This document discusses the history and causes of famine in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia has experienced frequent famines throughout history, with some of the most severe occurring in the late 19th century. Recurrent drought has contributed to food insecurity issues, affecting millions of people. Key groups vulnerable to famine include the landless, elderly, female-headed households, and pastoralists. The main causes of food insecurity are inadequate and variable rainfall, soil degradation, conflict, lack of infrastructure, high population growth, and poor health and nutrition.
This document discusses strategies for ensuring food security in Ethiopia. It argues that Ethiopia's overdependence on cereals like teff has led to a vicious cycle of low productivity, poverty, and environmental degradation. It proposes diversifying crop production to include potatoes and cassava, which have higher yields and are better suited to Ethiopia's varied climate zones. The document also stresses the need to expand Ethiopians' food habits beyond a narrow range of cereal-based diets to incorporate more nutritious crops. With policy changes and a commitment to more sustainable and diverse agricultural systems, it asserts that Ethiopia can become self-sufficient in food and end its image as a country synonymous with hunger.
Famine is a significant problem for many developing countries despite a global food surplus. Famine results from a shortage or inability to obtain food, often due to drought causing low food production. It occurs mainly in rural areas where farming and livestock are the primary means of livelihood. Nearly 30 million Africans could face famine in the coming months, with the horn of Africa, southern Africa, and the Sahel region of West Africa most at risk. Causes of famine in Africa include drought, lack of self-sufficiency requiring imports, armed conflict, environmental degradation, and climate change.
Dr. Douglas Southgate - More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050John Blue
More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050 - Dr. Douglas Southgate, Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
While food production has increased globally, 870 million people still experience hunger. The top causes of world hunger are war and conflict, weather and climate change, poor agricultural practices, population growth, and poverty. These issues disrupt food supply and production. Additionally, over a billion tons of food are wasted each year, while millions lack access to adequate nutrition. Reducing food waste and empowering communities through education, infrastructure, and stable political systems could help address the complex, systemic causes of world hunger.
Natural resources occur naturally within environments and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, plants, and animals. They provide economic, legal, and aesthetic value to humans. Some major natural resources are forests, water, and minerals. However, overexploitation and lack of conservation threaten habitats and biodiversity. Rising populations and poverty also contribute to issues around food security and access to resources. Protecting natural resources involves increasing awareness, sustainable use, and management of exploitation.
Natural resources occur naturally within environments and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, plants, animals, rivers and more. They satisfy human needs and have economic, legal, and aesthetic value. Major natural resources include forests, water, minerals, food and energy. However, overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution and other threats have led to problems with conserving natural resources. Poverty and population growth also contribute to issues with global food supply. Protecting natural resources and addressing the root causes of their depletion is important for environmental and human well-being.
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant challenges to ensuring food security for its growing population. Over 200 million people in the region are currently hungry, and hunger levels have been rising 2% per year since 2007. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to nearly double to almost 2 billion people by 2050, putting further strain on the region's limited food production capacity. Current agricultural systems in Sub-Saharan Africa are only able to meet 13% of the continent's food needs, and yields have increased at a slower rate than in other regions. Soil degradation is also a major problem, threatening long-term agricultural sustainability and food security across Sub-Saharan Africa.
This document discusses strategies for ensuring food security in Ethiopia. It argues that Ethiopia's overdependence on cereals like teff has led to a vicious cycle of low productivity, poverty, and environmental degradation. It proposes diversifying crop production to include potatoes and cassava, which have higher yields and are better suited to Ethiopia's varied climate zones. The document also stresses the need to expand Ethiopians' food habits beyond a narrow range of cereal-based diets to incorporate more nutritious crops. With policy changes and a commitment to more sustainable and diverse agricultural systems, it asserts that Ethiopia can become self-sufficient in food and end its image as a country synonymous with hunger.
Famine is a significant problem for many developing countries despite a global food surplus. Famine results from a shortage or inability to obtain food, often due to drought causing low food production. It occurs mainly in rural areas where farming and livestock are the primary means of livelihood. Nearly 30 million Africans could face famine in the coming months, with the horn of Africa, southern Africa, and the Sahel region of West Africa most at risk. Causes of famine in Africa include drought, lack of self-sufficiency requiring imports, armed conflict, environmental degradation, and climate change.
Dr. Douglas Southgate - More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050John Blue
More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050 - Dr. Douglas Southgate, Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
While food production has increased globally, 870 million people still experience hunger. The top causes of world hunger are war and conflict, weather and climate change, poor agricultural practices, population growth, and poverty. These issues disrupt food supply and production. Additionally, over a billion tons of food are wasted each year, while millions lack access to adequate nutrition. Reducing food waste and empowering communities through education, infrastructure, and stable political systems could help address the complex, systemic causes of world hunger.
Natural resources occur naturally within environments and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, plants, and animals. They provide economic, legal, and aesthetic value to humans. Some major natural resources are forests, water, and minerals. However, overexploitation and lack of conservation threaten habitats and biodiversity. Rising populations and poverty also contribute to issues around food security and access to resources. Protecting natural resources involves increasing awareness, sustainable use, and management of exploitation.
Natural resources occur naturally within environments and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, plants, animals, rivers and more. They satisfy human needs and have economic, legal, and aesthetic value. Major natural resources include forests, water, minerals, food and energy. However, overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution and other threats have led to problems with conserving natural resources. Poverty and population growth also contribute to issues with global food supply. Protecting natural resources and addressing the root causes of their depletion is important for environmental and human well-being.
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant challenges to ensuring food security for its growing population. Over 200 million people in the region are currently hungry, and hunger levels have been rising 2% per year since 2007. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to nearly double to almost 2 billion people by 2050, putting further strain on the region's limited food production capacity. Current agricultural systems in Sub-Saharan Africa are only able to meet 13% of the continent's food needs, and yields have increased at a slower rate than in other regions. Soil degradation is also a major problem, threatening long-term agricultural sustainability and food security across Sub-Saharan Africa.
This document discusses pastoralism and climate change in Ethiopia. It notes that pastoral areas make up 60% of Ethiopia's land and support 15 million people, with livestock providing 50% of food and income. While some argue climate change is increasing drought frequency, scientific studies have found limited evidence of significant rainfall changes driven by climate change. Models project increased temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. Pastoral livelihoods have been impacted by population growth, drought, land issues, and commercialization, with wealthier households generally faring better and able to accumulate livestock while poorer households decline and may transition out of pastoralism. The document calls for policies that strengthen sustainable pastoral systems rather than accelerate commercialization.
1) The assigned reading challenges the common belief that scarcity is the cause of hunger by using the example of Niger, which exported food while its own population suffered from hunger due to high food prices.
2) The secondary source argues that there is enough food globally to provide everyone with an adequate daily calorie intake, yet many still go hungry, showing that abundance rather than scarcity characterizes the global food supply.
3) Hunger persists not due to lack of food but due to social and political factors like colonial land policies, gender inequality, and government policies that incentivize food exports over local production and access.
Population explosion causes and its consequencesSrinivas Gajjela
1) High population growth is caused by high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing lifespans. 2) The consequences of overpopulation include overexploitation of natural resources, increased environmental pollution, and more poverty and malnutrition. 3) India has implemented measures like family planning programs since 1952 to promote smaller families and control population growth through education, contraceptive distribution, and voluntary sterilization programs.
1) The document discusses the causes, consequences, and measures to address population explosion. Some key causes mentioned are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy.
2) Consequences of population explosion include overexploitation of natural resources, increased urbanization and industrialization leading to more slums, and shrinking agricultural land.
3) Measures taken in India to address population growth include education initiatives and improving standards of living to help stabilize population growth over time. Addressing issues like poverty and illiteracy are seen as important ways to influence population trends.
KENYA’S FOOD SECURITY, CAUSES AND STAKEHOLDERS IN FOOD SECURITY Jack Onyisi Abebe
A food secure population can meet its consumption needs during the given consumption period by using strategies that do not compromise future food security
The document provides information about the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It summarizes FAO's history, mission, strategic objectives, work areas, and challenges. Key points include: FAO was established in 1945 and works to end hunger and poverty; its strategic objectives are to support sustainable agriculture and reduce rural poverty; work areas include providing expertise, policy advice, and field projects; challenges include feeding a growing population, climate change, and degrading resources.
Global food demand is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades due to population growth, urbanization, rising incomes, and biofuel demand. Ukraine has the potential to become a major global food supplier due to its highly fertile land, low-cost labor, infrastructure, and geographic location near large markets. However, agricultural expansion also risks unemployment from job losses and environmental degradation that require mitigation strategies like retraining programs and sustainable farming practices.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: The challenge of food security and sustainability for 9bn...b4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
The document discusses the causes and consequences of population explosion. The key causes are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy. This has led to rapid population growth, especially in developing countries. Some consequences of overpopulation mentioned are overexploitation of natural resources, increased pollution, poverty, and shrinking agricultural land. The document also outlines some population control measures taken in India, such as the national family planning program launched in 1952 and encouraging couples to limit family sizes. Overall, the document stresses that population stabilization can only be achieved through education, raising living standards, and voluntary family planning efforts rather than coercive policies.
This document discusses human population distribution and key issues related to demographics. It notes that three quarters of the world's population lives in only 5% of the land area, with two thirds living near oceans or rivers. Major population concentrations exist in East Asia including China, South Asia including India, Europe, and North America's northeast corridor. The document outlines the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates, fueled by improved agriculture and medicine. It analyzes population growth trends, policies, and impacts of aging and disease using population pyramids.
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
This document reviews the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security in Ethiopia. It finds that access to reliable irrigation water enables farmers to intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, production, and returns. Irrigated households are able to grow crops more than once a year, ensuring stable production, income, and food consumption to improve food security. However, simply providing irrigation infrastructure is not enough - farmers also need access to roads, markets, credit, training, and information to engage in irrigation and reduce food insecurity. The potential for irrigation in Ethiopia is estimated at 3.7 million hectares, but currently only 853,000 hectares are under small-scale irrigation.
This document defines and discusses poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a condition where basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. It then discusses absolute and relative poverty. The document also examines the effects of poverty globally and in India, particularly rural and urban poverty in India. It notes that while India's economy is growing, poverty remains a major challenge, with over 80 million people in urban India and around 170 million in rural India considered poor. The conclusion states that India has the world's largest number of people in poverty and that alleviating poverty is important for peace.
On the Edge: Linking Climate Change, Food Security, and Population in EthiopiaMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the linkages between climate change, food security, and population in Ethiopia. It presents results from a modeling analysis on how climate change is expected to decrease agricultural outputs and challenge food security for Ethiopians. Specifically, it finds that rising temperatures and erratic rainfall from climate change will decrease crop yields and food availability. This will exacerbate food insecurity issues, as many Ethiopians already face challenges meeting their nutritional needs. However, lowering population growth through increased family planning can help offset the negative impacts of climate change on food security by reducing food demand. The analysis estimates that with low population growth, food shortages from climate change can be almost entirely mitigated by 2050.
The document discusses global trends in food insecurity and undernourishment from the 1990s to present. Some key points discussed include:
1) There are currently 854 million undernourished people worldwide, with 820 million from the developing world.
2) Progress towards goals set by the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals to reduce undernourishment has been slow.
3) While some regions like Asia have seen reductions, rates of undernourishment are rising in sub-Saharan Africa, the Near East, and North Africa.
4) Achieving further reductions in undernourishment by 2015 will require accelerated progress, as current projections still exceed World Food
Why Ethiopian agricultural sector has not been successful as expected in term...MuhammedaminHussen
This document outlines key issues facing Ethiopia's agricultural sector and proposes strategies for transformation. It discusses Ethiopia's heavy reliance on agriculture but notes the sector has not met expectations due to problems like land shortage, fragmentation, and degradation. Climate change impacts like drought and erratic rainfall further undermine productivity. The document advocates for integrated approaches like encouraging large-scale commercial farms through incentives, improving agricultural finance access, adopting small farm machinery, developing greenhouse farming and supply chain infrastructure, and establishing environmental sustainability and irrigation policies. It concludes by posing policy dialogue questions around the role of agriculture versus industry, challenges with the ADLI strategy, priorities for smallholder versus large-scale farms, and Ethiopia's readiness for greenhouse farming.
Agriculture plays an important role in development, though early theories viewed it as passive. The green revolution showed agriculture's potential as a growth sector. Agricultural development is now seen as key. Agriculture employs most in developing countries and accounts for a large share of GDP, though this declines with development. Developing countries can be categorized based on agriculture - agriculture-based, transforming, and urbanized. Agrarian systems differ across regions, with Latin America characterized by latifundio and minifundio dualism, Asia by fragmented smallholdings, and Africa by subsistence farming. Women play a vital role in agriculture globally. Agricultural production evolves through primitive, transitional, and commercial stages.
This document discusses urban environment and development. It covers several topics:
1) The impacts of rapid urban population growth on the environment in developing countries.
2) The concept of sustainable development and its importance for urban planning.
3) Improving urban environments through public participation, governance, and policy tools.
4) Strategies for "greening the city" through urban ecology, parks, open spaces, urban agriculture, and protecting aquatic areas.
This document provides an overview of the course "Strategic Urban Environment Planning and Management". The course aims to expose students to current urban strategic planning practices to manage complex urban problems and identify corrective measures to minimize adverse effects of rapid urbanization. It covers topics like urban environmental planning, integrated waste management, and strategic environmental management. The document further discusses concepts of urban environment, the three dimensions of natural, built and socio-economic environments. It also outlines the definition, advantages and aspects of urban planning as well as stages of strategic planning.
This document discusses pastoralism and climate change in Ethiopia. It notes that pastoral areas make up 60% of Ethiopia's land and support 15 million people, with livestock providing 50% of food and income. While some argue climate change is increasing drought frequency, scientific studies have found limited evidence of significant rainfall changes driven by climate change. Models project increased temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. Pastoral livelihoods have been impacted by population growth, drought, land issues, and commercialization, with wealthier households generally faring better and able to accumulate livestock while poorer households decline and may transition out of pastoralism. The document calls for policies that strengthen sustainable pastoral systems rather than accelerate commercialization.
1) The assigned reading challenges the common belief that scarcity is the cause of hunger by using the example of Niger, which exported food while its own population suffered from hunger due to high food prices.
2) The secondary source argues that there is enough food globally to provide everyone with an adequate daily calorie intake, yet many still go hungry, showing that abundance rather than scarcity characterizes the global food supply.
3) Hunger persists not due to lack of food but due to social and political factors like colonial land policies, gender inequality, and government policies that incentivize food exports over local production and access.
Population explosion causes and its consequencesSrinivas Gajjela
1) High population growth is caused by high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing lifespans. 2) The consequences of overpopulation include overexploitation of natural resources, increased environmental pollution, and more poverty and malnutrition. 3) India has implemented measures like family planning programs since 1952 to promote smaller families and control population growth through education, contraceptive distribution, and voluntary sterilization programs.
1) The document discusses the causes, consequences, and measures to address population explosion. Some key causes mentioned are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy.
2) Consequences of population explosion include overexploitation of natural resources, increased urbanization and industrialization leading to more slums, and shrinking agricultural land.
3) Measures taken in India to address population growth include education initiatives and improving standards of living to help stabilize population growth over time. Addressing issues like poverty and illiteracy are seen as important ways to influence population trends.
KENYA’S FOOD SECURITY, CAUSES AND STAKEHOLDERS IN FOOD SECURITY Jack Onyisi Abebe
A food secure population can meet its consumption needs during the given consumption period by using strategies that do not compromise future food security
The document provides information about the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It summarizes FAO's history, mission, strategic objectives, work areas, and challenges. Key points include: FAO was established in 1945 and works to end hunger and poverty; its strategic objectives are to support sustainable agriculture and reduce rural poverty; work areas include providing expertise, policy advice, and field projects; challenges include feeding a growing population, climate change, and degrading resources.
Global food demand is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades due to population growth, urbanization, rising incomes, and biofuel demand. Ukraine has the potential to become a major global food supplier due to its highly fertile land, low-cost labor, infrastructure, and geographic location near large markets. However, agricultural expansion also risks unemployment from job losses and environmental degradation that require mitigation strategies like retraining programs and sustainable farming practices.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: The challenge of food security and sustainability for 9bn...b4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
The document discusses the causes and consequences of population explosion. The key causes are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy. This has led to rapid population growth, especially in developing countries. Some consequences of overpopulation mentioned are overexploitation of natural resources, increased pollution, poverty, and shrinking agricultural land. The document also outlines some population control measures taken in India, such as the national family planning program launched in 1952 and encouraging couples to limit family sizes. Overall, the document stresses that population stabilization can only be achieved through education, raising living standards, and voluntary family planning efforts rather than coercive policies.
This document discusses human population distribution and key issues related to demographics. It notes that three quarters of the world's population lives in only 5% of the land area, with two thirds living near oceans or rivers. Major population concentrations exist in East Asia including China, South Asia including India, Europe, and North America's northeast corridor. The document outlines the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates, fueled by improved agriculture and medicine. It analyzes population growth trends, policies, and impacts of aging and disease using population pyramids.
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
This document reviews the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security in Ethiopia. It finds that access to reliable irrigation water enables farmers to intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, production, and returns. Irrigated households are able to grow crops more than once a year, ensuring stable production, income, and food consumption to improve food security. However, simply providing irrigation infrastructure is not enough - farmers also need access to roads, markets, credit, training, and information to engage in irrigation and reduce food insecurity. The potential for irrigation in Ethiopia is estimated at 3.7 million hectares, but currently only 853,000 hectares are under small-scale irrigation.
This document defines and discusses poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a condition where basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. It then discusses absolute and relative poverty. The document also examines the effects of poverty globally and in India, particularly rural and urban poverty in India. It notes that while India's economy is growing, poverty remains a major challenge, with over 80 million people in urban India and around 170 million in rural India considered poor. The conclusion states that India has the world's largest number of people in poverty and that alleviating poverty is important for peace.
On the Edge: Linking Climate Change, Food Security, and Population in EthiopiaMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the linkages between climate change, food security, and population in Ethiopia. It presents results from a modeling analysis on how climate change is expected to decrease agricultural outputs and challenge food security for Ethiopians. Specifically, it finds that rising temperatures and erratic rainfall from climate change will decrease crop yields and food availability. This will exacerbate food insecurity issues, as many Ethiopians already face challenges meeting their nutritional needs. However, lowering population growth through increased family planning can help offset the negative impacts of climate change on food security by reducing food demand. The analysis estimates that with low population growth, food shortages from climate change can be almost entirely mitigated by 2050.
The document discusses global trends in food insecurity and undernourishment from the 1990s to present. Some key points discussed include:
1) There are currently 854 million undernourished people worldwide, with 820 million from the developing world.
2) Progress towards goals set by the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals to reduce undernourishment has been slow.
3) While some regions like Asia have seen reductions, rates of undernourishment are rising in sub-Saharan Africa, the Near East, and North Africa.
4) Achieving further reductions in undernourishment by 2015 will require accelerated progress, as current projections still exceed World Food
Why Ethiopian agricultural sector has not been successful as expected in term...MuhammedaminHussen
This document outlines key issues facing Ethiopia's agricultural sector and proposes strategies for transformation. It discusses Ethiopia's heavy reliance on agriculture but notes the sector has not met expectations due to problems like land shortage, fragmentation, and degradation. Climate change impacts like drought and erratic rainfall further undermine productivity. The document advocates for integrated approaches like encouraging large-scale commercial farms through incentives, improving agricultural finance access, adopting small farm machinery, developing greenhouse farming and supply chain infrastructure, and establishing environmental sustainability and irrigation policies. It concludes by posing policy dialogue questions around the role of agriculture versus industry, challenges with the ADLI strategy, priorities for smallholder versus large-scale farms, and Ethiopia's readiness for greenhouse farming.
Agriculture plays an important role in development, though early theories viewed it as passive. The green revolution showed agriculture's potential as a growth sector. Agricultural development is now seen as key. Agriculture employs most in developing countries and accounts for a large share of GDP, though this declines with development. Developing countries can be categorized based on agriculture - agriculture-based, transforming, and urbanized. Agrarian systems differ across regions, with Latin America characterized by latifundio and minifundio dualism, Asia by fragmented smallholdings, and Africa by subsistence farming. Women play a vital role in agriculture globally. Agricultural production evolves through primitive, transitional, and commercial stages.
This document discusses urban environment and development. It covers several topics:
1) The impacts of rapid urban population growth on the environment in developing countries.
2) The concept of sustainable development and its importance for urban planning.
3) Improving urban environments through public participation, governance, and policy tools.
4) Strategies for "greening the city" through urban ecology, parks, open spaces, urban agriculture, and protecting aquatic areas.
This document provides an overview of the course "Strategic Urban Environment Planning and Management". The course aims to expose students to current urban strategic planning practices to manage complex urban problems and identify corrective measures to minimize adverse effects of rapid urbanization. It covers topics like urban environmental planning, integrated waste management, and strategic environmental management. The document further discusses concepts of urban environment, the three dimensions of natural, built and socio-economic environments. It also outlines the definition, advantages and aspects of urban planning as well as stages of strategic planning.
This document provides an overview of the course "Strategic Urban Environment Planning and Management". The course aims to expose students to current urban strategic planning practices to manage complex urban problems and identify corrective measures to problems caused by rapid urbanization. It covers issues like urban environmental planning, integrated waste management, and strategic environmental management. The course presents state-of-the-art planning strategies to systematically address urban environmental issues. It also deals with computer-aided land information systems and policies to address access to land by the poor. Case studies on topics like urban waste minimization are also included.
This document discusses techniques for analyzing livelihoods and food security/insecurity at the household level. It provides potential indicators that can be used to assess household food security across several categories: demographic indicators like household size and migration patterns; market indicators like income sources, access to credit, land ownership, and sales of assets; proximate indicators like health, education, food stores, and dietary changes. The indicators described can help identify vulnerabilities and coping strategies used by households facing food insecurity.
This section defines key concepts related to food insecurity including food insecurity, hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and different forms of food insecurity. It discusses chronic, transitory, temporary, seasonal, and cyclical food insecurity. Vulnerability to food insecurity is defined as factors that place people at risk of becoming food insecure, including their ability to cope with risks. Causes of vulnerability to livelihoods and food insecurity include agro-climatic factors, environmental issues, disaster risks, and anthropogenic causes.
The document discusses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which views livelihoods as consisting of the assets or capital that households have access to, the context of vulnerability in which they operate, their livelihood strategies, and the resulting outcomes. It examines the different factors that the framework considers like trends, shocks, seasonality, access to natural, physical, financial, human, and social assets, and the role of policies, institutions and processes in shaping livelihoods. The framework aims to improve understanding of livelihoods, particularly of the poor, and can be used for planning development activities or assessing their impact on livelihood sustainability.
This document provides a course description and objectives for a class on food security and livelihoods. The course aims to provide an understanding of human vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood risks. It will cover topics like definitions of livelihoods and food security/insecurity, livelihood assets, coping strategies of poor households, and the influence of resource scarcity on vulnerability and food insecurity over time and space. Different food security analysis techniques will also be discussed. The course objectives are to understand concepts of livelihoods and food security, analyze sustainable livelihood frameworks, identify causes of food insecurity, compare analysis techniques, and explain Ethiopia's food security programs and strategies.
This document discusses sustainable livelihood approaches and how they can be applied to issues like climate change and food security. It describes key principles of livelihood approaches like being people-centered and participatory. It also explains how livelihood frameworks are used to understand factors that affect people's access to assets, strategies, and vulnerability to shocks. Specifically, it outlines how livelihood analysis has been applied to climate change adaptation and food security issues.
The document discusses food insecurity and famine in Ethiopia. It defines famine and provides a history of famines in Ethiopia, noting that severe famines have occurred every few decades. It identifies the major causes of food insecurity as inadequate and variable rainfall, soil degradation, conflict, poor infrastructure, health and nutrition issues, and high population growth. The food security strategy of Ethiopia aims to increase domestic food production through irrigation, conservation agriculture, and livestock development, while also ensuring access to food through micro-enterprises, improved marketing, safety nets, and disaster response.
This document discusses techniques for analyzing livelihoods and food security/insecurity at the household level. It provides potential indicators that can be used to assess household food security across several categories: demographic indicators like household size and migration patterns; market indicators like income sources, access to credit, land ownership, and sales of assets; proximate indicators like health, education, food stores, and dietary changes. The indicators described can help identify vulnerabilities and coping strategies used by households facing food insecurity.
This section defines key concepts related to food insecurity including food insecurity, hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and different forms of food insecurity. It discusses chronic, transitory, temporary, seasonal, and cyclical food insecurity. Vulnerability to food insecurity is defined as factors that place people at risk of becoming food insecure, including their ability to cope with risks. Causes of vulnerability to livelihoods and food insecurity include agro-climatic factors, environmental issues, disaster risks, and anthropogenic causes.
The document discusses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which views livelihoods as consisting of the assets or capital that households have access to, the strategies they use to make a living, and the outcomes they achieve. It examines the various factors that influence livelihoods such as trends, shocks, seasonality, policies, institutions, and processes. The framework aims to understand livelihoods, particularly of the poor, and identify ways to strengthen assets and reduce vulnerability.
This document provides a course description and objectives for a class on food security and livelihoods. The course aims to provide an understanding of human vulnerability to food insecurity and different livelihood risks. It will cover topics like definitions of livelihoods and food security/insecurity, and analyze factors influencing households' livelihoods and vulnerabilities. Students will learn techniques for food security analysis and about Ethiopia's food security programs and strategies. The document also provides an introduction to livelihood and food security concepts, including common definitions, approaches, and frameworks for analyzing livelihood assets, strategies, and outcomes.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
2. Definitions of famine
• Famine refers to widespread food shortage leading
to significant rise in regional death rates.
• It also refers to sudden, sharp reduction in food
supply resulting in widespread hunger.
• Famine contains three elements: food shortage,
starvation and excess mortality.
• It has a greater effect on the most vulnerable in
society.
• Famine is caused by many complex factors
including: poor climatic and environmental
conditions, population growth, market failure or
war.
3. (Food consumption-based)
• It is sudden collapse in level of food consumption of
large numbers of people.
• It also means lack of food over large geographical
areas sufficiently long and severe to cause
widespread disease and death from starvation.
(Mortality based)
• It refers to unusually high mortality with unusually
severe threat to food intake of some segments of a
population.
(Food consumption based)
• It refers to a set of conditions that occur when large
numbers of people in a region cannot obtain
sufficient food, resulting in widespread, acute
malnutrition.
4. 5.2 History of Famine in Ethiopia
• Ethiopia has been and remains one of those
areas that account for a sizeable proportion of
the famine vulnerable groups.
• This problem has not only been recurrent but
also particularly severe in the case-study
country so much so that the name "Ethiopia"
does not fail to conjure up images of suffering
famine victims that has at various times been
so dramatized by the Western media.
5. • The literature gives ample indication regarding
the frequency of historical famines in Ethiopia.
• Pankhurst, who relies mainly upon royal
chronicles written in the local language and
which enable the rather precise dating of
events, has established that during the period
of 1540 to 1750 no less than eleven major
famines occurred.
• The famines for which the most detailed
information is available occurred in the last
century, with the famine of 1888-1892
described as perhaps the most terrible natural
disaster still remembered in that part of Africa.
6. • Yet another writer, in a study on the chronology
of Ethiopian droughts, concludes that on the
basis of the droughts documented over the last
200 years, seven droughts per century can be
expected in Ethiopia, while "...
• extremely destructive droughts, such as those of
1973-5, 1957, 1913, 1888-92, 1560-2 and 1543-4
average two occurrences per century based
upon these incomplete statistic“
• In recent years, famine has unfortunately
become Ethiopia’s trademark and even now,
despite changes in regimes, the threat of famine
continues.
7. • In 1973, during the Imperial regime, almost three
million Ethiopians were affected by food shortages
and total excess mortality in the country hovered
at around 250 000.
• A decade later, during the ‘Marxist-Leninist’ Derg
regime, approximately 7.8 million Ethiopians were
caught struggling for survival, out of which excess
mortality was conservatively estimated at 700,000.
• And in the year 2000, amidst the ‘free-market’
orientation of the EPRDF regime, 8 million people
required food aid, out of which excess mortality
was estimated to be over 6000 in one district
alone.
• Three years later, the number of Ethiopians
requiring food aid rose to 14 million.
8. • While there has been disagreement over the
number of deaths that took place during the
last two events, it appears quite clear that the
number of people vulnerable to famine in the
country has crossed 14 million in just three
decades.
9. 5.3 Food Security Situation in Ethiopia
• Ethiopia with an area of 1.016 million km2 and
a population of about 105 million is the second
most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• The majority of the Ethiopian population
(about 84%) is living in rural areas and
agriculture is the main stay of the Ethiopian
economy as it commands the lion’s share in
terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
employment, export earnings and supply of
raw materials.
10. • It accounts for about
– 50% of the GDP,
– 84% of the employment for of the population,
– 90% of the export earnings,
– 70% of the country’s raw material requirement for
agro-based large and medium sized industries.
11. • As per the National Accounts estimates of
agriculture,
– crop production is estimated to contribute on
average 60%,
– livestock accounts for around 27% and
– forestry and other sub- sectors around 13% of the
total agricultural value added.
• Agriculture is the foundation of the country’s
food production and hence, the major
contributing sector to food security.
12. • Endowed with considerable agricultural
potential, Ethiopia had been self-sufficient in
staple food and was classified as a net exporter
of food grain till the late 1950s.
• It was reported that annual export of grain to
the world market amounted to 150,000 tons in
1947/48.
• The performance of the Ethiopian economy
very much depends on the performance of the
agricultural sector.
• Unfortunately, increase in agricultural
production has consistently failed to keep pace
with population growth.
13. • Ethiopia’s agricultural sector is not even able to
fulfil its most basic and important function: the
provision of food to a large and expanding
population.
• Both food production and per capita food
availability have been declining, particularly in the
1980s.
• Total domestic food production decreased on
average by 1.1% per annum while the level of per
capita food production dropped by 4.3% and
2%for the 1980s and mid of 1990s respectively.
• The per capita food production, which was 200 kg
in 1979/80, dropped to 150 kg in the early and
mid 1990s.
14. • Both chronic and transitory problems of food
insecurity are severe in Ethiopia.
• Food insecurity currently covers a large area and a
significant number of people, as high as 40 to 50
%over the last decade.
• The recommended minimum per capita food
intake for Ethiopia is 2,100 KCal per day, which is
225.5 kg. in cereal equivalent per capita per year.
• In the period 1980-1989, domestic food
production was on average about 70%, which is
1477.6 KCal. per capita per day.
• For the periods 1980-1989 and 1990s, including
imported cereals, average food availability was still
1590.5 and 1600-1700 KCal. per capita per day
respectively.
15. • More disturbing is that food availability has not
only been very low, but has also been declining
over years.
• The deteriorating condition is best reflected in the
high level of malnutrition (stunting and wasting of
children less than five years of age), increasing
number of people in need of food assistance and
the amount of grain imported.
• For the period 1985-1996, the country received
8.97 million metric tons of food aid, the highest
being in 1985, where food aid reached 1.3 million
metric tons making the proportion of food aid to
total production 26.2 percent.
16. • In 1990, the amount of grain imported and aid
to Ethiopia amounted to 680,000 and 657,000
metric tons respectively.
• There are now millions of rural people who have
become dependent on food aid for over a
decade and half.
17. • The bulk of the Ethiopian population lives in
rural areas where incomes, largely derived from
agriculture, are very low and subject to the
vagaries of nature.
• The intensity of poverty is so rampant in rural
areas that, even during relatively better years,
incomes are very low to go round the year and
as a result, households usually suffer from
malnutrition, particularly in pre-harvest season.
18. 5.3.1 Who are Food Insecure in Rural Ethiopia?
• Food insecurity in rural areas of Ethiopia is
largely associated with:
– weather,
– resource,
– asset ownership,
– headship of the household,
– age of the household head and disability.
• Food insecure groups are depicted in table 5.1.
19. • Table 5.1: Classification of Food Insecure Groups in RURAL ETHIOPIA
Classification Group
Chronic
Food Insecurity
Resource poor households
Landless or land-scarce
Ox-less
Poor pastoralists
Female-headed households
Elderly
Disabled
Poor non-agricultural households
Newly established settlers
Transitory
Food Insecurity
Less resource poor households vulnerable to shocks, especially drought
Farmers and others in drought-prone areas
Pastoralists
Those vulnerable to economic shocks
Example. in low potential areas
20. • In view of its relatively recent on set in
epidemic proportions, another groups of
households who have become food insecure as
a result of HIV and AIDS (loss of potential
income as a result of death of a family member,
a growing incidence of female-headed
households and increasing number of orphans,
breakup of families) in the country are not
much studied and put in the above
classification.
• These groups of households are likely to be
found everywhere in the country.
21. Causes of Low food production and food insecurity in
Ethiopia
• The principal causes of inadequate food
production and increasing food insecurity in
Ethiopia among others include:
– inadequate and variable rainfall,
– soil degradation,
– conflict,
– transport and infrastructure,
– poor nutrition and health, and
– high population growth
22. 1. Inadequate and Variable Rainfall
• The major cause for food insecurity in Ethiopia
is highly correlated with the decline in food
production.
• Because of persistent dominance of rain-fed
traditional agriculture, the economy is prone
to sharp and frequent fluctuations due to
changes in weather condition.
23. • Decline in agricultural output due to unfavourable
climatic conditions often affect millions and drives
them to the brink of death from starvation.
• Lack of adequate rainfall, in association with the
changing pattern of rainfall, has been a major
contributing factor to increasing risk of
experiencing food crop shortfalls and food
insecurity.
• Drought also causes substantial loss of animals,
which are the source of livelihood for pastoralists
in the lowland.
• When drought occurs and results to animal lose,
pastoralist will be in a tremendous problem to re-
build their food base.
24. 2. Soil Degradation
• The combination of high plateaus, deep river
valleys, sporadic torrential rainfall, centuries of
deforestation and poor cultivating techniques have
resulted in serious to severe soil loss in some parts
of Ethiopia.
• So as to feed large number of families in a
subsistence economy, farmers are compelled to
practice over cultivation, overgrazing, and
expansion of cultivable land at the expense of the
forest and pasture.
• These eventually cause degradation of the natural
resource base and declined productivity thus
exacerbating poverty and food insecurity.
25. • The soil, in some parts of Ethiopia, has lost
some biological productivity and physical
properties needed for optimal plant growth,
and in particular moisture retention has been
adversely affected.
• Use of manure for fuel, instead of putting it
back on land, has exacerbated the situation.
26. 3. Conflict
• For decades, Ethiopia has suffered from
internal conflicts, which have caused large
number of people to flee their lands or, in
some cases, to be forcefully relocated.
• Loss of life was high.
• Furthermore, the conflict diverted the scarce
financial resources to the war rather than
being available for socio-economic
development efforts.
27. 4. Transport and Infrastructure
• An estimated 75% of farms are more than a half
day walk from an all weather road.
• The average road density is estimated to be about
21 km per 1000 km2 of land, which is about 0.43
km per 1000 population.
• The very low proportion of villages that can be
reached by all weather roads compel farmers to
transport their products by pack animals or by
themselves to market their products.
• This severely constrains the total farm production
that can be physically marketed, and adds
substantially to the costs of farm inputs.
• Furthermore, it makes delivery of food aid to
drought plagued areas extremely difficult.
28. 5. Poor Nutrition and Health
• Ethiopia’s population is among the most
nutritionally deprived in the world as a result of
chronic under nutrition combined with health and
sanitation problems.
• This leads to reduced ability to work, early fatigue
and increased susceptibility to disease.
6. High Population Growth
• The rate at which agricultural food production
grows is far behind the rate at which population
grows.
• As a result, the agricultural sector is not playing its
basic role, the role of supplying food to the
population.
29. Food Security Strategy of Ethiopia
• The food insecurity challenge facing Ethiopia
requires an all-round and systematic approach.
• It requires identifying the problems in the food
system, which involves production, distribution,
marketing and consumption.
• The overall objective of the strategy is to address
both the supply and demand sides of the food
equation: availability and entitlement respectively
• While the rural development policies and
strategies would focus on ensuring national food
self-sufficiency, the overall objective of the food
security strategy is to ensure food security at
household level
30. – increasing the availability of food through
domestic production;
– ensuring access to food for food deficit
households; and
– Strengthening emergency response capabilities.
31. 1. Increasing Domestic Production (Supply
Side Actions)
• Domestic production is the first and main source
of food entitlement for most of the Ethiopian
farming community in terms of direct
consumption of food.
• The surplus is sold to the non-farming and even to
the farming community.
• This implies that increasing the production and
productivity of food in a sustainable manner could
address the problem of food shortages in Ethiopia.
• The increase in production would be made to
provide employment generally for the landless
and unemployed rural communities.
32. • This increase in agricultural production will also
benefit the domestic agricultural processing
enterprises by supplying raw materials and
serve as source of additional employment.
• For food insecure areas, production based
entitlement of food will be encouraged through
augmenting the supply increases to be
obtained from both crop and livestock
production.
• Utmost attention is given to increasing
agricultural production (crop and livestock) in
all agro-ecological zones of the country.
33. • The on-going extension program is being re-
oriented to address the specific problems of
moisture adequate, moisture deficit and pastoral
areas.
• There is also a need to sustain and deepen the
yield increase obtained through the extension
program which points to strengthening of
agricultural research.
• Increasing attention will be paid to promoting
irrigation schemes to create a condition for year
round agricultural activity and diversifying much
higher value added enterprises even in adequate
moisture areas.
34. • To compliment this, efforts are geared through
the extension system to identify and promote
appropriate technologies to undertake for
household-based water harvesting and
management.
• Conservation based agriculture and irrigation
development would be the critical elements of
the strategy.
• Researching and supplying appropriate crop and
livestock production inputs and technologies for
moisture deficit areas: short cycle livestock like
poultry, sheep and goats as well as development
of drought tolerant, short cycle and relatively high
yielding varieties that fit to the farmers'
requirements, will be the priority
35. • Another aspect of the strategy for dealing with
problems of moisture deficit food insecure and
degraded high lands is effecting resettlement in
suitable and uncultivated areas voluntarily within
each regional state.
• Animal disease, drought and unfavorable terms of
trade are at the heart of threats of the livelihoods
of pastoral communities.
• Thus, improving their livestock production and
marketing system, water and pasture
development, developing schemes towards
diversifying income sources would help
strengthen their economic base and thereby
reduce vulnerability.
36. 2. Ensuring Access to Food (Demand Side)
• Food insecure farming households as well as the
non-farming community get some and/or all of
their food from the market.
• The former need it to supplement its own
production while the later use it as the only source.
• To purchase food from the market, households
need sufficient income that can cover at least their
minimum food and non-food requirements.
• However, many households in the drought prone
and moisture deficit as well as urban areas lack
sufficient income to meet their basic needs.
• The demand side measures outlined in the
Ethiopian food security strategy are discussed
below.
37. a. Micro and Small Scale Enterprises
• The envisaged market led agricultural
development is expected to lead to large-scale
direct and indirect growth in non-farm
incomes and employment.
• To this effect, utmost efforts will be exerted to
initiate, promote and strengthen micro-and
small-scale enterprise development through
industrial extension services.
• These developments are believed to create
additional employment opportunities in the
private sector.
38. b. Improving the Food Marketing System
• The policy of the government regarding agricultural
marketing and distribution is to encourage the
participation of the private sector and cooperatives to
improve the efficiency of the system.
• On the marketing front, business enterprises are
expected to play significant roles in stabilizing prices as
well as reaching farmers who are far from agricultural
input market.
• To benefit from all these policy measures, the food
security strategy emphasizes on measures related to
establishment of market stabilization schemes (for
prices of strategic food crops) along with agricultural
price and market information system.
39. • This will facilitate the distribution of food from
surplus to deficit areas and thereby improve trade-
based entitlement and reduce food cost (increase
purchasing power).
• The government will perform only regulatory and
supporting functions to create a conducive
business environment through appropriate fiscal
incentives.
• Substantial improvements in the provision of
market information would be sought to improve
integration of markets, which help reduce costs of
food marketing and distribution.
40. • The on-going effort in the construction of main
and rural roads, the rural travel and transport
programs coupled with promotion of
competition in the transportation, trade,
processing and distribution of food would help
further reduce costs of marketing and
distribution.
• This would also help reduce input costs, which
are key to enhancing agricultural productivity.
Strengthening farmers' cooperatives would also
be an important element of the food security
strategy in improving the rural marketing and
credit system.
41. c) Supplementary Employment and
Income Generating Schemes
• Off-farm income generating activities would
help supplement own production for a
considerable number of farmers as coping up
mechanism during periods of food shortages.
• The public Employment Generation Schemes
(EGS) and Food For Work could be initiated by
public or private operators or even jointly and
will be linked with development priorities of
rural areas.
• This would in turn help contribute to soil
conservation, construction of roads, small-scale
irrigation, water supply and sanitation.
42. • This would contribute to increase food
production, reduce real rural food prices and
improve health conditions.
• It would also help improve environmental
protection and natural resource conservation.
• These schemes may help create conducive
environment towards linking relief assistance
to long-term developmental efforts.
43. d) Targeted programs
• Targeted programs are primarily aimed at
transferring resources aimed at both developing
capacity for self-provisioning and support
vulnerable groups, who would not be capable of
self-provisioning during the short and medium
term.
• Developing capacity is aimed at providing inputs
(seed and fertilizer), small agricultural tools and
implements to resource poor farmers (food
insecure) and extending small loans to destitute
women to help them develop sustainable
livelihood.
• The later scheme evolves cash transfers to orphans,
the aged and handicapped or self-targeting food
subsidies for particular vulnerable groups.
44. Credit Services
• Improved credit services for food insecure rural
and urban households are envisaged in order to
address both supply and demand side problems.
• The Food security strategy also envisaged
improving rural financing systems aimed at
catering the needs of micro and small-scale
enterprises as well as small resource poor
farmers.
• Measures will be taken to strengthen and expand
rural micro financing institutions and cooperatives
to provide banking services especially in those
food insecure areas.
• Cooperatives are also expected to play significant
role in this respect.
45. Nutrition and Health Intervention
• Along side the government's initiatives
towards developing alternative income
generating and price support schemes,
targeted interventions are also envisaged in
areas of health and nutrition in rural areas.
46. 5.5.2 Emergency Capabilities
• Efforts to strengthen the emergency
capabilities of the government including
monitoring, surveillance, and early warning
arrangement, building the capacity of food and
relief distribution, strategic reserves of food
grains, and its analysis of the international food
trade and aid situation will continue.
• The methods used to judge the on set of food
insecurity will be articulated and further fine-
tuned.
47. • A strategy for strengthening response
capability in case of emergency would build
on the successful experience gained while
implementing safety net programs, which was
intended to help thousands of poor, food
insecure, and highly vulnerable households
during a period of high economic and political
stress coupled with drought incidences.
• The purpose and size of strategic reserve
under favorable conditions would also be re-
assessed, depending upon the cost of holding
stock and the possibility of exports.
48. Institutional Strengthening, Networking, and
Capacity Building
• Building the capacity of regional governments in
general and Woreda administration in particular is
high on the agenda.
• This would help regional governments modernize
their communities for development, provide
support to development projects and programs,
create conductive environment for the private
sector to contribute to the development of the
regions, as well as completely providing economic
and social services to communities.
• District level decentralization capacity building
component of the National Capacity Building
Program is meant to address this.
49. Food Security Assistance
• It is planned to switch from food aid in kind
towards cash to purchase food grains from
the domestic market and augment the stocks
of food security reserve at good times.
• This would help create effective demand via
stabilization of prices during years of bumper
harvest (price decline) in surplus areas.