Evolution
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This document discusses the theories of evolution proposed by Lamarck and Darwin. Lamarck suggested that acquired traits during an organism's lifetime could be inherited by offspring, known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin observed finches on the Galapagos Islands that resembled mainland finches and proposed natural selection, where individuals with traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, leading to evolution of species over time. The key principles of natural selection are overproduction of offspring, genetic variation within a population, and adaptation of individuals to their environment through heritable traits.
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Factors affecting variation and evolutionary pathways
1) Mutations, gene flow, and recombination increase genetic variation in populations by introducing new alleles.
2) Natural selection and genetic drift decrease variation by eliminating less adapted alleles or reducing population size.
3) Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to common environmental pressures. Divergent evolution happens when related species evolve different traits in different environments, possibly leading to speciation. Vestigial structures provide evidence of evolution from ancestral forms.
What is evolution
1) The document discusses factors that can initiate microevolutionary changes by altering gene frequencies in populations. These include mutation, gene flow, natural selection, non-random mating, and genetic drift.
2) Five conditions must be met for a population to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, and no gene flow. Deviations from any of these conditions can lead to evolutionary changes by changing allele and genotype frequencies over time.
3) Specific factors that can drive evolutionary changes include mutation, which introduces new variants; gene flow through migration; natural selection favoring certain genotypes; non-random mating patterns; and genetic drift through random processes in small populations
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This document provides an overview of speciation and the formation of new species. It discusses genetic equilibrium in populations and the factors that can disrupt it, such as mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection. When isolated populations experience disruptions to genetic equilibrium over long periods of time, reproductive barriers can form, leading to the emergence of new species. The document outlines various mechanisms of speciation, including geographic isolation of populations, and provides examples of speciation observed in Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands.
03 darwin's origin of species
Darwin's Origin of Species introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, where nature favors the reproductive success of certain individuals over others, resulting in evolution over many generations. Natural selection describes how adaptations develop that make a species suited for survival and reproductive success in its environment, as seen in Darwin's example of the evolution of large-billed finches on the Galapagos Islands. While Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest" to describe natural selection, fitness relates to reproductive success rather than physical strength.
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1. The document discusses macroevolution and systematics, including definitions of microevolution, macroevolution, and species. It also covers speciation, the formation of new species, which can occur through allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric mechanisms.
2. Speciation is a two-step process involving first reproductive isolation between populations followed by genetic divergence to the point where interbreeding is no longer possible. Speciation can result in anagenesis, the evolution of one species into another over time, or cladogenesis, where one species forms two or more new species.
3. Rates of speciation depend on the number of unfilled niches, and adaptive radiation is when a small
Macro evolution-natural-selection-speciation
Populations, rather than individuals, are the units of evolution. A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same area. Five agents can drive microevolution within a population: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. Natural selection leads to differential reproductive success and is the only agent that can result in adaptation to the environment.
Role of isolation in evolution
Geographical isolation leads to the evolution of reproductive isolation mechanisms like seasonal, habitat, and behavioral isolation that prevent interbreeding between populations. These prezygotic isolations accumulate over time and can lead to the evolution of postzygotic isolations like gamete mortality, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, and hybrid inviability that further solidify reproductive barriers and allow populations to evolve into distinct species through the process of speciation. The document provides examples of various isolation mechanisms across plants and animals and discusses their role in evolution.
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Factors affecting variation and evolutionary pathways
1) Mutations, gene flow, and recombination increase genetic variation in populations by introducing new alleles.
2) Natural selection and genetic drift decrease variation by eliminating less adapted alleles or reducing population size.
3) Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to common environmental pressures. Divergent evolution happens when related species evolve different traits in different environments, possibly leading to speciation. Vestigial structures provide evidence of evolution from ancestral forms.
What is evolution
1) The document discusses factors that can initiate microevolutionary changes by altering gene frequencies in populations. These include mutation, gene flow, natural selection, non-random mating, and genetic drift.
2) Five conditions must be met for a population to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, and no gene flow. Deviations from any of these conditions can lead to evolutionary changes by changing allele and genotype frequencies over time.
3) Specific factors that can drive evolutionary changes include mutation, which introduces new variants; gene flow through migration; natural selection favoring certain genotypes; non-random mating patterns; and genetic drift through random processes in small populations
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This document provides an overview of speciation and the formation of new species. It discusses genetic equilibrium in populations and the factors that can disrupt it, such as mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection. When isolated populations experience disruptions to genetic equilibrium over long periods of time, reproductive barriers can form, leading to the emergence of new species. The document outlines various mechanisms of speciation, including geographic isolation of populations, and provides examples of speciation observed in Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands.
03 darwin's origin of species
Darwin's Origin of Species introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, where nature favors the reproductive success of certain individuals over others, resulting in evolution over many generations. Natural selection describes how adaptations develop that make a species suited for survival and reproductive success in its environment, as seen in Darwin's example of the evolution of large-billed finches on the Galapagos Islands. While Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest" to describe natural selection, fitness relates to reproductive success rather than physical strength.
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1. The document discusses macroevolution and systematics, including definitions of microevolution, macroevolution, and species. It also covers speciation, the formation of new species, which can occur through allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric mechanisms.
2. Speciation is a two-step process involving first reproductive isolation between populations followed by genetic divergence to the point where interbreeding is no longer possible. Speciation can result in anagenesis, the evolution of one species into another over time, or cladogenesis, where one species forms two or more new species.
3. Rates of speciation depend on the number of unfilled niches, and adaptive radiation is when a small
Macro evolution-natural-selection-speciation
Populations, rather than individuals, are the units of evolution. A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same area. Five agents can drive microevolution within a population: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. Natural selection leads to differential reproductive success and is the only agent that can result in adaptation to the environment.
Role of isolation in evolution
Geographical isolation leads to the evolution of reproductive isolation mechanisms like seasonal, habitat, and behavioral isolation that prevent interbreeding between populations. These prezygotic isolations accumulate over time and can lead to the evolution of postzygotic isolations like gamete mortality, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, and hybrid inviability that further solidify reproductive barriers and allow populations to evolve into distinct species through the process of speciation. The document provides examples of various isolation mechanisms across plants and animals and discusses their role in evolution.
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The document discusses several key topics related to biodiversity and evolution:
- It estimates that there are 10 million species on Earth, demonstrating high biodiversity.
- It defines evolution as genetic changes in a population over generations, and describes microevolution within populations and macroevolution leading to new species.
- The main mechanisms driving microevolution are natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and genetic drift.
- Speciation occurs when one species evolves into two or more reproductively isolated species, increasing biodiversity, and can happen in isolation (allopatric) or without isolation (sympatric).
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This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
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Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection. Darwin developed his theory after observing different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory caused a paradigm shift in biology by establishing that life evolved over time through a process of descent with modification from common ancestors. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a natural explanation for adaptation and speciation.
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1. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and observed changes over time.
2. Early evolutionary thinkers like Lamarck proposed different mechanisms of evolution than what is accepted today, such as the inheritance of acquired traits based on environmental needs.
3. Modern evolutionary synthesis incorporates Darwin's idea of descent with modification through natural selection acting on random genetic mutations and variations that arise during reproduction. Traits that increase reproductive success and survival become more common in populations over generations.
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Natural selection is a process by which beneficial traits become more common in a population over generations. It occurs through adaptation as individuals with traits that increase reproductive success are more likely to pass on those traits. There are different types of natural selection including directional selection which favors extreme phenotypes, stabilizing selection which favors intermediate phenotypes, and diversifying selection which maintains diversity in heterogeneous environments. Reproductive success and fitness are measures of how likely an individual is to contribute offspring to the next generation and natural selection acts upon traits that increase these measures.
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Conservation genetics applies genetic methods to preserve biodiversity and avoid species extinction. It studies levels of genetic diversity within and among populations and species. Small, isolated populations are vulnerable to loss of diversity through genetic drift, inbreeding, and reduced gene flow. Ex situ conservation involves captive breeding programs and gene banks, while in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through parks and reserves. Population augmentation also aims to boost small populations but risks outbreeding depression if not done carefully. Conservation genetics uses an interdisciplinary approach to understand and preserve genetic diversity in threatened species.
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This document discusses the concept of natural selection and provides examples. It describes three patterns of natural selection: directional selection which favors advantageous traits, stabilizing selection which reduces variability, and disruptive selection which favors extreme traits. Examples provided include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution, control of Australian rabbits through myxomatosis virus, and selective breeding experiments increasing traits like body weight and disease resistance in salmon.
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Darwin discovered 13 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands that all descended from a common ancestor. The finches have adapted to their environments by developing differences in beak type, color, and size to eat various foods like seeds, insects, or use tools. Peter and Rosemary Grant studied the finches to show there is enough natural variation within each species for natural selection to lead to changes over time, such as documenting changes in finch beak and body traits during drought.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection after observing variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and the individuals with traits best suited to the environment will survive and pass on those traits, leading to evolution over many generations as less adapted traits die out. Natural selection acts on inherited variation through processes like predation, disease, and competition for limited resources.
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1. The document outlines notes from a biology class lesson on Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection.
2. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s where he began developing his ideas about natural selection and his publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859.
3. The theory of natural selection is explained as individuals varying, some traits helping organisms survive and reproduce more successfully over generations, causing trait frequencies to change in populations over time.
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This document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It explains that Darwin observed greater diversity of species during his travels than in his native country, which led him to propose that all species gradually change over time and descend with modification from other species. Modern understandings incorporate genetics, showing how mutations in DNA can provide variation for natural selection to act upon. Fossil evidence also documents how life has changed over time.
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The document summarizes a study by Peter and Rosemary Grant on how beak shapes in Galapagos finches changed in response to environmental conditions over successive generations. It describes how during a drought, finches with more advantageous beak shapes for the available seeds survived and reproduced more, leading to changes in the beak phenotypes and genotypes in the population over time. Figures 1 and 3 support how traits varied within populations and how diversity increases chances of survival during environmental changes.
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Charles Darwin developed the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how species change over time through descent with modification from common ancestors. His theory states that genetic variation within species leads to different traits, which are acted on by environmental pressures like competition for resources and predation. Traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in populations over many generations, resulting in evolution of new species. Darwin provided extensive evidence from biogeography, fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy to support his theory.
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Charles Darwin traveled around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, collecting biological specimens. This provided the foundation for his theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859. His theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection acting on inherited variation between individuals. Variations that aid survival and reproduction in a given environment become more common, leading to evolution of new species over time. This document provides background on Darwin's voyage and life, an overview of his theory of evolution by natural selection, and various evidence that supports the theory, including fossils, anatomical similarities, embryology, biochemistry and observations of natural selection in action.
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The document discusses several key topics related to biodiversity and evolution:
- It estimates that there are 10 million species on Earth, demonstrating high biodiversity.
- It defines evolution as genetic changes in a population over generations, and describes microevolution within populations and macroevolution leading to new species.
- The main mechanisms driving microevolution are natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and genetic drift.
- Speciation occurs when one species evolves into two or more reproductively isolated species, increasing biodiversity, and can happen in isolation (allopatric) or without isolation (sympatric).
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This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
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The document discusses microevolution versus macroevolution and the process of speciation. Speciation occurs at the boundary between microevolution within a population and macroevolution leading to new taxonomic groups like species. There are different concepts of what defines a species and barriers that can lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species, either when populations are separated geographically (allopatric speciation) or within overlapping populations (sympatric speciation). Evidence suggests speciation may occur gradually over long periods, as proposed by Darwin, or in punctuated bursts alternating with long periods of stasis, as proposed by Gould.
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Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection. Darwin developed his theory after observing different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory caused a paradigm shift in biology by establishing that life evolved over time through a process of descent with modification from common ancestors. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a natural explanation for adaptation and speciation.
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1. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and observed changes over time.
2. Early evolutionary thinkers like Lamarck proposed different mechanisms of evolution than what is accepted today, such as the inheritance of acquired traits based on environmental needs.
3. Modern evolutionary synthesis incorporates Darwin's idea of descent with modification through natural selection acting on random genetic mutations and variations that arise during reproduction. Traits that increase reproductive success and survival become more common in populations over generations.
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Natural selection is a process by which beneficial traits become more common in a population over generations. It occurs through adaptation as individuals with traits that increase reproductive success are more likely to pass on those traits. There are different types of natural selection including directional selection which favors extreme phenotypes, stabilizing selection which favors intermediate phenotypes, and diversifying selection which maintains diversity in heterogeneous environments. Reproductive success and fitness are measures of how likely an individual is to contribute offspring to the next generation and natural selection acts upon traits that increase these measures.
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Conservation genetics applies genetic methods to preserve biodiversity and avoid species extinction. It studies levels of genetic diversity within and among populations and species. Small, isolated populations are vulnerable to loss of diversity through genetic drift, inbreeding, and reduced gene flow. Ex situ conservation involves captive breeding programs and gene banks, while in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through parks and reserves. Population augmentation also aims to boost small populations but risks outbreeding depression if not done carefully. Conservation genetics uses an interdisciplinary approach to understand and preserve genetic diversity in threatened species.
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This document discusses the concept of natural selection and provides examples. It describes three patterns of natural selection: directional selection which favors advantageous traits, stabilizing selection which reduces variability, and disruptive selection which favors extreme traits. Examples provided include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution, control of Australian rabbits through myxomatosis virus, and selective breeding experiments increasing traits like body weight and disease resistance in salmon.
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This document provides an overview of evolution and genetics from an anthropology course. It discusses key topics like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experiments with genetics and heredity, and modern understandings of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and the mechanisms that drive genetic change over time.
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Darwin discovered 13 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands that all descended from a common ancestor. The finches have adapted to their environments by developing differences in beak type, color, and size to eat various foods like seeds, insects, or use tools. Peter and Rosemary Grant studied the finches to show there is enough natural variation within each species for natural selection to lead to changes over time, such as documenting changes in finch beak and body traits during drought.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection after observing variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and the individuals with traits best suited to the environment will survive and pass on those traits, leading to evolution over many generations as less adapted traits die out. Natural selection acts on inherited variation through processes like predation, disease, and competition for limited resources.
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1. The document outlines notes from a biology class lesson on Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection.
2. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s where he began developing his ideas about natural selection and his publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859.
3. The theory of natural selection is explained as individuals varying, some traits helping organisms survive and reproduce more successfully over generations, causing trait frequencies to change in populations over time.
Presentation2
This document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It explains that Darwin observed greater diversity of species during his travels than in his native country, which led him to propose that all species gradually change over time and descend with modification from other species. Modern understandings incorporate genetics, showing how mutations in DNA can provide variation for natural selection to act upon. Fossil evidence also documents how life has changed over time.
Finchstudentpresentation
The document summarizes a study by Peter and Rosemary Grant on how beak shapes in Galapagos finches changed in response to environmental conditions over successive generations. It describes how during a drought, finches with more advantageous beak shapes for the available seeds survived and reproduced more, leading to changes in the beak phenotypes and genotypes in the population over time. Figures 1 and 3 support how traits varied within populations and how diversity increases chances of survival during environmental changes.
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Charles Darwin developed the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how species change over time through descent with modification from common ancestors. His theory states that genetic variation within species leads to different traits, which are acted on by environmental pressures like competition for resources and predation. Traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in populations over many generations, resulting in evolution of new species. Darwin provided extensive evidence from biogeography, fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy to support his theory.
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Charles Darwin traveled around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, collecting biological specimens. This provided the foundation for his theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859. His theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection acting on inherited variation between individuals. Variations that aid survival and reproduction in a given environment become more common, leading to evolution of new species over time. This document provides background on Darwin's voyage and life, an overview of his theory of evolution by natural selection, and various evidence that supports the theory, including fossils, anatomical similarities, embryology, biochemistry and observations of natural selection in action.
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Evolution and biodiversity occurred over billions of years as follows:
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- Before 1850, most people believed the Earth was only a few thousand years old and never changed, with species fixed to their environments.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed one of the first theories of evolution, suggesting species evolve through inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- Charles Darwin's observations on his voyage on the HMS Beagle led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, where individuals better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits.
- Darwin observed related but distinct finch species in the Galapagos Islands, supporting the idea that isolated populations can evolve into new species over time through natural selection.
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Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection after travelling all around the world and observed different species in the same area.
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Populations evolve over time through natural selection as beneficial genetic mutations allow individuals to better survive and reproduce in their environment. While evolution has no end goal, it has generated the extensive biodiversity on Earth which is vital for sustaining life but is now threatened by human activities that cause premature species extinction and habitat destruction. Each species occupies a unique ecological niche, and loss of species disrupts ecosystem functions.
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Natural selection
Darwin explored ideas about evolution through natural selection. His observations of finches in the Galapagos led him to predict that one species can evolve into another through natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on those favorable traits. Darwin proposed that small, inherited variations combined with differential reproductive success could result in the emergence of new species over generations.
2 Biological Change.ppt
The document discusses several key topics related to evolution:
1. It describes common descent and provides evidence from DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences, and fossils.
2. It discusses Charles Darwin's contributions including his voyage on the HMS Beagle and publishing On the Origin of Species in 1859 introducing natural selection.
3. It provides examples of adaptations through structures like camouflage and mimicry as well as physiological adaptations in bacteria that provide evidence of evolution.
Population genetic ppt
This document discusses key concepts in population genetics. It begins by defining population genetics as the study of allele frequency changes within a population over time. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain constant between generations under certain conditions. Five evolutionary forces can change frequencies: mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection. Natural selection acts to increase the frequency of traits that increase survival and reproduction. There are three types of natural selection: stabilizing selection eliminates extreme traits, disruptive selection eliminates intermediate traits, and directional selection eliminates a single trait. Polymorphisms within species, like shell color in grove snails, demonstrate genetic variation.
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Unit 5.pptx
Natural selection can act at different levels of biological organization beyond just the individual organism. It can favor cell lineages that reproduce more within an individual, as seen in cancer. It can also favor species that are more likely to speciate into new descendant species over long periods of time. The key requirements for natural selection to operate are variation, differential reproduction/survival, and heredity of traits. Examples are given of how selection can potentially work at the cellular level within the liver and at the species level over millions of years. Adaptive radiations, where a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into many new species exploiting different ecological niches, are also discussed. Factors that can trigger these include ecological opportunities like colonizing empty islands
Evolution- Natural Selection.pptnjjhggffffff
This document provides an overview of evolution and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It defines evolution as change over time, specifically changes in gene frequencies in a population. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations, such as different species in South America and unique species on the Galapagos Islands, that led him to propose natural selection. Natural selection consists of overproduction of offspring, genetic variation, competition for limited resources, and differential survival and reproduction of individuals with traits best suited for the environment.
Evolution webquest
1. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands and noticing that species were well-adapted to their environments.
2. His theory stated that species slowly change over generations through a process of inherited variation, survival of the fittest, and descent with modification from common ancestors.
3. Natural selection acts on this variation, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others, leading to evolution of the species over time.
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Energy
Energy is the ability to cause change or do work. It exists in six main forms: kinetic, potential, chemical, nuclear, thermal, and electrical. Energy can change from one form to another but can never be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy.
Work and machines
No work is done if an object does not move, even if a large force is applied, as work requires both force and movement of an object over a distance. Work is measured in Joules, which is calculated by multiplying the applied force by the distance the object is moved. For example, if a 12 Newton force lifts a weight 1.5 meters, 18 Joules of work are done. Machines help reduce the force needed to do work through mechanisms that apply force over a distance.
Waves
Waves are rhythmic movements that carry energy through matter or space caused by varying wind speeds. A wave has a crest, which is its highest point, and a trough, its lowest point. The wavelength is the distance between two adjacent crests, while the amplitude is half the wave's height. Frequency refers to the number of waves passing a point within a certain time period. Wave size depends on wind strength and duration, with gentler breezes causing ripples and stronger winds producing larger waves. While water appears to move forward with waves, it actually returns close to its original spot; only the wave's energy moves forward. Tsunamis differ in being caused by undersea earthquakes rather than wind.
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The document discusses how the body defends itself against pathogens through multiple systems. The skin, mucus, stomach acids, and reflexes like sneezing provide the first line of defense against pathogens entering through openings. When pathogens breach these defenses, the immune system is triggered to increase white blood cells and antibodies that target specific pathogens for destruction. The document also briefly mentions how different body systems like respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, digestive, nervous, muscular and skeletal work together to keep the body healthy.
Nervous system
The document describes the nervous system and related body systems. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs and allows for thinking, sensing and body balance. Neurons pass messages through the body via a cell body, dendrites and axon. Impulses travel along neurons from axons to dendrites to transmit messages. Reflexes happen automatically to protect the body. The endocrine system balances processes through glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. A biofeedback loop sends information between body parts in a circular pathway.
Digestion system
The digestion system breaks down food into nutrients the body can use through mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth through chewing while chemical digestion occurs through enzymes in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestines. The liver, gallbladder and pancreas aid digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestines and transported throughout the body by the circulatory system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide through the lungs, nose, and other airways.
Diseases
Infectious diseases can spread from person to person through direct contact like touching, kissing or hugging, or indirectly by inhaling droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze. Diseases can also spread by contact with contaminated objects like eating utensils, drinking cups or surfaces, or from animals through bites or ticks. Some bacteria and viruses live in the environment in food, soil or water and can infect people. While antibiotics can treat bacterial infections, there are currently no medications that can cure viral diseases, though over-the-counter medications can relieve symptoms. The best prevention methods include vaccines to stimulate immunity, proper hygiene like hand washing, not sharing personal items, safe food handling and cleaning surfaces.
Viruses
Viruses are tiny, non-living particles that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They enter cells and take over the cell's functions to produce more viruses. Viruses come in different shapes and have a protein coat surrounding their genetic material. They attach to and enter host cells, then use the cell's machinery to produce more viruses either immediately (active) or after a period of inactivity (hidden). While some viruses cause minor diseases like colds, others can have serious impacts like AIDS. However, viruses also have some useful applications like gene therapy.
Ch27 sec 3 recycling
Conservation helps prevent resource shortages and reduces pollution levels through reducing consumption of fossil fuels, reusing items, and recycling materials. Recycling reprocesses items and natural resources for reuse and is preferable to items that cannot be reused. Common recyclables include plastics, metals, glass, and paper, with recycling conserving natural resources and energy compared to producing items from raw materials.
Glaxies and the universe
Galaxies are large groups of stars, gas and dust bound by gravity. There are three main types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Spiral galaxies have winding spiral arms, some with central bars. Elliptical galaxies are large and three-dimensional spheres. Irregular galaxies are smaller and less common with various shapes. Our Milky Way galaxy is a spiral galaxy containing one trillion stars, including our Sun. The Universe contains billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars, that is always evolving as new stars are born and old stars die.
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Evolution
- 1. Evolution Changes in inherited characteristics of a SPECIES over time
- 2. Lamarck's Theory of Evolution ●Proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck ●Suggested that characteristics or traits developed during an organisms life time and inherited by his offspring ●His hypothesis was called inheritance of acquired characteristic
- 4. Darwin's Model of Evolution Plants and animals on Coast of south American islands originally came from Central and South America. Species of finches on the island looked similar to mainland finches Members of a population best able to survive and reproduce will pass their traits to the next generation resulting in differences in species.
- 5. Natural Selection ● Organisms with traits best suited to their environment will more likely survive and reproduce.
- 6. Principles of Natural Selection ● Overproduction ● Variation ● Adaptation
- 7. Overproduction ● More offspring than can be supported by the environment are produced therefore many die ●
- 8. Variation ● Within a species there can be a variety of traits ● Some variations are better for survival than others ● Those with better variations survive and reproduce
- 9. Adaptation ● Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment
- 10. Over Time ● Genetic make up of species may change ● Environmental factors can cause changes in source of genes ● Geographic isolation can make two populations so different they become different species.