This document discusses economic growth rate, poverty, and population density. It defines economic growth rate as the percentage change in a country's GDP from one period to another, with or without adjusting for inflation. It describes absolute and relative poverty, and notes that 40% of Pakistan's population lives below the poverty line. It provides population density calculations for Pakistan based on 1998 and 2014 census data, showing an increase from 166.3 people per square km to 236.96 people per square km.
Presentation by Dr. Bernadette Lahai, President, Pan African Alliance for Food Security
Restricted meeting of the Food Crisis Prevention Network - RPCA/Réunion restreinte du Réseau de prévention des crisis alimentaires - RPCA
10-12 April 2017, Paris/10-12 avril 2017, Paris
The document discusses how poverty is measured in the Philippines. It provides details on:
1) The official poverty line used by the Philippine government to determine if a person is considered poor based on their income.
2) Poverty incidence statistics from 2006 that show approximately 32.9% of Filipinos were living below the poverty line.
3) Perception-based measures from surveys that indicate a higher percentage of Filipinos self-rate as poor compared to official statistics.
This document summarizes poverty trends in Bangladesh based on various government reports and studies. It finds that while poverty has declined overall in Bangladesh since the 1990s, about 31.5% of the population still lives below the poverty line. Poverty is higher in rural areas and divisions outside of Dhaka have higher poverty rates. Factors perpetuating poverty include food inflation, unequal growth, income inequality, lack of education, natural disasters, and reliance on traditional agriculture with low productivity. Reducing poverty further requires more equitable income growth through job creation and modernizing the agricultural sector.
Using two survey rounds from IFPRI's Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS), IFPRI researchers from the Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategy Support Program (PRSSP) analyze poverty dynamics between 2011/12 and 2015, as well as offer policy considerations.
Poverty reduction trends and strategies in bangladeshMd. Abdul Awal.
This presentation discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It begins with defining poverty and outlining different approaches to measuring poverty, including headcount ratio, direct calorie intake, and cost of basic needs methods. It then reviews the historical background of poverty in Bangladesh and trends showing a decline in poverty rates from 48.9% in 2000 to 31.5% in 2010. Causes of poverty include slow economic growth, income inequality, lack of assets and employment. Strategies to reduce poverty focus on promoting growth, social safety nets, microfinance, and addressing climate change impacts.
The document discusses poverty from multiple dimensions including lack of access to food, shelter, health services, education, clean water and sanitation facilities. It notes that poverty is not just about low income but also human deprivations. It outlines the effects of poverty on children, women, education and sanitation. It provides statistics on poverty rates in India over time and discusses the evolution of the concept of minimum living standards in India through various committees and plans. It analyzes different strategies and programs adopted by the government to directly tackle poverty and ensure minimum living standards.
Is Measurement of Poverty Line a Futile ExerciseAoinla Pongen
The document discusses the history and evolution of poverty line measurement in India through various expert committees since 1962. It summarizes the approaches taken by different committees over time to estimate poverty lines, including using calorie intake requirements, consumption baskets, and cost of living indices. However, each approach has received criticism, such as ignoring price differences between states, not reflecting structural economic changes, or excluding public spending on health and education. While an imperfect exercise, establishing a poverty line remains essential for policymaking to help the poor.
This document discusses economic growth rate, poverty, and population density. It defines economic growth rate as the percentage change in a country's GDP from one period to another, with or without adjusting for inflation. It describes absolute and relative poverty, and notes that 40% of Pakistan's population lives below the poverty line. It provides population density calculations for Pakistan based on 1998 and 2014 census data, showing an increase from 166.3 people per square km to 236.96 people per square km.
Presentation by Dr. Bernadette Lahai, President, Pan African Alliance for Food Security
Restricted meeting of the Food Crisis Prevention Network - RPCA/Réunion restreinte du Réseau de prévention des crisis alimentaires - RPCA
10-12 April 2017, Paris/10-12 avril 2017, Paris
The document discusses how poverty is measured in the Philippines. It provides details on:
1) The official poverty line used by the Philippine government to determine if a person is considered poor based on their income.
2) Poverty incidence statistics from 2006 that show approximately 32.9% of Filipinos were living below the poverty line.
3) Perception-based measures from surveys that indicate a higher percentage of Filipinos self-rate as poor compared to official statistics.
This document summarizes poverty trends in Bangladesh based on various government reports and studies. It finds that while poverty has declined overall in Bangladesh since the 1990s, about 31.5% of the population still lives below the poverty line. Poverty is higher in rural areas and divisions outside of Dhaka have higher poverty rates. Factors perpetuating poverty include food inflation, unequal growth, income inequality, lack of education, natural disasters, and reliance on traditional agriculture with low productivity. Reducing poverty further requires more equitable income growth through job creation and modernizing the agricultural sector.
Using two survey rounds from IFPRI's Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS), IFPRI researchers from the Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategy Support Program (PRSSP) analyze poverty dynamics between 2011/12 and 2015, as well as offer policy considerations.
Poverty reduction trends and strategies in bangladeshMd. Abdul Awal.
This presentation discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It begins with defining poverty and outlining different approaches to measuring poverty, including headcount ratio, direct calorie intake, and cost of basic needs methods. It then reviews the historical background of poverty in Bangladesh and trends showing a decline in poverty rates from 48.9% in 2000 to 31.5% in 2010. Causes of poverty include slow economic growth, income inequality, lack of assets and employment. Strategies to reduce poverty focus on promoting growth, social safety nets, microfinance, and addressing climate change impacts.
The document discusses poverty from multiple dimensions including lack of access to food, shelter, health services, education, clean water and sanitation facilities. It notes that poverty is not just about low income but also human deprivations. It outlines the effects of poverty on children, women, education and sanitation. It provides statistics on poverty rates in India over time and discusses the evolution of the concept of minimum living standards in India through various committees and plans. It analyzes different strategies and programs adopted by the government to directly tackle poverty and ensure minimum living standards.
Is Measurement of Poverty Line a Futile ExerciseAoinla Pongen
The document discusses the history and evolution of poverty line measurement in India through various expert committees since 1962. It summarizes the approaches taken by different committees over time to estimate poverty lines, including using calorie intake requirements, consumption baskets, and cost of living indices. However, each approach has received criticism, such as ignoring price differences between states, not reflecting structural economic changes, or excluding public spending on health and education. While an imperfect exercise, establishing a poverty line remains essential for policymaking to help the poor.
This document discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It begins with definitions of poverty and provides an overview of Bangladesh's economy, noting growth but also political instability and inefficiency. It describes the predominantly rural population, with many rural poor living in remote areas lacking services and infrastructure. Causes of rural poverty include flooding, while urban poverty is caused by lack of employment and degraded living conditions. The document outlines steps for poverty alleviation, including improving economic trends, reducing regional variations in poverty rates, and increasing literacy.
Poverty In India(Its impact and solution)Shivam Pandey
Poverty is defined as lacking access to education, shelter, food, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Around 25% of India's population lives below the poverty line, with large state-by-state variations. High population growth, corruption, unemployment, and failure to implement government policies effectively all contribute to India's poverty issues. Poverty has wide-ranging impacts on health, hunger, disease burden, and lack of development. Proposed solutions include improving education, healthcare access, sanitation, and economic growth opportunities.
Poverty Problem of Bangladesh & It’s Solution.nanayem
This document discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It defines poverty and notes that Bangladesh has a high poverty rate due to its large population and small economy. The main causes of poverty in Bangladesh are overpopulation, illiteracy, lack of education, unemployment, natural disasters, and traditional agriculture. Effects of poverty include malnutrition, hunger, low literacy rates, homelessness, and increased disease. The document proposes ways to reduce poverty such as increasing education, employment, healthcare, and government participation in poverty evaluation and eradication.
This document summarizes Nuru's use of the Multidimensional Poverty Assessment Tool (MPAT) to measure poverty in Kenya. It conducted a baseline MPAT survey in 15 villages in 2011, then followed up in 2013. While 7 of the 10 components measured improved, indicating lower poverty, the results cannot necessarily be attributed to Nuru's programs due to lack of a comparison group. The MPAT provides a complementary measure to traditional monitoring and evaluation but not a replacement. Lessons included the importance of a comparison group for attribution of changes to an intervention.
The document discusses the challenges posed by rapid population growth in developing countries. It notes that population growth has outpaced increases in food production, leading to declining per capita food availability and high levels of malnutrition. Providing education for all children is also a challenge due to the need for more schools and classrooms. Rapid population growth places significant burdens on governments to provide adequate services and infrastructure for a growing population. This hinders environmental, economic, and social development. International agreements like the ICPD and MDG aimed to address these issues through programs focused on education, healthcare, gender equality and other development goals.
This document discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It defines poverty as having little wealth or material possessions. It outlines the dimensions of poverty, including income poverty, human poverty, and multidimensional poverty involving deprivation of essential capabilities. It then examines the concept and history of defining poverty on a global scale. The document provides statistics on Bangladesh's declining but still high poverty rates over time. It identifies poverty as an impediment to Bangladesh's development, relating it to issues like child malnutrition, lack of services in remote areas, and inadequate healthcare. Finally, it outlines Bangladesh's poverty reduction strategy of lowering poverty rates through sustainable social safety nets and achieving UN Millennium Development Goals.
Extreme poverty remains a challenge in Bangladesh despite reductions in overall poverty. The extreme poor have eroded assets, malnutrition, health issues, and exclusion from services. Standard poverty reduction strategies do not work for them due to assumptions about capacity and opportunities that do not apply. A new approach is needed that combines subsistence support, safety nets, health care, education to break intergenerational poverty cycles. Social protection including unconditional transfers is imperative for the most vulnerable. A pro-poor political settlement is needed to fund prevention, protection and promotion through expanded taxation.
Assignment on Poverty Alleviation in BangladeshRejul Khan
The document defines and discusses poverty from several perspectives. It notes that poverty involves lack of basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, involving deprivation of basic needs, or relative, defined based on economic inequality in a given location. The document also classifies poverty into income poverty, involving insufficient funds, and non-income poverty, where quality of life is poor despite some money due to lack of services and security. It provides statistics on poverty in Bangladesh, finding around 31% of the rural population suffers from chronic poverty with inadequate consumption and nutrition. The top reasons for poverty in Bangladesh are identified as rapid population growth and corruption among high-level officials.
The document discusses approaches to addressing ecological poverty in rural India through community-led sustainable development and natural resource management. It summarizes two case studies of successful watershed management initiatives in Jhabua and Hivre Bazar that regenerated local ecosystems, improved livelihoods and reduced poverty and migration through community participation and governance. Key lessons highlighted include making water conservation a priority, empowering local communities and institutions, and developing new development paradigms centered around access to natural resources.
The document summarizes the Global Hunger Index (GHI), which measures and tracks hunger globally using three indicators: undernourishment, child underweight, and child mortality. The GHI ranks countries on a 100-point scale based on these indicators. In 2012, 20 countries had alarming or extremely alarming hunger levels according to the GHI. While global hunger has declined since 1990 according to the GHI, it remains serious at a score of 14.7. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest hunger levels. The document also discusses how land, water, and energy scarcity pose challenges to ensuring sustainable food security.
A presentation by Dr. Benjamin Davis, Director, Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Poverty is a major issue in Bangladesh due to its large population and limited economic resources. Some key causes of poverty include rapid population growth, unequal land distribution, low wages, natural disasters, and lack of education. Poverty leads to issues like malnutrition, disease, lower quality of life, and increased crime. Reducing poverty will require efforts like improving education, empowering women, reducing unemployment and corruption, and ensuring local government participation in evaluation and alleviation programs.
2013 Global Hunger Index Launch -- The Callenge of Hunger "Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security" published by International Food Policy Research Insititute, Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe.
This document discusses various concepts and definitions related to poverty. It defines absolute poverty as having income less than $2 per day, while relative poverty compares one's economic status to others in the society. Both concepts fail to consider non-income aspects of poverty. Other definitions discussed include income poverty, extreme poverty of less than $1 per day, and India's poverty lines. Causes and impacts of poverty are also outlined. Various poverty indices like the Human Poverty Index and Global Hunger Index are explained. Strategies to address hidden hunger and malnutrition are provided.
Structural change in agriculture, food and nutritionExternalEvents
This document summarizes structural changes occurring in Africa's agriculture, food systems, nutrition landscapes and their implications for trade and policy. It finds that unlike other regions, Africa's rural population continues to rapidly grow despite urbanization, more workers remain in agriculture with lower productivity, and child stunting rates remain higher at all income levels, though are declining. It also discusses Africa's unique demographic challenges and need for faster agricultural productivity growth in rural areas to reduce poverty. Comparing Africa to other regions reveals implications for policies around trade, nutrition, and public investment in agriculture.
The document is a progress chart assessing progress towards goals and targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) across various world regions. It shows the status of indicators related to reducing poverty, improving health and education, and increasing sustainability through 2015. For each development indicator, the chart assigns a qualitative assessment and color code to indicate the degree of compliance with the target in different geographic regions.
MAYO Communications is a woman-owned public relations firm founded in 1995. It has offices in Los Angeles, San Diego, and New York. The firm specializes in crisis communications, media relations, and social media strategies. It has won several awards for its media placements and corporate communications work. The firm has 12 contractors and is led by President Aida Mayo and General Manager George McQuade, who have extensive experience in public relations, media, and government affairs.
This study examines the relationship between children's diet diversity and household agricultural production diversity in Ethiopia using a large survey dataset. The study finds a strong causal relationship between what households produce and children's diets, rejecting the idea that consumption and production decisions are separable. However, this relationship does not hold for households with good access to markets. The study concludes that agricultural interventions should aim to increase productivity, market integration, and nutrition knowledge to improve children's diets rather than simply encouraging more diverse household production.
Nous partageons ici quelques idées qui nous sont chères sur le futur des Marques et sur notre conviction de l’essor mondial des Marques chinoises dans notre monde occidental.
This document discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It begins with definitions of poverty and provides an overview of Bangladesh's economy, noting growth but also political instability and inefficiency. It describes the predominantly rural population, with many rural poor living in remote areas lacking services and infrastructure. Causes of rural poverty include flooding, while urban poverty is caused by lack of employment and degraded living conditions. The document outlines steps for poverty alleviation, including improving economic trends, reducing regional variations in poverty rates, and increasing literacy.
Poverty In India(Its impact and solution)Shivam Pandey
Poverty is defined as lacking access to education, shelter, food, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Around 25% of India's population lives below the poverty line, with large state-by-state variations. High population growth, corruption, unemployment, and failure to implement government policies effectively all contribute to India's poverty issues. Poverty has wide-ranging impacts on health, hunger, disease burden, and lack of development. Proposed solutions include improving education, healthcare access, sanitation, and economic growth opportunities.
Poverty Problem of Bangladesh & It’s Solution.nanayem
This document discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It defines poverty and notes that Bangladesh has a high poverty rate due to its large population and small economy. The main causes of poverty in Bangladesh are overpopulation, illiteracy, lack of education, unemployment, natural disasters, and traditional agriculture. Effects of poverty include malnutrition, hunger, low literacy rates, homelessness, and increased disease. The document proposes ways to reduce poverty such as increasing education, employment, healthcare, and government participation in poverty evaluation and eradication.
This document summarizes Nuru's use of the Multidimensional Poverty Assessment Tool (MPAT) to measure poverty in Kenya. It conducted a baseline MPAT survey in 15 villages in 2011, then followed up in 2013. While 7 of the 10 components measured improved, indicating lower poverty, the results cannot necessarily be attributed to Nuru's programs due to lack of a comparison group. The MPAT provides a complementary measure to traditional monitoring and evaluation but not a replacement. Lessons included the importance of a comparison group for attribution of changes to an intervention.
The document discusses the challenges posed by rapid population growth in developing countries. It notes that population growth has outpaced increases in food production, leading to declining per capita food availability and high levels of malnutrition. Providing education for all children is also a challenge due to the need for more schools and classrooms. Rapid population growth places significant burdens on governments to provide adequate services and infrastructure for a growing population. This hinders environmental, economic, and social development. International agreements like the ICPD and MDG aimed to address these issues through programs focused on education, healthcare, gender equality and other development goals.
This document discusses poverty in Bangladesh. It defines poverty as having little wealth or material possessions. It outlines the dimensions of poverty, including income poverty, human poverty, and multidimensional poverty involving deprivation of essential capabilities. It then examines the concept and history of defining poverty on a global scale. The document provides statistics on Bangladesh's declining but still high poverty rates over time. It identifies poverty as an impediment to Bangladesh's development, relating it to issues like child malnutrition, lack of services in remote areas, and inadequate healthcare. Finally, it outlines Bangladesh's poverty reduction strategy of lowering poverty rates through sustainable social safety nets and achieving UN Millennium Development Goals.
Extreme poverty remains a challenge in Bangladesh despite reductions in overall poverty. The extreme poor have eroded assets, malnutrition, health issues, and exclusion from services. Standard poverty reduction strategies do not work for them due to assumptions about capacity and opportunities that do not apply. A new approach is needed that combines subsistence support, safety nets, health care, education to break intergenerational poverty cycles. Social protection including unconditional transfers is imperative for the most vulnerable. A pro-poor political settlement is needed to fund prevention, protection and promotion through expanded taxation.
Assignment on Poverty Alleviation in BangladeshRejul Khan
The document defines and discusses poverty from several perspectives. It notes that poverty involves lack of basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, involving deprivation of basic needs, or relative, defined based on economic inequality in a given location. The document also classifies poverty into income poverty, involving insufficient funds, and non-income poverty, where quality of life is poor despite some money due to lack of services and security. It provides statistics on poverty in Bangladesh, finding around 31% of the rural population suffers from chronic poverty with inadequate consumption and nutrition. The top reasons for poverty in Bangladesh are identified as rapid population growth and corruption among high-level officials.
The document discusses approaches to addressing ecological poverty in rural India through community-led sustainable development and natural resource management. It summarizes two case studies of successful watershed management initiatives in Jhabua and Hivre Bazar that regenerated local ecosystems, improved livelihoods and reduced poverty and migration through community participation and governance. Key lessons highlighted include making water conservation a priority, empowering local communities and institutions, and developing new development paradigms centered around access to natural resources.
The document summarizes the Global Hunger Index (GHI), which measures and tracks hunger globally using three indicators: undernourishment, child underweight, and child mortality. The GHI ranks countries on a 100-point scale based on these indicators. In 2012, 20 countries had alarming or extremely alarming hunger levels according to the GHI. While global hunger has declined since 1990 according to the GHI, it remains serious at a score of 14.7. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest hunger levels. The document also discusses how land, water, and energy scarcity pose challenges to ensuring sustainable food security.
A presentation by Dr. Benjamin Davis, Director, Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Poverty is a major issue in Bangladesh due to its large population and limited economic resources. Some key causes of poverty include rapid population growth, unequal land distribution, low wages, natural disasters, and lack of education. Poverty leads to issues like malnutrition, disease, lower quality of life, and increased crime. Reducing poverty will require efforts like improving education, empowering women, reducing unemployment and corruption, and ensuring local government participation in evaluation and alleviation programs.
2013 Global Hunger Index Launch -- The Callenge of Hunger "Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security" published by International Food Policy Research Insititute, Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe.
This document discusses various concepts and definitions related to poverty. It defines absolute poverty as having income less than $2 per day, while relative poverty compares one's economic status to others in the society. Both concepts fail to consider non-income aspects of poverty. Other definitions discussed include income poverty, extreme poverty of less than $1 per day, and India's poverty lines. Causes and impacts of poverty are also outlined. Various poverty indices like the Human Poverty Index and Global Hunger Index are explained. Strategies to address hidden hunger and malnutrition are provided.
Structural change in agriculture, food and nutritionExternalEvents
This document summarizes structural changes occurring in Africa's agriculture, food systems, nutrition landscapes and their implications for trade and policy. It finds that unlike other regions, Africa's rural population continues to rapidly grow despite urbanization, more workers remain in agriculture with lower productivity, and child stunting rates remain higher at all income levels, though are declining. It also discusses Africa's unique demographic challenges and need for faster agricultural productivity growth in rural areas to reduce poverty. Comparing Africa to other regions reveals implications for policies around trade, nutrition, and public investment in agriculture.
The document is a progress chart assessing progress towards goals and targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) across various world regions. It shows the status of indicators related to reducing poverty, improving health and education, and increasing sustainability through 2015. For each development indicator, the chart assigns a qualitative assessment and color code to indicate the degree of compliance with the target in different geographic regions.
MAYO Communications is a woman-owned public relations firm founded in 1995. It has offices in Los Angeles, San Diego, and New York. The firm specializes in crisis communications, media relations, and social media strategies. It has won several awards for its media placements and corporate communications work. The firm has 12 contractors and is led by President Aida Mayo and General Manager George McQuade, who have extensive experience in public relations, media, and government affairs.
This study examines the relationship between children's diet diversity and household agricultural production diversity in Ethiopia using a large survey dataset. The study finds a strong causal relationship between what households produce and children's diets, rejecting the idea that consumption and production decisions are separable. However, this relationship does not hold for households with good access to markets. The study concludes that agricultural interventions should aim to increase productivity, market integration, and nutrition knowledge to improve children's diets rather than simply encouraging more diverse household production.
Nous partageons ici quelques idées qui nous sont chères sur le futur des Marques et sur notre conviction de l’essor mondial des Marques chinoises dans notre monde occidental.
Grain Markets and Large Social Transfers:An Analysis of Productive Safety Net...essp2
1. The document analyzes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), which provides social transfers to poor households through public works programs and direct support.
2. It examines whether the PSNP is linked to unusual grain price trends in Ethiopia from 2004-2007, which saw declining food aid imports and increasing cereal production.
3. The analysis focuses on how the form of transfers (cash vs. food) and market integration affect prices in PSNP and non-PSNP areas. Food transfers may lower local prices while cash could raise prices, integrating some markets and increasing price differences between areas.
This document summarizes a study that assesses vulnerability to poverty among rural households in Oromiya, Ethiopia. The study uses secondary data from 2004/05 surveys to examine the extent and determinants of vulnerability. An estimate shows that 17.93% of non-poor households are highly vulnerable, with a mean vulnerability of 0.62. Logistic regression finds that larger household size and an illiterate head significantly increase the probability of vulnerability. The study concludes that poverty reduction strategies need both ex-ante measures to prevent vulnerability as well as ex-post measures to alleviate existing poverty.
Housing: Opportunity, Security, and Empowerment for the Pooridspak
This document discusses housing as an important dimension of poverty reduction in Pakistan. It makes several key points:
1) Housing is a fundamental human need that provides security, but rapid urbanization and population growth have resulted in a shortage of over 4 million housing units in Pakistan, forcing many to live in slums.
2) Adequate housing ensures opportunity, security, and empowerment, which are key pillars for reducing poverty. Inadequate housing creates insecurity and disempowerment among the poor.
3) The number of households is growing faster than the population in most countries due to decreasing household sizes. This increases the demand for housing, posing challenges for housing supply especially in urban areas of developing nations
Issues Faced by People Living Below Poverty Linesonal bisht
Poverty is one of India's most pressing problems. A person is considered in poverty if they cannot afford basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter. Poverty is caused by factors like exploitation of workers, increasing populations, unfavorable geographic and economic conditions, individual incapacity, uneven distribution of wealth, outdated agricultural practices, insufficient industrialization, over-reliance on agriculture, and poor economic planning. Living in poverty means being deprived of basic facilities and often not having access to regular meals.
This document discusses the history and causes of famine in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia has experienced frequent famines throughout history, with some of the most severe occurring in the late 19th century. Recurrent drought has contributed to food insecurity issues, affecting millions of people. Key groups vulnerable to famine include the landless, elderly, female-headed households, and pastoralists. The main causes of food insecurity are inadequate and variable rainfall, soil degradation, conflict, lack of infrastructure, high population growth, and poor health and nutrition.
The document discusses food insecurity and famine in Ethiopia. It defines famine and provides a history of famines in Ethiopia, noting that severe famines have occurred every few decades. It identifies the major causes of food insecurity as inadequate and variable rainfall, soil degradation, conflict, poor infrastructure, health and nutrition issues, and high population growth. The food security strategy of Ethiopia aims to increase domestic food production through irrigation, conservation agriculture, and livestock development, while also ensuring access to food through micro-enterprises, improved marketing, safety nets, and disaster response.
This document discusses various methods used to measure poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. It defines absolute poverty as the minimal requirements for food, clothing, shelter, etc., while relative poverty compares standard of living to the average in a society. Absolute measures discussed include poverty lines for food and non-food costs, as well as the national poverty line. The document also examines the human poverty index and criticisms of poverty lines. Relative poverty is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, which indicate inequality in household income distribution. Other indexes used by the World Bank to measure poverty are also listed.
The study specifically aims to review the status and determinants of poverty in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is amongst the poorest countries in the world, with a very low human-development ranking, or 174th out of 188 countries. About 23 million Ethiopians live in conditions substantially below the basic poverty line and food insecurity remains a major challenge. It is mostly a rural phenomenon, as the shares of the population below the poverty line in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. Over the past fifteen years, the headcount poverty rate declined by about 93 percent from 45.5 percent in 2000 to 23.5 percent in 2016. Between 2010/11 and 2015/16 about 5.3 million people are lifted out of poverty. Poverty gap and poverty severity indices have respectively declined from 10.1 percent and 3.9 percent in 2000 to 3.7 percent and 1.4 percent in 2016. Lack of asset/skill, backward attitude of people towards work, lack of income results in reduction of expenditure pattern, poor health leads to being unproductive, absence from work, less energetic, lack of education results in lack of skill, helplessness are the major factors of poverty. The empirical findings suggest that special attention should be given to improving crop and livestock market, veterinary services, health services, agricultural technologies and creation of awareness on family planning. Interventions like capacity building, agricultural research, agricultural marketing as well as infrastructures that enhance nonfarm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed to reduce poverty prevalence in the country.
This document provides information on population concepts including population size, growth, change, density, structure, and distribution. Some key points:
- Population refers to the total number of people living in a specific geographical area at a given time. Tanzania's population as of the 2002 census was 36 million.
- Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. It can also be influenced by immigration and emigration.
- Population change means an increase or decrease in population over time, influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
- Population structure looks at how a population is divided based on attributes like age, sex, education level, and occupation. This provides data on
Economics: Poverty, Inequality & Development Lilliene Alleje
The document discusses various methods for measuring poverty and inequality, including Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index. It also examines the relationship between economic growth, inequality, and poverty reduction. Key growth typologies include traditional sector enrichment, modern sector enrichment, and modern sector enlargement. While growth may initially worsen inequality according to Kuznet's hypothesis, policies like progressive taxation, asset redistribution, and direct transfers can help address poverty and inequality.
This document summarizes Zimbabwe's experience with measuring poverty and incorporating a gender perspective. It discusses Zimbabwe's current economic challenges including high inflation and declining industries. It then describes the Poverty Assessment Study Surveys that were conducted in 1995 and 2003 to measure poverty levels. These surveys collected extensive data on households, including demographics, education, health, employment, and more. The analysis found that poverty was highest in female-headed households and rural areas. It also produced reports on the gender dimensions of poverty, which found that poverty prevalence was highest for widowed women and de-facto female-headed households. The surveys provided valuable data to inform policies around poverty reduction and development in Zimbabwe.
Lesson 5 (poverty level & human resources)holycrackers
The document discusses poverty levels in Asia by analyzing factors like population growth, health indicators, literacy rates, employment, GDP, education, migration, and more. It recognizes that poverty is not solely economic and also involves issues like lack of basic needs, exploitation, discrimination, lack of opportunities and power. Nearly half the world's population, around 2.8-3 billion people, live in conditions of severe poverty, especially in Asia and Africa.
Wide Open Spaces: Schooling in Rural America TodayJeremy Knight
Rural communities and schools face many challenges but also have significant assets. While rural areas on average have higher poverty rates and lower incomes and education levels than urban areas, there is great diversity among rural communities. Some rural areas, particularly in parts of the Midwest and Great Plains, have higher rates of economic mobility than urban areas. Rural schools have common challenges like declining enrollment and transportation issues but vary widely. Overall, focusing only on challenges overlooks the strengths of rural communities, including strong social networks, civic engagement, and local commitment that can help drive meaningful change.
This chapter discusses poverty in India, which remains one of its most significant challenges. It defines poverty, outlines its key indicators and dimensions. Poverty trends within India and globally are examined, showing a decline in poverty rates over time in most regions. However, absolute numbers of poor people still remain high in many areas. Vulnerable groups with higher poverty rates are also identified. The chapter evaluates government anti-poverty programs and debates limitations of the official definition of poverty, arguing for a more holistic conceptualization.
Poverty, food prices, and dietary choices in MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
This document discusses poverty and food prices in Malawi. While Malawi experienced strong agricultural growth, rural poverty declined less than estimated due to regional differences in prices and consumption. Accounting for these differences shows a larger decline in rural poverty. Food prices increased more in rural areas, but households were still able to consume more food and increase other spending. However, while calorie access increased, micronutrient deficiencies like iron and vitamin A remained problems, especially in rural areas. Consumption shifted toward more expensive foods among poorer households in response to relative price changes.
This study analyzed factors contributing to poverty reduction in Ethiopia between 1995/96 and 2004/05 using survey data. It found:
1) National poverty declined over this period, especially in rural areas, with improvements in average consumption expenditures, asset ownership, education levels, and household size.
2) Non-linear decomposition analysis showed that asset ownership, education, and having productive household members contributed most to the probability of exiting poverty.
3) Slight regional convergence occurred in some areas, but the Southern region showed continued divergence from the capital region in terms of poverty levels.
4) Education, particularly completing secondary school, saw a significant statistical difference over the time period and positively impacted poverty reduction.
There are three main groups of homeless people: those without housing, those in constant poverty moving frequently, and those who lost housing due to sudden circumstances. Homelessness is caused by both structural factors like changes in housing and job markets as well as personal factors like victimization, mental illness, and low education. A shortage of affordable housing and lack of health insurance exacerbate homelessness. Over 3.5 million people experience homelessness annually in the US, including 1.35 million children, and resources are inadequate to meet the high demand for shelter.
This document provides facts and information about global poverty. Some key points:
- Over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 per day. Poverty causes millions of child deaths annually from preventable issues like malnutrition.
- The major causes of poverty include lack of access to healthcare, education, water and sanitation. Poverty disproportionately impacts women and children.
- Rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, unemployment and lack of economic development are cited as leading causes of poverty. Poverty reduction strategies focus on increasing access to basic needs, income generation opportunities, and reversing factors like "brain drain".
1) The document discusses the causes, consequences, and measures to address population explosion. Some key causes mentioned are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy.
2) Consequences of population explosion include overexploitation of natural resources, increased urbanization and industrialization leading to more slums, and shrinking agricultural land.
3) Measures taken in India to address population growth include education initiatives and improving standards of living to help stabilize population growth over time. Addressing issues like poverty and illiteracy are seen as important ways to influence population trends.
Population explosion causes and its consequencesSrinivas Gajjela
1) High population growth is caused by high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing lifespans. 2) The consequences of overpopulation include overexploitation of natural resources, increased environmental pollution, and more poverty and malnutrition. 3) India has implemented measures like family planning programs since 1952 to promote smaller families and control population growth through education, contraceptive distribution, and voluntary sterilization programs.
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
1) The study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on food marketing margins in Ethiopia using phone surveys of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers conducted in February 2020 and May 2020.
2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopia’s livestock sector essp2
1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security in Ethiopia – An Interim Analysisessp2
This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopia’s agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
This document summarizes research on the affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia. It finds that between 2001 and 2017, the cost of the least expensive diet providing adequate calories and nutrients for an adult woman increased 67% from $0.91 to $1.52. While real prices of some staple foods have decreased in recent years, prices of nutrient-rich foods like dairy, eggs, and meat have increased substantially. However, overall affordability has improved due to rising incomes. Still, ensuring adequate supply of nutritious foods is important to keep their prices low.
The EAT Lancet Publication: Implications for Nutrition Health and Planetessp2
The document discusses a publication by the EAT-Lancet Commission that aimed to define global scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems. It established a reference diet of 2500 calories per day consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and limited red meat and sugar. Current diets vary widely from this target. The commission also set planetary boundaries related to greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and nutrient flows to define a safe operating space for food production. Global modeling was used to identify combinations of measures needed to meet dietary targets sustainably by 2050, such as shifting diets, reducing food waste, and improving agricultural practices.
Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
1. Evolution of Wellbeing in Ethiopia By Ibrahim Worku Hassan International Food Policy Research Institute-Ethiopian Strategy support Program II March 30, 2011
4. Literature Benerjee and Duflo (2006) made cross country comparison on the wellbeing of rural and urban poor households The authors describe sources of income and consumption behaviors of the poor Also focus on: what they call ‘apparent anomalous choices’ that the poor made * significant potion of the poor, both in Urban & Rural area, own Land: Tanzania, India - Udaipur and Panama Television : Nicaragua, Panama, Indonesia, Cote d'Ivoire Radio: South Africa, Nicaragua, Peru * consumption observed irregularity in the consumption behavior of the poor which is beyond expectation
8. Assets – radios, bicycles, mobile phones Show increment In this study: the analysis extends to poor non/poor classification for national and urban -rural clusters; It also includes some additional dimensions in each section
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11. 1) Household size Average household size continually declines across the 5 expenditure quintile groups the poorest section mean household size increases for both urban and rural group urban population mean hhsize declined for the remaining 4 quintiles, rural people of the 3rd, 4th and 5th quintile group mean hh size also show a declining pattern
12. 2) Expenditure shares Total Consumption real per capita expenditure has shown ups and downs over the survey periods; true even for the urban non-poor except for the top 5th quintile group
13. Expenditure share by Category Expenditure share for food consistently declined while non-food expenditure increased Expenditure on festivals, education, health, alcohol and tobacco accounts only about 5 over the period;
14. Pattern of Expenditure shares of the four marginal commodities Expenditure on education has increased in urban and rural areas In general, we can say that spending on festivals is also increasing. Expenditure share on health slightly declined for rural population and urban poor.
15. Calorie intake Average daily calorie intake has increased for the rural poor and non-poor population The urban poor and non-poor faced a decline in their daily calorie intake for the period 1999 but improved in 2004. If we look at the recent 2004, even the poor straggle hard to meet the minimum average daily calorie requirement.
16. Asset Ownership: Land and housing More than 95 of rural hhds, poor/non-poor, claimed to have land and housing Whereas only around 60-50 report to have land or house in urban areas The proportion of hhds who claimed to have land has declined in both urban and rural areas No distinction b/n poor& non poor
17. Asset: Summary Tells us the profile of poor and non-poor across rural and urban household Poor tend to own less of asset category one (Urban Assets) and ,in general, more of asset category two (Rural asset) and vice versa
18. Source of Income Rural households mainly depend on agriculture the urban poor and non-poor have lots of income generating mechanism: urban agriculture as a source of income is also increasing
19. Ability to read and write In both urban and rural areas %age of households who can read and write has increased over the periods
20. Ability to get 100 birr per week Percentage of household who can get 100birr during emergency across quintiles has increased But in 2004 those who respond positively declined for all quintile groups
21. Sources of Light and drinking water Rural poor and non-poor dependence on kerosene has increased over time while the urban counter part shifted to electricity Rural poor and non-poor reliance on river, lake and pond declined and sifted towards unprotected well/spring and public tap While in urban areas there is a shift to use public tap than other sources
22. Households perception in 2004 About 40 to 50% of households kept their status quo 20-30% report that they did a little better Roughly, 20-30% felt worse in food and overall living standard Only few did much better ( less than 3% for all classification)
23. Distance to publicly provided facilities %age of households who live at a distance less than 1km to publicly provided facilities has increased
24. Facilities by U/R classification Access to facilities to rural households significantly improved over these survey periods There is no significant variation across quintile groups Since the poor and non-poor are living side by side the distinction is not significant for such classification
25. Concluding Remark Average household size has shown declining trend Real per capita expenditure improved over the periods Share of food consumption declined Average daily calorie intake improved Accessibility to facilities has improved Expenditure on festivals and education has slightly improved Having land/house doesn’t guarantee a household form being poor According to 2004 survey, Most households, 40-50%, maintained their status-quo, %age of and rural households who felt much worse are twice their urban counter parts On average, wellbeing has improved
26. Caveats Bench mark when a new HICES and WMS data are released and the comparison will make even more sense Requires regression analysis * Oaxaca Decomposition