Part of Management Process. How the management process evolved from the early years.
Many experts contributed for this evolution. I compiled the list and little bit history along with the theory developed by each contributor for this process.
Part of Management Process. How the management process evolved from the early years.
Many experts contributed for this evolution. I compiled the list and little bit history along with the theory developed by each contributor for this process.
MGT 201 Helpful Slides For Management Students Of Different Universities In Karachi And All Over Pakistan And World Historical Foundation Of Management
MGT 201 Helpful Slides For Management Students Of Different Universities In Karachi And All Over Pakistan And World Historical Foundation Of Management
Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)
Father of “Scientific Management.
attempted to define “the one best way” to perform every task through systematic study and other scientific methods.
believed that improved management practices lead to improved productivity.
Three areas of focus:
Task Performance
Supervision
Motivation
Scientific management incorporates basic expectations of management, including:
Development of work standards
Selection of workers
Training of workers
Support of workers
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Focusing on what leading database practitioners say are the most important aspects to database development, Modern Database Management presents sound pedagogy, and topics that are critical for the practical success of database professionals. The 12th Edition further facilitates learning with illustrations that clarify important concepts and new media resources that make some of the more challenging material more engaging. Also included are general updates and expanded material in the areas undergoing rapid change due to improved managerial practices, database design tools and methodologies, and database technology.
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3. CONTENTS
•INTRODUCTION!
•BASIC SCHEME OF PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY
PROCESS
•EVOLUTION?
•THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
•CLASSICAL APPROACH
•SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
•CONTRIBUTION’s FROM VARIOUS SCIENTIST’s
3
4. INTRODUCTION
A management system is the framework of processes and procedures
used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to
achieve its objectives.
It is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which
individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish their
selected tasks.
Management is all about ‘getting things done’
4
9. DEFINITION OF CLASSICAL
APPROACH
Classical Approach is the oldest formal
school of thought which began around
1900 and continued into the 1920s.
It is the theory of management that
focuses on the productivity, output and
efficiency of workers.
It seeks to maximize the benefits of
consumers and investors at consistent
and fair levels.
Classical Approach includes
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT,
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT &
BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT. 9
10. Focuses on the
individual worker’s
productivity
Focuses on the
functions of
management
Focuses on the
overall
organizational
system
CLASSICAL APPROACH10
12. Replacement of rule-of-thumb by science.
Scientific selection , training and placement of worker.
Cooperate with workers to ensure that the scientifically
developed methods are being followed.
Divide work equally between managers and workers so that the
managers apply scientific management principles to planning
the work & the workers actually perform the tasks.
SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES
12
13. Frederick Taylor
Contribution
The Scientific School of Man
Known as Father of Scientific
Management.
Published Principles of Scientific
Management.
Increased the Pay for Workers.
Organisational Productivity can be
increased by increasing efficiency of
the production process.
13
14. Criticism of Taylor’s
Contribution
The Consideration of the word ‘Scientific’ before
‘Management’ was criticized .
His principles were confined to Production
management.
His principles violates the Principles of Unity of
Command.
Trade unionists criticized Taylor’s Principles as the
means to exploit workers due to the reason that wages
were not increased in direct proportion to the increase
in productivity.
14
15. Henry Gantt
Contribution
The Scientific School of Man
Worked with F.W Taylor.
Modified Taylor’s Incentive System
when he worked independently.
Task and Bonus Plan.
Harmonius Cooperation between Labour
and Management.
Developed the Gantt’s Chart.
Stressed the need for Training.
15
16. Frank and Lillian
Gillberth’s
Contribution
The Scientific School of Man
Husband & Wife Team
Frank Gillberth - Known for Time and
Motion Studies.
Lillian Gillberth - An Industralist
psychologist , focused on ways of
promoting the individual workers’ welfare.
Scientific study may include the study
of Analysis and Synthesis.
16
19. Henry Fayol (1841-1925) was the major
contributor to administrative management
approach.
“FATHER OF MODERN MANAGEMENT”
• "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise,
to command, to coordinate and to control".
• - Henry Fayol
19
20. FAYOL’s PRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENT
1. Division of work
2. Authority and responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interest to
the common good
7. Remuneration of personnel
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps
20
22. BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
• A German sociologist and historian who
envisioned a system of management
• “a bureaucracy is a highly structured,
formalized and impersonal organization.”
MAX
WEBER
• Division of labor
• Hierarchy of positions
• Rules and Regulations
• Impersonality
• Employee selection and promotion
FIVE
FEATURES
22
26. Human Relation Movement
Elton Mayo (1880–1949) was an Australian
psychologist, sociologist, went to Harvard
University.
Spent most of his career at Harvard Business
School as Professor of Industrial Research.
Main focus was on the people working in an
organization.
Elton Mayo conducted a research activity in
Hawthorne Electric Plant in 1924 to research
effect of physical conditions on productivity called
as Hawthorne Studies.
26
27. Contributions of HRM
• A business organization is also a social
system.
• A worker does not work for money only.
• Employee-centric, democratic and
participative style of leadership is more
efficient.
• A worker’s production norm is set and
enforced by his group not by time and
motion study.
27
36. KEY CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM
APPROACH
SUBSYSTEM
SYNERGY
OPEN SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEM
SYSTEM BOUNDARY
FLOWS
FEEDBACK
36
37. Characteristics of system approach
• A system must have some specific components, units
or sub units.
• A Change in one system affects the other
subsystems.
• Every system is influenced by super system.
• All systems along their subsystem must have some
common objectives.
• A system is a goal-oriented.
• A system cannot survive in isolation.
37
41. – Functions of managers
remain same
– Functions of management
– core of good management
– Framework of management
– Principles of management
FEATURES
41
45. HOW IT WORKS
Emerging markets have
• lower per-capita incomes
• higher unemployment
• lower levels of business
• higher economic growth rates.
45
46. • Focus On Connecting Customers
• Selling Through Social Media
• Workplace Flexibility
Current trends
46
47. It includes :
Contributions Of Public Administrators
Contributions Of Business Managers
Contribution Of Behaviouralists
Contributions Of System Scientists
47
48. A number of scholars bring about increase efficiency in
government by means of personnel practices & better
management. Example- Woodrow Wilson, leading
apostle, sounded the call for efficient government.
Many public administrators have made major
contributions in personnel practices, planning etc.
48
49. Most significant contributions in the field of
management theory have been given by businessmen
including Taylor, Fayol and Barnard. Some of the
theories (writings) given by writers:
o Russell Rob in 1910, based on his business experience
defines “organization as a tool for the efficient
utilization of manpower and materials, a tool which has
been suited to the circumstances of each organization.”
49
50. o Sheldon in 1923 came up with The Philosophy Of
Management. Sheldon thought of management as
including determination of policy, coordination of
functions, the execution of policy & employment of
organization.
o Theory of Mooney and Reilley-
They combine the elements of an organization into a
logical pattern of principle, process, effect.
50
51. HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENT-
It was carried out by Mayo & Roethlisberger in
1927.They disclosed that attitude towards workers may
be more efficient & productive than such material
factors as illumination & even money.
Many sociologists such as Dubin, Selznick have
contributed through their works on groups, cultural
patterns & cooperation.
51
52. Some of the major contributors of system theory were
o Katz and Kahn in Social systems.
o Forrester in Industrial systems.
o Operation research contributions of Stafford Beer,
Churchman and his associates, Hertz.
o Norbert Wiener on developing & emphasizing feedback
theory.
52