Evolution of law enforcement and our criminal justice
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This document traces the evolution of law enforcement and the criminal justice system from ancient times to the present. It discusses early systems of law from Egypt, Greece and Rome, followed by developments in medieval England like the Frankpledge system, tithing system, and Magna Carta. It then covers watch and ward systems from the 1500s, the role of sheriffs, and the establishment of the first police forces in 17th century Boston and London. The document concludes by outlining the traditional three eras of policing: the political era from 1840-1930, the reform/professional era from 1930-1980, and the community-focused era from 1980 to present.
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Evolution of law enforcement and our criminal justice
- 1. EVOLUTION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM DEION WILLIAMS PRINCIPLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
- 2. INTRODUCTION
- 3. PRIMITIVE AND ANCIENT LAW • EGYPT • GREECE • ROME •Greece•Rome
- 4. THE NORMAN FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM •The Frankledeg system required loyalty to the kings law and mutual local responsibility of all free Englishmen to maintain the peace
- 5. THE ANGLO-SAXONS AND THE TITHING SYSTEM • Tithing System • Hue and cry
- 6. THE MAGNA CARTA • Was the 1st documents formed onto a King of England by a group of his subjects • Led to the rule of Constitutional law in English speaking world • It has become a source of inspiration throughout the world
- 7. THE NEXT 500 YEARS • Watch and Ward- Provided citizens protection 24 hours a day., with the day shift called ward and the night shift called watch • Shire-reeve- The word "sheriff" is a contraction of the term "shire reeve". The term, from the Old English, designated a royal official responsible for keeping the peace (a "reeve") throughout a shire or county on behalf of the king
- 8. HENRY FIELDING • Author of the novel Tom Jones • born at Sharpham and was educated at Eton College • Chief magistrate of Bow Street in polices London
- 9. WOMEN ENTER LAW ENFORCEMENT • In 1883 the London Metropolitan Police appointed two women to supervise women convicts. Their numbers and functions later expanded.
- 10. THE EARLY DAYS OF AMERICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT •The Watch- Initially run by a combination of obligatory and voluntary participation, the 17th century watch •Change, Change and more Change- As word spread about Boston’s watch, other colonies began establishing their own force.
- 11. THE TRADITIONAL THREE ERAS OF POLICING •The political Era (1840-1930) •The Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980) •The community Era (1980-Present)
- 12. MODERN POLICING • Understanding the Differences • Examining the Options • Conclusion
- 13. REFRENCES • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff • http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Shire+reeve • http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/13/women-law-enforcement- police-dea-secret-service/2635407/ • saferstein, r. (2011). criminalistics an introduction to forensic science. upper saddle river: pearson education inc.
Editor's Notes
- The heritage of law enforcement is a source of pride, as well as a guide to avoiding mistakes in the future. Specific dates and events are not as important as acquiring a sense of the sequence or chronology of how present-day laws and our system of law enforcement came into existence.
- A system of law and law enforcement began earlier than 2000 BC as a means to control human conduct and enforce society’s rules. Keeping the peace was the responsibility of the group.
- In 1066 William the Conqueror, a Norman, invaded and conquered England. As king of the conquered nation, William was too conquered about national security to allow the tithings to keep their system of home rule. He established 55 military districts, each headed by a Norman shire-reeve who answered directly to the crown. The Normans modified the tithing system into the Frankledge system
- -Every male, unless excused by the king, was enrolled in a group of 10 families known as a tithing. To maintain order they had a chief tithingham who was the mayor, council and judge in one. Society was so basic that it enforced only two laws: laws against murder and theft. The tithing system established the principle of collective responsibility for maintaining local law and order. Any victim or person who discovered a crime would put out the hue and cry, for example, “Stop thief!” Those hearing the cry would stop what they were doing and help capture the suspect. - The hue and cry may be the orgin of the general alarm and the citizen’s arrest.
- The Magna Carta, a precedent for democratic government and individual rights. Laid the foundation for requiring rulers to uphold the law; forbade taxation without representation; required due process of law, including trial by jury; and provide safeguards unfair imprisonment.
- Watch and Ward- A system of law enforcement that was used to protect citizens 24 hours a day; the day shift was called the ward and the night shift was called the watch Shire-reeve- The modern office of sheriff in the United States descends from a one-thousand-year-old English tradition: a "shire-reeve" (shire-keeper) is the oldest appointment of the English crown. Because county governments were typically the first established units of government in newly settled American territories, sheriffs were among the first elected public officials in an area and thus developed a leading role in local law enforcement.
- Aside from his literary achievements, he has a significant place in the history of law-enforcement, having founded (with his half-brother John) what some have called London's first police force, the Bow Street Runners, using his authority as a magistrate. In 1748 Henry fielding was appointed chief magistrate of Bow Street in policeless London. Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the author of the novel Tom Jones.
- In 1905 a woman was attached to the London Metropolitan Police force to conduct inquiries in cases involving women and children. Each year several more police matrons were hired.
- When the English colonists came to America, they brought with them many traditions, including traditions in law enforcement. From the beginning they were concerned with avoiding anarchy. More than 350 years ago, America’s first known system of law enforcement was established in Boston. As soon as colonists had settled there in 1630, local ordinances had allowed for constables to be appointed. Soon after, in April 1631, the townspeople formed a “watch” made up of six watchmen, one constable, and several volunteers who patrolled at night, walking the rounds. New York (then the Dutch colony New Amsterdam) established a rattle watch in 1652. Before whistles, law enforcement used wooden rattles and their distinct noise to signal for help, even into the 19th century.
- In the political era, police forces were characterized by a broad social service function, a decentralized organization, an intimate relationship with the community and extensive use of foot patrol. In the Reform era or the professional era, police forces were characterized by authority coming from the law and professionalism; crime control as their primary function. Police forces in the community era are characterized by authority coming from community support, law and professionalism; provision of a broad range of services, including crime control.
- Understanding the Differences- Police work is a people business. Most of us who have been in the profession for any period of time know this. Arrests, tickets, raids, and investigations all are elements of the job, but the real work is human relationships—people to people, person to person. Examining the Options- To understand the people we now will lead, we must look at our organizations and ourselves much closer. As a practical matter, law enforcement agencies are quasi-military organizations with ranks, rules, regulations, policies, and written directives that set the internal boundaries in our departments and the basic parameters of how to deal with the public. Technology moves at lightning speed, enabling us to file papers and create new policies and directives in record time. Unfortunately, what gets lost in the shuffle is our people, especially the young members of the modern police force. Conclusion- Servant leadership principles require sacrifice on the leader’s part because they are not always easy to live. They are a process and a belief system that puts leadership on a new path. For many people, these concepts will seem strange and unconventional. They are, but I believe our profession is at a point where we, as leaders, must assume a new role, accept additional responsibilities, and understand the changes in the culture and the people coming into our profession. We must lead with a dedication to our core principles and purposes and our people first.