1) The document discusses the causes, consequences, and measures to address population explosion. Some key causes mentioned are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy. 2) Consequences of population explosion include overexploitation of natural resources, increased urbanization and industrialization leading to more slums, and shrinking agricultural land. 3) Measures taken in India to address population growth include education initiatives and improving standards of living to help stabilize population growth over time. Addressing issues like poverty and illiteracy are seen as important ways to influence population trends.

1. POPULATION
EXPLOSION
CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES &
MEASURE
By
Mohammed Abdul Rehaan
Class – 8th B

2. CAUSES OF POPULATION
EXPLOSION
1) High fertility Rate /Accelerating Birth rate:
– Fertility rate of a country: The no. of Children a
woman gives birth to during her child bearing age.
– High fertility rate causes rapid increase in population of
the
country.
– HFR (High fertility rate ) are prevalent in under
developed
nations (where Literacy rates especially among women are
low).
– 9 out of 10 top countries with highest fertility rate are in
Africa.
– In Africa several regions are victims of poverty, famine,
drought and diseases.
• Ex: Niger –a country in Africa has HFR, a Woman
on an average gives birth to 7 children.
• India has Fertility rate of 2.2. ( in 1960’s it was 6)
– Bihar has highest fertility rate of 3.34 (on of the most

3. CAUSES OF POPULATION
EXPLOSION..
2).Decrease in Infant Mortality Rate
(IMR):
– IMR : The no of deaths of infants under 1
yearold per 1000 live births.
– Reasons for IMR:
• An improvement in medical science and
technology,
• Better maternal care facilities and
• wide usage of preventive drugs (vaccines).
• IMR is an index of the health of the
country
• Monaco, Japan, Iceland & Singapore
has IMR less than 2.5
• While India (as on 2016) IMR IS 34.

4. CAUSES OF POPULATION
EXPLOSION..
3).Increase in life
expectancy:
– The average life expectancy of human has
improved significantly due to –
• Improved living conditions, better hygiene,
• sanitation habits, better nutrition, health, and
education.
• The steady supply of good quality of food
makes sure that population is well
nourished.
– Hence population grow when adequately
nourished.
• Japan, Switzerland & Singapore has
highest Life expectancy in the world i.e 83

5. CAUSES OF POPULATION
EXPLOSION..
4).Increased immigrations:
• An increase in immigration also causes
population explosion particularly in
developed countries.
• It happens when a large no. of people
come to an already populated place with
the intention to reside permanently.

6. India Population age
groups

7. CAUSES OF POPULATION
EXPLOSION..
• 5).Less space than required :
• In urban cities it is often found there is very less
scope for making available extra space to
accommodate additional population.
• Hence a large population is packed into a
smaller space.
• The population density (is the number of people
per unit of area) of India is 416 people per
square kilometer, which ranks 31st in the world.
• In Mumbai, the population density is 21,000
people per square kilometer (54,000/square
mile)
• Population residing in urban areas in India,
according to 1901 census, was 11.4%. This
count increased to 28.53% according to 2001
census, and crossing 30% as per 2011 census,
standing at 31.16%.

10. India Population density compared to other
countries

11. Consequences of Population
Explosion
(1) Over Exploitation of Natural Resources:
• Due to high growth in population, the
requirements of the people increased at a
tremendous rate and consequently, the
natural resources were unexpectedly over
exploited hence depleted.
• The Earth has limited natural resources in
the form of water, fauna, flora, minerals,
fossil fuels
– Out of them, some are renewable and some are
non- renewable resources.
– The non-renewable resources are being
extinct because of over utilization.

12. • The water crisis and disputes about the
rightful share of the water within states and
outside the countries.
• Humans extract and use around 50% of the
more natural resources than they did just
30 years ago.
• It is estimated that within 40 years, the
reserves of petroleum will be vanished
completely in the world.
• Similarly, water scarcity can be
observed everywhere.

13. (2) Industrialization and Urbanization:
• Urbanization is a result of growth of
population in urban areas.
• As a country develops from primarily an
agricultural to an industrial economy, large-
scale emigrational rural residents to towns and
cities takes place.
• During the process, the growth rate of urban
areas is typically double the pace of overall
population increase.
• Urbanization is taking place at faster rate in
India., According to the 1901 census, the
population residing in urban areas was 11.4%.
It was increased to 28.53 % and in 2018 it is
33.2%.

14. • Urbanization eventually leads to a severe
decline in the number of people living in
the countryside, with negative population
growth rates in rural areas.
• Urban areas face acute shortage of land
and water and other environmental
problems.
• Vast areas of urban are converted into
slums.

15. INDIA SLUM FACTS
(Extra Information)
• According to last census in 2011, the slum-
dwelling population of India had risen from 27.9
million in 1981 to 93.06 million in 2011.
●Even after offering many services and facilities,
most of the people living in slum areas do not
have electricity, water supply and cooking gas.
●After Mumbai, Delhi has the second largest
slum Population in India.
●Slum people are mostly unemployed or daily
wage workers who cannot even afford basic
necessities of life.
●1 out every 5 person from the slums belongs to
the Schedule Caste (SC) community.
●However sex ratio of this community is far
better than the communities living in the urban
area.

16. Future of
these
CHILD
???

17. (Extra Information)
• The literacy rate in these areas has risen up to a
remarkable level that is 77%, but it is still less than
the urban area.
●Slum areas gets created when individuals or
families move to the urban areas in order to fulfill their
dreams or to find a better economy
●India is a third world country that suffers from
poverty, malnutrition, diseases, and more.
●India alone is responsible for 25% of the deaths of
children among the world.
●The slums offer many great risks for the poor
children due to the unsanitary environment.
●Nearly 1.8 million people lives in slum areas in
capital of India - New Delhi.
●According to UNICEF, “India alone, more than 1
million child lives could be saved with a few
vitamins and some type of okay nutrition.

18. (3) Shrinking Agricultural Land:
• There is unbreakable cycle of transformation of
– forest land into agricultural land and
– the agricultural lands are being converted into
construction of residential colonies and
establishment of industries in or around the
cities.
• The rate of transformation is tremendous.
• The per capita availability of land for
cultivation declined by 50% from 1.1 acres in
1911 to 0.6acres in 1971 in India. Since then it
has shrunken much further.
• Ex: The tropical rain forests of Amazon Basin, within
the territory of Brazil were cut down at a large scale
during eighties for construction of agricultural farm

19. (4) Global Warming:
• Population explosion is linked with
global warming.
• The increase in population leads to
greater consumption of resources.
• The amount of CO2 & other green
house gasses increases.
• This causes rise in global temperatures.
• The global average surface temperature
has increased during the 20th century by
about 0.6 degrees centigrade.
• If it increases further the consequences
will be disastrous.

20. (5) Environmental
Pollution
• The tremendous growth in population has
led to the degradation of the
environment.
• Air , water, and soil have got polluted.

21. (6) Poverty, Malnutrition and
Famine:
• Poverty and malnutrition is a growing and
common phenomenon in the
underdeveloped countries.
• Millions of people live in HUNGER & Suffer
from MALNOURISHMENT as they cannot
afford to buy food, nutritious food or cannot
afford farming supplies on their own .
Malnutrition in
BHUTAN

22. • Poverty and malnutrition are a common
phenomenon in underdeveloped
countries.
• Africa – world’s poorest continent.
• Countries of sub sharan Africa suffer from
frequent droughts, and famines. Hence
recorded highest rates
of starvation
deaths.
Malnutrition in
NIGER

23. 7).POPULATION REDUCES THE RATE OF CAPITAL
FORMATION
• In underdeveloped countries due to high
birth rates and low life expectancy the no.
of dependents in family is high.
• Nearly 40-50% of population is in non-
productive age groups – that simply
consumes and does not produce anything.
• The per capita income is low because
the dependents have to be fed and taken
care of.
• Job opportunities too are less in poor
countries. Hence there is little scope for
savings and capital formation.

24. 8).Population growth weakens social
infrastructure
• In welfare states like India the Govt.
pledges to meet the social needs of the
people by providing basic facilities like –
– Subsidized education, housing & medical
aid
• But vast increase in population casts a
heavy burden on the government and
derails many plans.

25. Are there any advantages of High Population
Growth?
Increase in the rate of population growth has advantages also:
 The growing population of youth in developing countries like
India can play a important role in building the economy.
 Their strength and talent can be utilized in various ways.
 In contrast, the advanced countries like Japan and many
European countries are facing a peculiar problems
associated with a sharp decline in population.
– EX: Japan has become a society of aging
people because of rapid fall in fertility rate
& increase in longevity.
– Nearly a quarters of population is above 65
years
– Because of decreased labour force,
dependence of robots is increasing both at
home and in factories..
– There is no one to take care of elderly

26. POPULATION CONTROL
MEASURES
INITIATIVES IN INDIA
• There are no easy solutions to the problems of
population explosion.
• Population growth is linked with poverty,
and illiteracy.
• It is possible only when people are
educated and enjoy reasonably good
standards of living that the population of a
country stabilizes.
• It is not a coincidence that countries like
Norway, Switzerland, Singapore, & The USA
– have high Human Development Index
have a low growth rate of population.

27. • In countries like India societal norms, &
prejudices(an unjustified attitude or
opinion, usually a negative one)
influences the size of the families.
– The preference for a male child,
– Child marriages
– Low status of women in many communities

28. • India was first country in the world to launch a
nation wide FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME in
1952.
– Govt. agencies and institutions have spread
the message of the importance of having small
families.
– Media was extensively used for making
awareness among the people.
– Enlighten the parents - could spend time
and resources in small families & hence
can be happy.
– Cheap contraceptives were distributed

29. • Every country must devise its own ways to
tackle the problems of overpopulation.
– In 1979 China started the ‘one child per family’
policy. Those who defied the law and had a
second child were subjected to brutal
punishment.
– The child too had to face the impact as
Chinese Govt. had denied him/ her
education& health care.
– The infamous population control measures was
successful in bringing down the birthrate. But at
the cost gross human rights violations.
• Such coercive policies would not be practical
& ill suited in a large democratic country like
India.

31. Measure to control
Population
a) The Govt. should regularly conduct
programmes to educate the public about
the ill effects of overpopulation.
b) Social organizations & NGOs should actively
involve and inform people about the available
methods of family planning.
c) People should be persuaded but not
coerced to undergo sterilization after having
2 children.
d) Family literacy should be encouraged, so that
women can take informed decisions about the
size of their families.
e) Ban on child marriages should be enforced
strictly.
f) Maternal and child care facilities should be

32. SMALL FAMILY … HEALTHY
FAMILY & HAPPY
FAMILY..