Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Passerine swarm optimization algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dis...IJAAS Team
This paper presents Passerine Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. This algorithm is based on behaviour of social communications of Passerine bird. Basically, Passerine bird has three common behaviours: search behaviour, adherence behaviour and expedition behaviour. Through the shared communications Passerine bird will search for the food and also run away from hunters. By using the Passerine bird communications and behaviour, five basic rules have been created in the PSOA approach to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. Key aspect is to reduce the real power loss and also to keep the variables within the limits. Proposed Passerine Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulations results reveal about the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the static voltage stability margin.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in voltage control and system stability. Various Volt/VAR techniques are utilized in electric power systems to maintain the voltage profile within a defined acceptable range and accordingly provide reliability, stability, and economic benefits. Reactive power has been commonly generated through large-scale synchronous generators or distributed capacitor banks to provide proper transmission and distribution level system management, however, reactive power can be further used as an effective means to reduce total system operation cost. This is to be achieved by adjusting nodal reactive power and accordingly impact the network power flow. The reactive power adjustment is becoming more common as a result of growing distributed energy resources (DERs) with reactive power control capability. The increasing number of inverter-coupled DERs, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to benefit from the reactive power provided by these resources. This paper develops a modified optimal power flow model to determine optimal nodal reactive powers that minimize the system operation cost. The applicability and performance of the proposed model is verified on IEEE 57-bus standard test systems.
This paper presents the control for Shunt Active Power (SAPF) filter in photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. The proposed configuration of the system consists of a photovoltaic array that connected to the grid through the three-phase inverter topology that also serves as an active filter. Photovoltaic is coupled in parallel with the direct curret (DC) side of the active filter. With this configuration, can be obtained three advantages, namely the elimination of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear load, reactive power injection, and injection of active power generated photovoltaic. The p-q Theory is used to calculate the harmonic reference current to be used to control the active filter coupled fotovoltaic in generating anti-harmonic currents. The results show that system can reduce harmonic distortion from THD 27.22% to be THD 1.05%, whereas when the active power from photovoltaic injected, the THD become 2.01%. Power sharing can also be seen from this study.
Modeling and Simulation of Unified Series Shunt Compensator for Power Quality...ijtsrd
Power Quality in the distribution system is the important issue for industrial, commercial and residential applications. An increasing demond for high quality, reliable electrical power and an increasing number of distorting loads have led an increased awareness of power quality both by customer and utilities. This paper deals with the simulation of a Unified series shunt compensator, which is aimed at mitigating most of the Power Quality problems such as Voltage sag compensation, Voltage swell compensation, Voltage Flicker reduction, Voltage Unbalance mitigation, UPS mode operation. The modeling and simulation of the USSC has been carried out by using Facts controller. The USSC simulation model comprises of two 6 pulse inverters which are connected in series and in shunt to the system. The USSC is designed by using MATLAB SIMULINK based simulation for the working of the USSC. The USSC has mitigated several Power Quality problems giving better performance. Reshmi Bhagwat | Vaishali Malekar ""Modeling and Simulation of Unified Series Shunt Compensator for Power Quality Improvement"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23665.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23665/modeling-and-simulation-of-unified-series-shunt-compensator-for-power-quality-improvement/reshmi-bhagwat
Optimal Power Flow With UPFC Using Fuzzy- PSO With Non-Smooth Fuel Cost FunctionIJERA Editor
This paper presents an efficient and reliable evolutionary based approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow problem in electrical power network. The Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to solve optimal power Flow problem in power system by incorporating a powerful and most versatile Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems device such as Unified power Flow Controller. It is a new device in FACTS family and has great flexibility that can control Active power, Reactive power and voltage magnitudes simultaneously. In this paper optimal location is find out using Fuzzy approach and control settings of UPFC are determined by PSO. The proposed approach is examined on IEEE-30 bus system with different objective function that reflects fuel cost minimization and fuel cost with valve point effects. The test results show the effectiveness of robustness of the proposed approachcompared with the existing results in the literature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Passerine swarm optimization algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dis...IJAAS Team
This paper presents Passerine Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. This algorithm is based on behaviour of social communications of Passerine bird. Basically, Passerine bird has three common behaviours: search behaviour, adherence behaviour and expedition behaviour. Through the shared communications Passerine bird will search for the food and also run away from hunters. By using the Passerine bird communications and behaviour, five basic rules have been created in the PSOA approach to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. Key aspect is to reduce the real power loss and also to keep the variables within the limits. Proposed Passerine Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulations results reveal about the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the static voltage stability margin.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in voltage control and system stability. Various Volt/VAR techniques are utilized in electric power systems to maintain the voltage profile within a defined acceptable range and accordingly provide reliability, stability, and economic benefits. Reactive power has been commonly generated through large-scale synchronous generators or distributed capacitor banks to provide proper transmission and distribution level system management, however, reactive power can be further used as an effective means to reduce total system operation cost. This is to be achieved by adjusting nodal reactive power and accordingly impact the network power flow. The reactive power adjustment is becoming more common as a result of growing distributed energy resources (DERs) with reactive power control capability. The increasing number of inverter-coupled DERs, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to benefit from the reactive power provided by these resources. This paper develops a modified optimal power flow model to determine optimal nodal reactive powers that minimize the system operation cost. The applicability and performance of the proposed model is verified on IEEE 57-bus standard test systems.
This paper presents the control for Shunt Active Power (SAPF) filter in photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. The proposed configuration of the system consists of a photovoltaic array that connected to the grid through the three-phase inverter topology that also serves as an active filter. Photovoltaic is coupled in parallel with the direct curret (DC) side of the active filter. With this configuration, can be obtained three advantages, namely the elimination of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear load, reactive power injection, and injection of active power generated photovoltaic. The p-q Theory is used to calculate the harmonic reference current to be used to control the active filter coupled fotovoltaic in generating anti-harmonic currents. The results show that system can reduce harmonic distortion from THD 27.22% to be THD 1.05%, whereas when the active power from photovoltaic injected, the THD become 2.01%. Power sharing can also be seen from this study.
Modeling and Simulation of Unified Series Shunt Compensator for Power Quality...ijtsrd
Power Quality in the distribution system is the important issue for industrial, commercial and residential applications. An increasing demond for high quality, reliable electrical power and an increasing number of distorting loads have led an increased awareness of power quality both by customer and utilities. This paper deals with the simulation of a Unified series shunt compensator, which is aimed at mitigating most of the Power Quality problems such as Voltage sag compensation, Voltage swell compensation, Voltage Flicker reduction, Voltage Unbalance mitigation, UPS mode operation. The modeling and simulation of the USSC has been carried out by using Facts controller. The USSC simulation model comprises of two 6 pulse inverters which are connected in series and in shunt to the system. The USSC is designed by using MATLAB SIMULINK based simulation for the working of the USSC. The USSC has mitigated several Power Quality problems giving better performance. Reshmi Bhagwat | Vaishali Malekar ""Modeling and Simulation of Unified Series Shunt Compensator for Power Quality Improvement"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23665.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23665/modeling-and-simulation-of-unified-series-shunt-compensator-for-power-quality-improvement/reshmi-bhagwat
Optimal Power Flow With UPFC Using Fuzzy- PSO With Non-Smooth Fuel Cost FunctionIJERA Editor
This paper presents an efficient and reliable evolutionary based approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow problem in electrical power network. The Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to solve optimal power Flow problem in power system by incorporating a powerful and most versatile Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems device such as Unified power Flow Controller. It is a new device in FACTS family and has great flexibility that can control Active power, Reactive power and voltage magnitudes simultaneously. In this paper optimal location is find out using Fuzzy approach and control settings of UPFC are determined by PSO. The proposed approach is examined on IEEE-30 bus system with different objective function that reflects fuel cost minimization and fuel cost with valve point effects. The test results show the effectiveness of robustness of the proposed approachcompared with the existing results in the literature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Line and Grid Impedance Impact on the Performances of a Parallel Connected Mo...IAES-IJPEDS
With the rising fuel cost, increasing demand of power and the concerns for global climate change, the use of clean energy make the connection of power electronics building bloc in the heart of the current research. The high output current applications make the parallel connection of modular inverters to be a solution for the use of low power building block inverters where the output power cannot be handled by a single inverter configuration. In this context, average-modeling using average phase–leg technique allows the n-parallel connected inverters to be analyzed accurately and rapidly without requiring the complexity of the full switched inverter topology. The obtained analytical solution along with the equivalent circuit model makes easier the design of the control loop. The analytical solution of the n-parallel connected inverters shows the impact of the line and grid impedance on the performance of the overall system. The impact of this coupling has to be investigated such that the main feature of paralleling inverters is guaranteed and that the inverter mode of operation will not be compromised. The main advantage of paralleling inverters can be lost for a certain coupling impedance considerations.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 5...ijtsrd
This research is to improve the power quality for 500kVA three phase transformer using capacitor bank at Technological University Mandalay . The main purpose of installing a capacitor bank is to compensate the reactive power consumption and reduce the line losses for power quality improvement. The required value of capacitor bank rating for transformer is calculated in this paper. And then the results for loss reduction and reactive power compensation are also compared without and with capacitor bank. In this research, 150 kVAR of capacitor bank is installed to improve the power factor up to 0.99, to decrease reactive power from 138.47 to 0.75kVAR, apparent power from 169.47kVA to 101.93kVA, and percent loss reduction up to 69.14. So, the simple model of reactive power compensation with 150kVAR capacitor bank is helpful for 500 kVA transformer at Technological University Mandalay to reduce reactive power consumption. Phyu Phyu Win | Moe Phyu Thel "Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 500 kVA Three-Phase Transformer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26637.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26637/experimental-research-on-power-quality-improvement-using-capacitor-bank-for-500-kva-three-phase-transformer/phyu-phyu-win
In this research paper total harmonic
distortion of three phase supply system (half and full
wave) AC/DC converter-fed with DC motor load is
analyzed ,using both simulation and experimental
arrangements, it is keenly important to analyze
harmonic contents, because of harmonics injection has
very bad effects in electrical power system and the
overall efficiency of the system becomes low, which
results poor power quality, current and voltage
distortion and at input AC mains power factor becomes
also low. [4] In this research work we have proposed
three phase full wave AC-DC converter topology which
is better for energy conversion as compared to three
phase half wave AC-DC converter topology ,using
MATLAB /simulation as well as from the experimentaly
performed setup, it was found that DC motor efficiency
for three phase full wave rectified-fed is better as
compared to three phase half wave rectified-fed.
Implementation of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and l...IJECEIAES
Emergency back-up power supply units are necessary in case of grid power shortage, considerably poor regulation and costly establishment of a power system facility. In this regard, power electronic converters based systems emerge as consistent, properly controlled and inexpensive electrical energy providers. This paper presents an implemented design of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and low power applications. There are a rectifier-link boost derived DC-DC battery charging circuit and a 4-switch push-pull power inverter (DC-AC) circuit, which are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. A changeover relay based transfer switch controls the power flow towards the utility loads. During off-grid situations, loads are fed power by the proposed system and during on-grid situations, battery is charged by an AC-link rectifier-fed boost converter. Charging phenomenon of the battery is controlled by a relay switched protection circuit. Laboratory experiments are carried out extensively for different loads. Power quality assessments along with back-up durations are recorded and analyzed. In addition, a cost allocation affirms the economic feasibility of the proposed framework in case of reasonable consumer applications. The test-bed results corroborate the reliability of the research work.
Optimization of the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Using PSO...IJECEIAES
The increase of power system demand leads to the change in voltage profile, reliability requirement and system robustness against disturbance. The voltage profile can be improved by providing a source of reactive power through the addition of new power plants, capacitor banks, or implementation of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Unified Power Flow Control (UPFC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST), and many others. Determination of optimal location and sizing of device injection is paramount to produce the best improvement of voltage profile and power losses reduction. In this paper, optimization of the combined advantages of TCPST and TCSC has been investigated using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, being applied to the 30-bus system IEEE standard. The effectiveness of the placement and sizing of TCPST-TCSC combination has been compared to the implementation of capacitor banks. The result showed that the combination of TCPST-TCSC resulted in more effective improvement of system power losses condition than the implementation of capacitor banks. The power losses reduction of 46.47% and 42.03% have been obtained using of TCPST-TCSC combination and capacitor banks respectively. The TCPSTTCSC and Capacitor Bank implementations by using PSO algorithm have also been compared with the implementation of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm. The implementation of the TCSC-TCPST compensation with PSO algorithm have gave a better result than using the capacitor bank with PSO algorithm and SVC with the ABC algorithm.
Solar PV parameter estimation using multi-objective optimisationjournalBEEI
The estimation of the electrical model parameters of solar PV, such as light-induced current, diode dark saturation current, thermal voltage, series resistance, and shunt resistance, is indispensable to predict the actual electrical performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper first considers the various methods of parameter estimation of solar PV to highlight their shortfalls. Thereafter, a new parameter estimation method, based on multi-objective optimisation, namely, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), is proposed. Furthermore, to check the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, conventional methods, such as, ‘Newton-Raphson’, ‘Particle Swarm Optimisation, Search Algorithm, was tested on four solar PV modules of polycrystalline and monocrystalline materials. Finally, a solar PV module photowatt PWP201 has been considered and compared with six different state of art methods. The estimated performance indices such as current absolute error matrics, absolute relative power error, mean absolute error, and P-V characteristics curve were compared. The results depict the close proximity of the characteristic curve obtained with the proposed NSGA-II method to the curve obtained by the manufacturer’s datasheet.
A new exact equivalent circuit of the medium voltage three-phase induction m...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a new equivalent circuit for medium voltage and great power induction motors considering the more complete information given by the manufacturer. A methodology for obtaining the parameters of the equivalent circuit is presented, having this circuit the advantage of allowing the electrical calculation of all the power losses and the realization of the power balance. It is an achievement of this work a new way of calculating and representing the additional losses using a resistance located in the rotor circuit. Then, three types of losses are considered as a part of a power balance: the conventional or joule effect variable losses, the constant losses, and the additional losses. The proposed method is straight and non-iterative. It was applied to a case study motor of 6000 V and 2500 kW located at the Maximo Gomez Power Plant in Cuba.
The effect of load modelling on phase balancing in distribution networks usin...IJECEIAES
Due to the unequal loads in phases and different customer consumption, the distribution network is unbalanced. Unbalancing in the distribution network, in addition to increasing power losses, causes unbalancing in voltages and increases operating costs. To reduce this unbalancing, various methods and algorithms have been presented. In most studies and even practical projects due to lack of information about the network loads, load models such as constant power model, constant current or constant impedance are used to model the loads. Due to the changing and nonlinear behaviours of today's loads, these models cannot show results in accordance with reality. This paper while introducing an optimal phase-balancing method, discusses the effect of load modelling on phase balancing studies. In this process the re-phasing method for balancing the network and the harmony search algorithm for optimizing the phase displacement process have been used. The simulation was carried out on an unbalanced distribution network of 25 buses. The results show well the effect of this comprehensive modelling on phase balancing studies. It also shows that in the re-phasing method for balancing the network and in the absence of a real load model, the use of which model offers the closest answer to optimal solutions.
Congestion Management using Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS Controllersidescitation
This paper concerns the optimal choice and
allocation of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)
devices in multi-machine power system using genetic
algorithm. The objective is to improve the system loadability
and the voltage stability. Using the proposed method, the
locations of the FACTS devices, their types and rated values
are optimized simultaneously. Different kinds of FACTS
devices are simulated in this study: Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC). The proposed algorithm is an effective and practical
method for the choice and allocation of FACTS devices in
large power systems.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR PV SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Photovoltaic (PV) system isa renewable form of energy, using direct sunlight and converting it into electrical power PV cells which are coupled as an array to generate usable electrical energy constitute the most critical parts of this system. Electronic converters are required to transform the output of system current &voltage into an appropriate form if consider the situation of system load & its requirements. The electronic converter more typically employed is a DC-DC converter with a solar cell low voltage generating high voltage. This paper looks at the DC/DC converters & PV system with references to both cases: the first case is, The design of the system as a loop system closed in the first case because the system's scenario is dependent on an different types of algorithm separately for MPPT, that captures the sunlight higher amount to produce the highest optimized electrical power. Although the system was created with MPPT in mind, the simulation was carried out with different a controller such as P&O, PSO, Inc and fuzzy logic. The simulation& execution results for such instances are shown to demonstrate the ability of o/p voltage to return to steady-state if the input voltage impact changed. There is also evidence of a brief settling time & overshoot in the output voltage return and comparative result shown that PSO and fuzzy algorithm found accepted results means best result compassion with the existing algorithm. This optimization was carried out with the assistance of MATLAB 2018(a)
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PROBLEMpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm, inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search. The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Keywords: Optimal Reactive Power, Transmission loss, honey bee, foraging behaviour, waggle dance, bee’s algorithm, swarm intelligence, swarm-based optimization, adaptive neighbourhood search, site abandonment, random search.
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm, inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search. The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Line and Grid Impedance Impact on the Performances of a Parallel Connected Mo...IAES-IJPEDS
With the rising fuel cost, increasing demand of power and the concerns for global climate change, the use of clean energy make the connection of power electronics building bloc in the heart of the current research. The high output current applications make the parallel connection of modular inverters to be a solution for the use of low power building block inverters where the output power cannot be handled by a single inverter configuration. In this context, average-modeling using average phase–leg technique allows the n-parallel connected inverters to be analyzed accurately and rapidly without requiring the complexity of the full switched inverter topology. The obtained analytical solution along with the equivalent circuit model makes easier the design of the control loop. The analytical solution of the n-parallel connected inverters shows the impact of the line and grid impedance on the performance of the overall system. The impact of this coupling has to be investigated such that the main feature of paralleling inverters is guaranteed and that the inverter mode of operation will not be compromised. The main advantage of paralleling inverters can be lost for a certain coupling impedance considerations.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 5...ijtsrd
This research is to improve the power quality for 500kVA three phase transformer using capacitor bank at Technological University Mandalay . The main purpose of installing a capacitor bank is to compensate the reactive power consumption and reduce the line losses for power quality improvement. The required value of capacitor bank rating for transformer is calculated in this paper. And then the results for loss reduction and reactive power compensation are also compared without and with capacitor bank. In this research, 150 kVAR of capacitor bank is installed to improve the power factor up to 0.99, to decrease reactive power from 138.47 to 0.75kVAR, apparent power from 169.47kVA to 101.93kVA, and percent loss reduction up to 69.14. So, the simple model of reactive power compensation with 150kVAR capacitor bank is helpful for 500 kVA transformer at Technological University Mandalay to reduce reactive power consumption. Phyu Phyu Win | Moe Phyu Thel "Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 500 kVA Three-Phase Transformer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26637.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26637/experimental-research-on-power-quality-improvement-using-capacitor-bank-for-500-kva-three-phase-transformer/phyu-phyu-win
In this research paper total harmonic
distortion of three phase supply system (half and full
wave) AC/DC converter-fed with DC motor load is
analyzed ,using both simulation and experimental
arrangements, it is keenly important to analyze
harmonic contents, because of harmonics injection has
very bad effects in electrical power system and the
overall efficiency of the system becomes low, which
results poor power quality, current and voltage
distortion and at input AC mains power factor becomes
also low. [4] In this research work we have proposed
three phase full wave AC-DC converter topology which
is better for energy conversion as compared to three
phase half wave AC-DC converter topology ,using
MATLAB /simulation as well as from the experimentaly
performed setup, it was found that DC motor efficiency
for three phase full wave rectified-fed is better as
compared to three phase half wave rectified-fed.
Implementation of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and l...IJECEIAES
Emergency back-up power supply units are necessary in case of grid power shortage, considerably poor regulation and costly establishment of a power system facility. In this regard, power electronic converters based systems emerge as consistent, properly controlled and inexpensive electrical energy providers. This paper presents an implemented design of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and low power applications. There are a rectifier-link boost derived DC-DC battery charging circuit and a 4-switch push-pull power inverter (DC-AC) circuit, which are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. A changeover relay based transfer switch controls the power flow towards the utility loads. During off-grid situations, loads are fed power by the proposed system and during on-grid situations, battery is charged by an AC-link rectifier-fed boost converter. Charging phenomenon of the battery is controlled by a relay switched protection circuit. Laboratory experiments are carried out extensively for different loads. Power quality assessments along with back-up durations are recorded and analyzed. In addition, a cost allocation affirms the economic feasibility of the proposed framework in case of reasonable consumer applications. The test-bed results corroborate the reliability of the research work.
Optimization of the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Using PSO...IJECEIAES
The increase of power system demand leads to the change in voltage profile, reliability requirement and system robustness against disturbance. The voltage profile can be improved by providing a source of reactive power through the addition of new power plants, capacitor banks, or implementation of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Unified Power Flow Control (UPFC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST), and many others. Determination of optimal location and sizing of device injection is paramount to produce the best improvement of voltage profile and power losses reduction. In this paper, optimization of the combined advantages of TCPST and TCSC has been investigated using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, being applied to the 30-bus system IEEE standard. The effectiveness of the placement and sizing of TCPST-TCSC combination has been compared to the implementation of capacitor banks. The result showed that the combination of TCPST-TCSC resulted in more effective improvement of system power losses condition than the implementation of capacitor banks. The power losses reduction of 46.47% and 42.03% have been obtained using of TCPST-TCSC combination and capacitor banks respectively. The TCPSTTCSC and Capacitor Bank implementations by using PSO algorithm have also been compared with the implementation of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm. The implementation of the TCSC-TCPST compensation with PSO algorithm have gave a better result than using the capacitor bank with PSO algorithm and SVC with the ABC algorithm.
Solar PV parameter estimation using multi-objective optimisationjournalBEEI
The estimation of the electrical model parameters of solar PV, such as light-induced current, diode dark saturation current, thermal voltage, series resistance, and shunt resistance, is indispensable to predict the actual electrical performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper first considers the various methods of parameter estimation of solar PV to highlight their shortfalls. Thereafter, a new parameter estimation method, based on multi-objective optimisation, namely, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), is proposed. Furthermore, to check the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, conventional methods, such as, ‘Newton-Raphson’, ‘Particle Swarm Optimisation, Search Algorithm, was tested on four solar PV modules of polycrystalline and monocrystalline materials. Finally, a solar PV module photowatt PWP201 has been considered and compared with six different state of art methods. The estimated performance indices such as current absolute error matrics, absolute relative power error, mean absolute error, and P-V characteristics curve were compared. The results depict the close proximity of the characteristic curve obtained with the proposed NSGA-II method to the curve obtained by the manufacturer’s datasheet.
A new exact equivalent circuit of the medium voltage three-phase induction m...IJECEIAES
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Congestion Management using Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS Controllersidescitation
This paper concerns the optimal choice and
allocation of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)
devices in multi-machine power system using genetic
algorithm. The objective is to improve the system loadability
and the voltage stability. Using the proposed method, the
locations of the FACTS devices, their types and rated values
are optimized simultaneously. Different kinds of FACTS
devices are simulated in this study: Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC). The proposed algorithm is an effective and practical
method for the choice and allocation of FACTS devices in
large power systems.
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FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PROBLEMpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm, inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search. The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Keywords: Optimal Reactive Power, Transmission loss, honey bee, foraging behaviour, waggle dance, bee’s algorithm, swarm intelligence, swarm-based optimization, adaptive neighbourhood search, site abandonment, random search.
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm, inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search. The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
5. 9375 11036-1-sm-1 20 apr 18 mar 16oct2017 ed iqbal qcIAESIJEECS
In this paper, Tailored Flower Pollination (TFP) algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. Comprising of the elements of chaos theory, Shuffled frog leaping search and Levy Flight, the performance of the flower pollination algorithm has been improved. Proposed TFP algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 118 & practical 191 bus test systems and simulation results show clearly the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Voltage Profile Enhancement and Reduction of Real Power loss by Hybrid Biogeo...ijeei-iaes
This paper presents Hybrid Biogeography algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem in a power system. Real Power Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Artificial bee colony optimization (ABC) is quick and forceful algorithm for global optimization. Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) is a new-fangled biogeography inspired algorithm. It mainly utilizes the biogeography-based relocation operator to share the information among solutions. In this work, a hybrid algorithm with BBO and ABC is projected, and named as HBBABC (Hybrid Biogeography based Artificial Bee Colony Optimization), for the universal numerical optimization problem. HBBABC merge the searching behavior of ABC with that of BBO. Both the algorithms have different solution probing tendency like ABC have good exploration probing tendency while BBO have good exploitation probing tendency. HBBABC used to solve the reactive power dispatch problem and the proposed technique has been tested in standard IEEE30 bus test system.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Keywords:PS2O, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm, Genetical Swarm Optimization, Reactive Power Optimization.
Hybrid Quantum Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm For Solving Opti...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents hybrid particle swarm algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. In this paper, a framework of hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, called Hybrid quantum genetic particle swarm optimization (HQGPSO), is proposed by reasonably combining the Q-bit evolutionary search of quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm and binary bit evolutionary search of genetic particle swarm optimization (GPSO) in order to achieve better optimization performances. The proposed HQGPSO also can be viewed as a kind of hybridization of micro-space based search and macro-space based search, which enriches the searching behavior to enhance and balance the exploration and exploitation abilities in the whole searching space. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms.
Wolf Search Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problemijeei-iaes
This paper presents a new bio-inspired heuristic optimization algorithm called the Wolf Search Algorithm (WSA) for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Wolf Search algorithm is a new bio – inspired heuristic algorithm which based on wolf preying behaviour. The way wolves search for food and survive by avoiding their enemies has been imitated to formulate the algorithm for solving the reactive power dispatches. And the speciality of wolf is possessing both individual local searching ability and autonomous flocking movement and this special property has been utilized to formulate the search algorithm .The proposed (WSA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the good performance of the proposed algorithm .
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch using Crow Search Algorithm IJECEIAES
The optimal reactive power dispatch is a kind of optimization problem that plays a very important role in the operation and control of the power system. This work presents a meta-heuristic based approach to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The proposed approach employs Crow Search algorithm to find the values for optimal setting of optimal reactive power dispatch control variables. The proposed way of approach is scrutinized and further being tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus, 57-bus and 118-bus test system with different objectives which includes the minimization of real power losses, total voltage deviation and also the enhancement of voltage stability. The simulation results procured thus indicates the supremacy of the proposed approach over the other approaches cited in the literature.
Hysteresis Current Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Six Pulse Ac/D...IJERA Editor
In this paper the simulation of Shunt Active power Filter using P-Q theory and PI controller has been presented. This SAPF compensates the harmonic currents drawn by three phase six pulse AC/DC converter. The process of compensation is done by calculating the instantaneous reactive power losses using p-q theory and the PI controller to reduce the ripple voltage of the dc capacitor of the PWM-VSI. This approach is different from conventional approach and provides very effective solution. In this simulation we use hysteresis band current controller (HCC) for switching the VSI inverter. The simulation has been done for both steady state and transient conditions.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Hybrid Quantum Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm For Solving Opti...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents hybrid particle swarm algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. In this paper, a framework of hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, called Hybrid quantum genetic particle swarm optimization (HQGPSO), is proposed by reasonably combining the Q-bit evolutionary search of quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm and binary bit evolutionary search of genetic particle swarm optimization (GPSO) in order to achieve better optimization performances. The proposed HQGPSO also can be viewed as a kind of hybridization of micro-space based search and macro-space based search, which enriches the searching behavior to enhance and balance the exploration and exploitation abilities in the whole searching space. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms.
Keywords: quantum particle swarm optimization, genetic particle swarm optimization, hybrid algorithm Optimization, Swarm Intelligence, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Improved Spider Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problempaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paperimproved spider algorithm (ISA) is projected to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) Problem. Stimulated by the societal spiders, we suggest a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA) to solve ORPD problem. The structure is chiefly based on the foraging approach of social spiders, which make use of the vibrations spread over the spider web to decide the position of preys. The simulation results demonstrate high-quality performance of ISA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The projected algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other specified algorithms. Results show that ISA is more efficient than other algorithms to reduce the real power loss and to enhance the voltage profile index.
This paper presents a cuckoo search (CS) algorithm for determining the global maximum power point (GMPP) tracking of photovoltaic (PV) under partial shading conditions (PSC). The conventional methods are fail to track the GMPP under PSC, which decrease the reliability of the power system and increase the system losses. The performance of the CS algorithm is compared with perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for different cases of operations of PV panels under PSC. The CS algorithm used in this work to control directly the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter without proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The proposed CS model can track the GMPP very accurate with high efficiency in less time under different conditions as well as in PSC.
Optimal siting and sizing of unified power flow controller using sensitivity...IJECEIAES
This paper presents Sensitivity constrained placement of unified power flow controller (UPFC) considering active-power flow sensitive index (APFSI) and static voltage stability index (STATIC-VSI) to minimize active-power losses and to improve power transmission capacity. The sensitive factors are derived with respect to voltage, phase angle and current to formulate APFSI. Transmission line impedance parameters along with active and reactivepower flow measurements are considered to formulate static-VSI. Sensitivity constrained differential evolutionary (SCDE) algorithm is proposed for parameter setting through which power control and minimization of losses in system can be achieved. Testing is performed on IEEE-5, 14 and 30-bus networks in MATLAB and results indicate that SCDE is robust optimization technique compared to conventional method and genetic algorithm (GA).
Firefly Algorithm based Optimal Reactive Power Flowijceronline
The optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) helps to effectively utilize the existing reactive power sources for minimizing the network loss. Firefly Algorithm (FA), inspired by social flashing behavior of fireflies, is one of the evolutionary computing models for solving multimodal optimization problems. This paper attempts to obtain global best solution of ORPF using FA. The results of IEEE 57 bus system are presented to demonstrate its performance.
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FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PROBLEM
1. International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS), ISSN 2350-1049
Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp: (7-16), Month: July 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 7
Paper Publications
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PROBLEM
1K. Lenin, 2Dr.B.Ravindhranath Reddy
1Research Scholar, 2Deputy Executive Engineer,
1,2Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kukatpally,Hyderabad 500 085, India.
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system reliability is related to security, and safety criteria refer to continuity of service, stability of frequency and specified voltage limits. Main task is to maintain the voltage profiles within the limits for that the injection and removal of reactive power has great influence. The accurate management of reactive power resources is one of the main ways for the safe operation of transmission systems. The poor management of reactive power sources confines the active power transmission, which can cause unmanageable lows of voltage and tension fall down in the load buses. Optimal reactive power dispatch in power system is subject to reservations at least in the best case to uncertainty parameters given in the demand and the availability equivalent of shunt reactive power compensators. Optimal reactive power dispatch is a key factor for the operation and control of power systems, and should be carried out properly so that system reliability is not affected.The gradient method [1, 2], Newton method [3] and linear programming [4-7] suffer from the difficulty of handling the inequality constraints. Recently Global Optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms have been proposed to solve the reactive power flow problem [8.9]. In recent years, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has become a major concern in power system planning and operation. This paper formulate the reactive power dispatch as a multi-objective optimization problem with real power loss minimization and maximization of static voltage stability margin (SVSM) as the objectives. Voltage stability evaluation using modal analysis [10] is used as the indicator of voltage stability. The meta-heuristic algorithms have impressive features that differs them from the gradient based methods. In the field of structural optimization, genetic algorithms (GA) [11-12], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [13- 14] and Ant colony optimization (ACO) [15-16] are the most admired algorithms used to solve various optimization problems. Flowering plant [17] has been evolving for at least more than million of million years. It is approximate that there are over a section of a million types of flowering plants in Nature and that about 90% of all plant species are flowering species. In this paper the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is used to solve the optimal reactive power problem. The performance of FPA has been evaluated in standard IEEE 30 bus test system and the simulation results shows that our proposed method outperforms all approaches investigated in this paper.
2. International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS), ISSN 2350-1049
Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp: (7-16), Month: July 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 8
Paper Publications
II. VOLTAGE STABILITY EVALUATION
A) Modal Analysis For Voltage Stability Evaluation
Modal analysis is one among best methods for voltage stability enhancement in power systems. The linearized steady state system power flow equations are given by.
[ ] [ ] (1)
Where
ΔP = Incremental change in bus real power.
ΔQ = Incremental change in bus reactive
Power injection
Δ = incremental change in bus voltage angle.
ΔV = Incremental change in bus voltage Magnitude
Jp , J PV , J Q , J QV jacobian matrix are the sub-matrixes of the System voltage stability is affected by both P and Q. However at each operating point we keep P constant and evaluate voltage stability by considering incremental relationship between Q and V.
To reduce (1), let ΔP = 0 , then.
[ ] (2)
(3)
Where
( ) (4)
is called the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.
B) Modes Of Voltage Instability
Voltage Stability characteristics of the system can be known by computing the Eigen values and Eigen vectors
Let
(5)
Where,
= right eigenvector matrix of JR
= left eigenvector matrix of JR
∧ = diagonal Eigen value matrix of JR and
(6)
From (3) and (6), we have
(7)
or
Σ (8)
Where i is the ith column right Eigen vector and the ith row left eigenvector of JR.
i is the ith eigen value of JR.
The ith modal reactive power variation is,
(9)
where,
Σ (10)
Where
3. International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS), ISSN 2350-1049
Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp: (7-16), Month: July 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 9
Paper Publications
ji is the jth element of i
The corresponding ith modal voltage variation is
[ ⁄] (11)
In (8), let ΔQ = ek where ek has all its elements zero except the kth one being 1. Then,
Σ (12)
k th element of
V –Q sensitivity at bus k
Σ Σ (13)
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The objectives of the reactive power dispatch problem is to minimize the system real power loss and maximize the static voltage stability margins (SVSM) index.
Minimization of Real Power Loss
It is aimed in this objective that minimizing of the real power loss (Ploss) in transmission lines of a power system. This is mathematically stated as follows.
Σ (14)
Where n is the number of transmission lines, gk is the conductance of branch k, Vi and Vj are voltage magnitude at bus i and bus j, and ij is the voltage angle difference between bus i and bus j.
Minimization of Voltage Deviation
The objective of minimizing the Deviations in voltage magnitudes (VD) at load buses is mathematically stated as follows.
Minimize VD = Σ| | (15)
Where nl is the number of load busses and Vk is the voltage magnitude at bus k.
System Constraints
Objective functions are subjected to these constraints shown below.
Load flow equality constraints:
– Σ [ ] (16) Σ [ ]
(17)
where, nb is the number of buses, PG and QG are the real and reactive power of the generator, PD and QD are the real and reactive load of the generator, and Gij and Bij are the mutual conductance and susceptance between bus i and bus j.
Generator bus voltage (VGi) inequality constraint:
(18)
Load bus voltage (VLi) inequality constraint:
(19)
Switchable reactive power compensations (QCi) inequality constraint:
(20)
Reactive power generation (QGi) inequality constraint:
(21)
Transformers tap setting (Ti) inequality constraint:
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(22)
Transmission line flow (SLi) inequality constraint:
(23)
Where, nc, ng and nt are numbers of the switchable reactive power sources, generators and transformers.
IV. NATURE-INSPIRED FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM
The flower reproduction is ultimately through pollination. Flower pollination is connected with the transfer of pollen, and such transfer of pollen is related with pollinators such as insects, birds, animals etc. some type of flowers depend only on specific type of insects or birds for successful pollination. Two main forms of pollination are A-biotic and biotic pollination. 90% of flowering plants are belonging to biotic pollination process. That is, the way of transferring the pollen through insects and animals. 10% of pollination takes A-biotic method, which doesn‟t need any pollinators. Through Wind and diffusion help pollination of such flowering plants and a good example of A-biotic pollination is Grass [18, 19]. A good example of pollinator is Honey bees, and they have also developed the so-called flower constancy. These pollinators tend to visit exclusively only certain flower species and bypass other flower species. Such type of flower reliability may have evolutionary advantages because this will maximize the transfer of flower pollen .Such type of flower constancy may be advantageous for pollinators also , because they will be sure that nectar supply is available with their some degree of memory and minimum cost of learning, switching or exploring. Rather than focusing on some random, but potentially more satisfying on new flower species, and flower dependability may require minimum investment cost and more likely definite intake of nectar [20]. In the world of flowering plants, pollination can be achieved by self-pollination or crosspollination. Cross-pollination means the pollination can occur from pollen of a flower of a different plant, and self-pollination is the fertilization of one flower, such as peach flowers, from pollen of the same flower or different flowers of the same plant, which often occurs when there is no dependable pollinator existing. Biotic, crosspollination may occur at long distance, by the pollinators like bees, bats, birds and flies can fly a long distance. Bees and Birds may behave as Levy flight behaviour [21], with jump or fly distance steps obeying a Levy allotment. Flower fidelity can be considered as an increment step using the resemblance or difference of two flowers. The biological evolution point of view, the objective of the flower pollination is the survival of the fittest and the optimal reproduction of plants in terms of numbers as well as the largely fittest.
Flower Pollination Algorithm
Generally we use the following systems in FPA,
System 1. Biotic and cross-pollination has been treated as global pollination process, and pollen-carrying pollinators travel in a way which obeys Levy flights.
System 2. For local pollination, A- biotic and self-pollination has been utilized.
System 3. Pollinators such as insects can develop flower reliability, which is equivalent to a reproduction probability and it is proportional to the similarity of two flowers implicated.
System 4. The communication of local pollination and global pollination can be controlled by a control probability p [0, 1], with a slight bias towards local pollination.
System 1 and flower reliability can be represented mathematically as
(24)
Where is the pollen i or solution vector xi at iteration t, and is the current best solution found among all solutions at the current generation/iteration. Here γ is a scaling factor to control the step size. L( ) is the parameter that corresponds to the strength of the pollination, which essentially is also the step size. Since insects may move over a long distance with various distance steps, we can use a Levy flight to mimic this characteristic efficiently. We draw L > 0 from a Levy distribution
( ) (25)
Here, Γ( ) is the standard gamma function, and this distribution is valid for large steps s > 0.
Then, to model the local pollination, for both system 2 and system 3 can be represented as
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( ) (26)
Where and are pollen from different flowers of the same plant species. This essentially mimics the flower reliability in a limited neighbourhood. Mathematically, if and comes from the same species or selected from the same population, this equivalently becomes a local random walk if we draw from a uniform distribution in [0,1]. Though Flower pollination performance can occur at all balance, local and global, neighbouring flower patch or flowers in the not-so-far-away neighbourhood are more likely to be pollinated by local flower pollen than those far away. In order to mimic this, we can effectively use a control probability (system 4) or proximity probability p to switch between common global pollination to intensive local pollination. To start with, we can use a raw value of p = 0.8 as an initially value.
The simplest method is to use a weighted sum to combine all multiple objectives into a composite single objective Σ Σ
Where m is the number of objectives and wi(i = 1, ...,m) are non-negative weights.
FP Algorithm for solving optimal reactive power optimization
Step 1. Objective min of (x), x = (x1, x2, ..., xd)
Step 2. Initialize a population of n flowers
Step 3. Find the best solution in the initial population
Step 4. Define a control probability p [0, 1]
Step5. Define a stopping criterion (a fixed number of generations/iterations)
Step6. while (t < Max Generation)
Step6. for i = 1 : n (all n flowers in the population)
Step7. if rand < p,
Step8. Draw a (d-dimensional) step vector L which obeys a Levy distribution Global pollination through
o else
step9. Draw from a uniform distribution in [0,1]
step 10.Do local pollination through ( )
o end if
step10. Evaluate new solutions
step11. If new solutions are better, update them in the population
o end for
step12. Find the current best solution
o end while
Output - best solution has been found
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The validity of the proposed Algorithm technique is demonstrated on IEEE-30 bus system. The IEEE-30 bus system has 6 generator buses, 24 load buses and 41 transmission lines of which four branches are (6-9), (6-10) , (4-12) and (28-27) - are with the tap setting transformers. The lower voltage magnitude limits at all buses are 0.95 p.u. and the upper limits are 1.1 for all the PV buses and 1.05 p.u. for all the PQ buses and the reference bus. The simulation results has been presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 &4. And in the table 5 shows clearly that proposed algorithm efficiently reduces the real power losses when compared to other given algorithms. The optimal values of the control variables along with the minimum loss obtained are given in Table 1. Equivalent to this control variable setting, it was found that there are no limit violations in any of the state variables.
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TABLE 1. RESULTS OF FPA – ORPD OPTIMAL CONTROL VARIABLES
Control variables
Variable setting
V1
V2
V5
V8
V11
V13
T11
T12
T15
T36
Qc10
Qc12
Qc15
Qc17
Qc20
Qc23
Qc24
Qc29
Real power loss
SVSM
1.045
1.043
1.042
1.032
1.011
1.040
1.09
1.02
1.1
1.0
3
2
4
0
3
4
3
3
4.2445
0.2455
ORPD including voltage stability constraint problem was handled in this case as a multi-objective optimization problem where both power loss and maximum voltage stability margin of the system were optimized concurrently. Table 2 indicates the optimal values of these control variables. Also it is found that there are no limit violations of the state variables. It indicates the voltage stability index has increased from 0.2455 to 0.2472, an advance in the system voltage stability. To determine the voltage security of the system, contingency analysis was conducted using the control variable setting obtained in case 1 and case 2. The Eigen values equivalents to the four critical contingencies are given in Table 3. From this result it is observed that the Eigen value has been improved considerably for all contingencies in the second case.
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TABLE 2. RESULTS OF FPA -VOLTAGE STABILITY CONTROL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH OPTIMAL CONTROL VARIABLES
Control Variables
Variable Setting
V1
V2
V5
V8
V11
V13
T11
T12
T15
T36
Qc10
Qc12
Qc15
Qc17
Qc20
Qc23
Qc24
Qc29
Real power loss
SVSM
1.043
1.041
1.039
1.031
1.008
1.036
0.091
0.090
0.092
0.090
2
1
3
2
0
3
4
4
4.9901
0.2472
TABLE 3. VOLTAGE STABILITY UNDER CONTINGENCY STATE
Sl.No
Contigency
ORPD Setting
VSCRPD Setting
1
28-27
0.1400
0.1420
2
4-12
0.1648
0.1661
3
1-3
0.1774
0.1753
4
2-4
0.2022
0.2031
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VI. CONCLUSION
In this FPA algorithm is used to solve optimal reactive power dispatch problem by considering various generator constraints. The proposed method formulates reactive power dispatch problem as a mixed integer non-linear optimization problem and determines control strategy with continuous and discrete control variables such as generator bus voltage, reactive power generation of capacitor banks and on load tap changing transformer tap position. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been confirmed through its voltage stability evaluation by modal analysis and is effective at various instants following system contingencies. Also this method has a good performance for voltage stability Enhancement of large, complex power system networks. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on IEEE 30-bus system. Simulation results shows that Real power loss has been considerably reduced and voltage profile index within the specified limits.
VII. NOMENCLATURE
NB number of buses in the system
Ng number of generating units in the system
tk tap setting of transformer branch k
Psl real power generation at slack bus
Vi voltage magnitude at bus i
Pi,Qi real and reactive powers injected at bus i
Pgi,Qgi real and reactive power generations at bus i
Gij,Bij mutual conductance and susceptance between bus i and j
Gii,Bii self conductance and susceptance of bus i
ij voltage angle difference between bus i and j
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Author’s Biography:
K.Lenin has received his B.E., Degree, electrical and electronics engineering in 1999 from university of madras, Chennai, India and M.E., Degree in power systems in 2000 from Annamalai University, TamilNadu, India. Presently pursuing Ph.D., degree at JNTU, Hyderabad,India.
Bhumanapally. RavindhranathReddy, Born on 3rd September,1969. Got his B.Tech in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from the J.N.T.U. College of Engg., Anantapur in the year 1991. Completed his M.Tech in Energy Systems in IPGSR of J.N.T.University Hyderabad in the year 1997. Obtained his doctoral degree from JNTUA,Anantapur University in the field of Electrical Power Systems. Published 12 Research Papers and presently guiding 6 Ph.D. Scholars. He was specialized in Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Control Systems. His research interests include Simulation studies on Transients of different power system equipment.