Plate 8A). Control section without the substrate show no activity (Plate 8B).
Sudanophilic lipid deposition is shown to be high in the IGT (Plate 8C). Control section does not show any activity (Plate 8D).
As the follicles grow in size the surrounding stromal tissue becomes organised in the form of fibrous theca interna. The well developed cytoplasmof the thecal cells show high Peroxidase, Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Cytochrome oxidase activity (Plate 9A,B & C), while diffuse localization of Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ans Cytochrome oxidase is seen in the granulosa cells (Plate 9B & C). The IGT are well developed in reptiles during ovulatory phase which exhibits
ntense activity of Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase and Cytochrome oxidase (Plate 9A,B & C) but with no peroxidase activity. The black patches are seen due to the accumulation of brown-yellowlipid substances.
The well vascularized thecal cells at this phase show high activity of AcidPhosphatase (Plate 10A) and Alkaline phosphatase (Plate 10B). A diffuse localization of Acid phosphatase is seen in granulosa cells (Plate 10A).
Lipid droplets are high in the IGT (Plate 10C & D) with diffuse localization in the membrana granulosa (Plate 10C).
4.2 Post-Ovulatory Follicles:
Calotes are are oviparous and develop true post-Ovulatory corpora lutea which are formed from the hypertrophy of granulosa and thecal cells. These cells are well vascularized. The most striking and significant change during the transformation of granulosa cells, is the appearance of very high Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase activity throughout the cytoplasm of the later. Post-ovulatory follicles show heavily stained CL with no activity in IGT (Plate 11A & B).
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Diffuse localizatiion of Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is seen in the CLand IGT (Plate 11C). the atretic follicles also show weak localization of Δ5-3βHydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(Plate 11C).
Acid phosphatase and Alkaline phosphatase activity is high in the transformed luteal cells (Plate 12A & B) with weak localization of Acid phosphatase in theMembrana granulosa of atretic follicle. The activiy of lLipid decreases in the the Luteal cells and IGT (Plate 12C).
Plate 7A,B,C & D Plate 8A,B,C & D
Localization of enzymes in the Ovary of Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor) at Follicular Phase. Plate 7-> Peroxidase , Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Cytochrome oxidase & Acid phosphatase & Plate 8 -> Alkaline phosphatase &Lipids ( B & D – Control sections against A & C)
Plate 9A,B & C Plate 10A,B,C & D
Localization of enzymes in the ovary of Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor) at Ovulatory Phase Plate 9 -> Peroxidase,Δ5- 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase & Cytochrome oxidase & Plate 10 -> Acid phosphatase, Alkaline phosphatase and Lipids.
Plate 11A,B & C Plate 12A,B & C
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Localization of enzymes in the ovary of Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor) AT Post – Ovulatory phase of the sexual cycle. Plate 11 -> Peroxidase ,Cytochrome oxidase & Δ5-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase & Plate 12A,B & C -> Acid phosphatase,Alkaline phosphatase & Lipids.
5. DISCUSSION
peroxidase is present in the inner layer of adrenocorticalCells but not in chromaffin cells of ovulatory animals of different groups of vertebrates which are associated with the functioning of ACTH hormone and progesterone,corticosteroid secretion.The Δ 5 - 3β – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Cytochrome oxidase are present in the adrenocortical cells during the entire period of sexual cycle.Thus the characteristic function of adrenocortical cells regulating large secretion of progesterone during increased sexual activity appears to be related to the presence of peroxidase in these ompartments.The adrenal cortex of many non-mammalian species are recognized as the chief site of conversion of 14C acetate to progesterone ( Vinson and Whitehouse, 1973a ). Also the biochemical studies have shown that adrenal cortex is the chief site for the synthesis of steroid hormones namely Progesterone, cortisol and corticosterone ( Hayano et al., 1956; Resko, 1969; Holzbauer, 1969 ) .
Histochemical studies in fish have shown the presence of Δ 5- 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,17β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and G-6- PDH in the interrenal cells (Hooli et al., 1974; Hooli et al., 1976; Bhujle et al.,1980 ). Δ5 - 3β – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase being present during the entire sexual cycle viz., follicular,prespawning and spawning period,the specific function of the adrenocortical cells appears to be characterized by the presence of peroxidase ,which is observed in the cortical cells alone during the ovulatory phase and pregnancy, the well known site for the secretion of Progesterone and corticosteroids . The granulosa cells of developing follicles, corpora atretica and oocytes in the ovaries of some species of fishes, amphibians and reptiles have been shown to develop enzyme activities indicative of steroidogenesis (Guraya,1971, 1972a; Rubin et al.,1963; Deane et al.,1962; Lobel & Levy, 1968). Presence of high peroxidase activityin the hypertrophied theca interna of ovulatory follicles and also the CL after ovulation in frog suggest that basic factor involved in leutinization of granulosa cells and also progesterone synthesis are the same for mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates and that peroxidase appears to be one of the common factors involved in both. Progesterone and corticosteroids of adrenal origin has been attributed a function in ovulation and spawning in non-mammalian vertebrates namely fish and amphibian ( Sundararaj and Goswami, 1966b; Goswami and Sundararaj, 1971 ) . The presence of high peroxidase activity in the adrenocortical cells of the non-mammalian vertebrates during the ovulatory phase may be correlated with the synthesis of progesterone which act synergistically with corticosteroids to cause ovulation in these species as suggested in the fowl (Soliman et al., 1974).
Furthermore, since peroxidase mediated reactions are many fold faster than dehydrogenase reactions, the association of high peroxidase activity in these regions, and lack of activity in adrenocortical cells at follicular phase, in growing follicle of the ovary and IGT of the ovary would suggest that the high rate of progesterone formation may be associated with the functioning of this enzyme at specific sites. Peroxidase thus appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis.
The histochemical changes in acid and alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the adrenocortical cells and ovary at various reproductive phases have been shown by a number of workers ( Galli Mainini, 1951; Botte, 1964 ) .High acid phosphatase activity is shown to be present at ovulatory Furthermore phase in the adrenocortical cells and ovary of fish, amphibians and reptiles, while alkaline phosphatase attains zenith during the secretory phase ( spawning phase ) . Sudanophilic granules have been shown to increase markedly in the adrenocortical cells,TI and IGT of the ovary At the follicular phase and disappears during the spawning period. Under the hormonal stimuli ( Guraya ,1974) the marked decrease in the lipids in ovary with increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of spawning period confirm these reports.
The presence of active cytochrome oxidase in the adrenocortical cells and TI,CL,IGT of the ovary is suggestive of high metabolic activity in these tissues. The operation of active Cytochrome oxidase suggest that the necessary respiratory energy in the form of ATP molecules for the biosynthesis of lipids would be available at the site.The hypertrophied TI and CL of non-mammalian vertebrates are characterized by high vascularization and increased bloodFlow is also visible in adrenocortical cells of all vertebrates. The oxidative sites thus provided with adequate Oxygen supply with the activated blood flow thus converting thesesites into intense oxidative sites and thus the intense Cytochrome oxidase activity in these sites becomes meaningful. The Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem o transform adrenocortical
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cells and hypertrophied TI into a highly oxidative compartment of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the Oocyte from the ovary.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the Head of the department (then), School of Studies in Life Sciences, D.A.V.V., Indore for the guidance & support throughout the experimental studies. Also I would like to thank the technicians for their help & support during the course of experimental work.
Abbreviations: AF- Atretic Follicle, CL- Corpus luteum, GF- Growing follicle, IGT- Interstitial gland tissue, LC – Luteal cells, MF – Mature follicle.
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