The document traces the evolution of the web from its early origins in the 1970s through recent developments. It discusses important milestones like the development of HTML in the early 1990s to enable web pages, the release of early browsers like Mosaic and Netscape, and the introduction of technologies like JavaScript, CSS, and AJAX in the late 1990s. More recent developments discussed include the launch of Chrome in 2008 and the finalization of HTML5 in 2014. The web has grown from its early days to now having an estimated 100-148 million users.

1. EVOLUTION OF THE WEB
Muhammad Zubair Asghar
Lahore Leads University
BSSE-VB
F13-1384

2. Growth of technologies &
early history
 1972 First Email
 1975 Gates and Allen starts Microsoft
 1975 Beta andVHS videotaps
 1976 Jobs and Woznaik starts Apple
 1981 CSNET BITNET are born
 1983 TCP/IP born

3. Birth of world wide web –W3
 in 1992Tim Berners-Lee,a physicist in Geneva
Switzerland came up with the term
World WideWeb -W3

4. World Wide Web (WWW)
 The World WideWeb (www) is an open
source information space
 where documents and other web
resources are identified by URLs, interlinked
by hypertext links, and can be accessed via
the Internet.
 It has become known simply as the Web.
 TheWorld WideWeb is the primary tool
billions of people use to interact on the
Internet.

5. Hypertext
 Hypertext is text
which contains links
to other texts.
 The term was
coined byTed
Nelson around 1965

6. URL
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) commonly
informally referred to as a web address
 A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI), although many people use the
two terms interchangeably.
 A URL implies the means to access an indicated
resource.
 URLs occur most commonly to reference web
pages (http), but are also used for file transfer
(ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and
many other applications.

7. URL and URI
This diagram shows that a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) is either a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL), a Uniform Resource Name (URN), or both

8. Internet
 The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link
billions of devices worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that consists of
millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local
to global scope.

9. Evolution of WEB After 90’s

10. 1991
 HTTP (HypertextTransport Protocol)
 It is a protocol used for data communication in world
wide web
 HTML 1 (Hypertext Markup Language)
1. It is a language used to create web pages
2. It describes the structure of the website which makes it a
markup language, rather then a programming language

11. 1993
 Mosaic Browser
1. Mosaic was developed at the National Center for
SupercomputingApplication (NCSA) at the University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign beginning in late 1992. NCSA
released the browser in 1993.
2. For first time its 0.1 version is released.
3. It read HTML 1 and it was a client of earlier protocols.

12. 1993
 Mosaic look like this

13. 1994
 HTML 2
 HTML 2 is released in 1994.The feature of stylized text and
table is introduced in it
 Cookies are introduced
 Cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and
stored in the user's web browser while the user is
browsing it. Every time the user loads the website, the
browser sends the cookie back to the server to notify
the user's previous activity.
 These were 1st time implemented in Netscap browser in
1994.

14. 1994
 NetScap Browser
 NetScap browser build and its 1st and 2nd (0.9 & 1.0)
versions was released in 1994
 It has high speed then Mosaic browser and it was free
although NCSA released 2nd version of Mosaic.

15. 1994
NetScap 1.0

16. 1995
 Opera Browser
 It was internally and limited released in 1995.
 Opera web browser began in 1994 when it was started
as a research project atTelenor. In 1995, the project
branched out into a separate company named Opera
Software ASA, with the first publicly available version
released in 1996
 Opera has undergone extensive changes and
improvements, and introduced notable features such as
Speed Dial.
 It has multiple document interface(MDI) and sidebar,
which made browsing several pages at once much easier

17. 1995
Opera 1.0

18. 1995
 Internet Explorer
 Microsoft has developed eleven versions of Internet
Explorer forWindows from 1995 to 2013.
 It has also developed Internet Explorer for Mac, Internet
Explorer for UNIX and Internet Explorer Mobile forApple
Macintosh, Unix and mobile devices respectively
 It was modeled on NCSA’s Mosaic browser but did not
use its source code

19. 1995
Internet explorer 1.0 Internet explorer 9

20. 1995
 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
 SSL was introduced in web in 1995
 It is a predecessor ofTransport Layer Security (TLS)
 Both SSL &TLS are protocols designed to
provide communications security over a computer network
 Major web sites (including Google,YouTube, Facebook and
many others) useTLS to secure all communications between
their servers and web browsers.
 HTML 3
 HTML 3 is made in 1995
 More of 1 and 2 with some Brower specific features

21. 1995
 JavaScript
 JavaScript was originally developed by NetScap in 1995
 JavaScript is most commonly used as a client side scripting
language.This means that JavaScript code is written into an
HTML page.
 It has an application programming interface (API) for
working with text, arrays, dates and regular expressions
 JavaScript is not the same as Java. I repeat: JavaScript
is not the same as Java.
 It was first time implemented in NetScap in 1996 and later
on it was adopted by Microsoft and was implemented in
Internet Explorer’s version 3 in 1996
 It was implemented by Opera in 1997

22. 1996
 Flash
 Adobe Flash (formerly
called Macromedia Flash and Shockwave Flash) is
a multimedia and software platform
 It is used for creating vector graphics, animation, browser
games, rich Internet applications, desktop
applications, mobile applications and mobile games
 Flash displays text, vector and raster graphics to provide
animations, video games and applications
 It allows streaming of audio and video, and can capture
mouse, keyboard, microphone and camera input
 It was developed in 1995 but implemented in Browsers in
1996

23. 1996
 XML (Extensible Markup Language)
 XML was developed in 1996 but introduced in browsers from
1999
 XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format which is both human-
readable and machine-readable
 Maybe it is a little hard to understand, but XML does not DO
anything
 This note is a note toTove, from Jani, stored as XML:

24. 1996
XML HTML
 XML was designed to carry
data.
 Its focus on what is data to
be carried.
 XML tags are not
predefined
 XML is about describing
information.
 HTML was designed to
display data.
 Its focus on how the data
looks
 HTML tags are predefined
 HTML is about displaying
data

25. Massive Advantage of XML
The tree structure of XMl allows documents to
be compared and aggregated efficiently
element by element.

26. 1997
 HTML 3.2 And HTML 4
 HTML 3.2 and HTML 4 were introduced in 1997
 A re-evaluation of 3. Some clutter were removed
that arrived in 2 and 3.

27. 1998
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) 2
 CSS is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of
a document written in a markup language
 CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document
content from document presentation, including aspects such as
the layout, colors, and fonts
 This separation of formatting and content makes it possible to
present the same markup page in different styles for different
rendering methods
 It is developed in 1998 but implemented in 1999

28. 1999
 Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
 With Ajax, web applications can send data to and retrieve
from a server in the background, without interfering with the
display and behavior of the existing page
 AJAX is about updating parts of a web page, without
reloading the whole page.
 It is implemented in 1999
 With Ajax one can:
 Update a web page without reloading the page
 Request data from a server - after the page has loaded
 Receive data from a server - after the page has loaded
 Send data to a server - in the background

29. 2000-2007
 In 2003 APPLE launches safari browser
 The Mozilla Firefox project was created by Dave
Hyatt and Blake Ross in 2004
 Opera released opera mini for mobile in 2005
 Apple released 1st i-phone with mobile version of
safari 3 in 2007
 NetScap discontinued in 2007.The usage share of
Netscape had fallen from over 90 percent in the mid-
1990s to less than one percent by the end of 2006

30. 2008-2015
 Chrome browser was launched in 2008
 HTML 5
 HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and
presenting content on theWorldWide Web
 It was finalized, and published, on 28 October 2014 by
the WorldWide Web Consortium (W3C)
 CSS3
 CSS3 has been split into "modules". It contains the "old CSS
specification" (which has been split into smaller pieces). In
addition, new modules are added

31. 2008-2015
 Content Security Policy (CSP)
 Content Security Policy is a computer security standard
introduced to prevent clickjacking and other code
injection attacks resulting from execution of malicious
content in the trusted web page context
 Drag And Drop
 Drag and drop became possible in web browsers by using
java script, and additional markup
 Touch Events
 An HTML5 specification that allows developers to easily
build touch-enabled web apps for touch-sensitive surfaces

32. Web users
 Current estimates range from 100 million to
148 million web users
 Average age=32
 64% with college degree
 32% females
 Source= Nielson surveys