Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of two local plants aqueous extracts (Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Cassia siamea (Cesalpiniaceae)) on termites during the growth of Rice Nerica 1
This study evaluated the insecticidal effects of aqueous extracts from two plants (Azadirachta indica and Cassia siamea) compared to a chemical pesticide (Chlorpyrifos ethyl) on termites during the growth of rice variety Nerica 1. A total of 11 termite species were found across untreated and treated plots. The most abundant groups were fungus-growers. Higher termite abundance and species richness was observed in the heading stage. At maturity, 4 months after planting, the plant extracts remained effective while the chemical's efficacy decreased. Between the two plant extracts, A. indica seemed most effective against termites.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Effect of glyphosate herbicide on the behavior of soil arthropods in non-orga...Salah Hussein
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the glyphosate
application on the population of soil arthropods (collected with pitfall and
Berlese funnels) and their diversity after application of herbicide. Results
of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps showed that glyphosate
herbicide has played a great role in detecting the activity of different
groups of soil arthropods with different reduction percentages. In insects
caused -23.7%, mites +48.8%, other arthropods -66.7% and total
population -23.3% reduction. Also glyphosate herbicide reduced the
diversity from 2.2 (ShanoonWiner values) to 1.6, as well as the equitability
%, from 46.6 % in pretreatment to 28.5% in post treatment. While it
caused a highly significant increase in the insect's population with
+55.26%, the other arthropods with +38.4%, and the total population of
soil arthropods with +54.04% in systemic groups of soil arthropods
extracted with Berlese funnel. However the population of mites extracted
with Berlese funnel was reduced with 80%. From results it could
concluded that glyphosate herbicide reduced all soil arthropods systemic
groups except mites collected with pitfall traps. However, it considerable
reduction effect was observed in mite populations collected with Berlese
funnel after application of glyphosate in tomato non organic system. This
reduction may be as a result of less food availability (e.g. plant roots) and
decreased green plant cover.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Effect of glyphosate herbicide on the behavior of soil arthropods in non-orga...Salah Hussein
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the glyphosate
application on the population of soil arthropods (collected with pitfall and
Berlese funnels) and their diversity after application of herbicide. Results
of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps showed that glyphosate
herbicide has played a great role in detecting the activity of different
groups of soil arthropods with different reduction percentages. In insects
caused -23.7%, mites +48.8%, other arthropods -66.7% and total
population -23.3% reduction. Also glyphosate herbicide reduced the
diversity from 2.2 (ShanoonWiner values) to 1.6, as well as the equitability
%, from 46.6 % in pretreatment to 28.5% in post treatment. While it
caused a highly significant increase in the insect's population with
+55.26%, the other arthropods with +38.4%, and the total population of
soil arthropods with +54.04% in systemic groups of soil arthropods
extracted with Berlese funnel. However the population of mites extracted
with Berlese funnel was reduced with 80%. From results it could
concluded that glyphosate herbicide reduced all soil arthropods systemic
groups except mites collected with pitfall traps. However, it considerable
reduction effect was observed in mite populations collected with Berlese
funnel after application of glyphosate in tomato non organic system. This
reduction may be as a result of less food availability (e.g. plant roots) and
decreased green plant cover.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Ochuko Siemuri
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
The olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economic pest of the commercial olive groves in Egypt and different Mediterranean countries. The present study was conducted aiming to assess the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on survival, growth, development and metamorphosis of this pest. The newly moulted last instar (6th) larvae had been treated with six concentrations (100.0, 10.0, 1.00, 0.10, 0.01 and 0.001 ppm), via the fresh olive leaves, as food. Different degrees of toxicity were recorded on all developmental stages. LC50 was calculated in 0.97 ppm. The somatic weight gain of larvae was drastically reduced and the larval growth rate was severely regressed, regardless the concentration. The larval duration was generally shortened but the pupal duration was remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. The pupation rate was regressed, especially at the higher four concentrations. The metamorphosis program was impaired, since larval-pupal intermediates had been produced at some concentrations. In addition, the pupal morphogenesis was disrupted, since some pupal deformities had been observed at some concentrations. K. Ghoneim | Kh. Hamadah | A.N. Mansour | A. A. Abo Elsoud"Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, on Development and Metamorphosis of The Olive Leaf Moth Palpita unionalis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd117.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/117/toxicity-and-disruptive-impacts-of-novaluron-a-chitin-synthesis-inhibitor-on-development-and-metamorphosis-of-the-olive-leaf-moth-palpita-unionalis/k-ghoneim
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Physiological Selectivity of Agrochemicals to Predatory Mites of Tetranychus ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The growing of rose (Rosa spp.) in a greenhouse provides favorable conditions for both, the plant and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), for which chemical control is still used. Consumers' demand has encouraged researches to use less aggressive agricultural practices, making the biological control as a viable option. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physiological selectivity of plant protection products, used on rosebushes for the control of T. urticae and other pests or diseases, to Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) both predatory mites of T. urticae on rosebush growing in a greenhouse. According to IOBC/WPRS, the residual method of spraying on a glass and leaf surface area was used for the physiological selectivity test of plant protection products for the predatory mites. The obtained results shown that with the exception of the acaricides-insecticide chlorfenapyr all other tested products-fungicides, acaricides and acaricides-insecticide-methiram + pyraclostrobin, thiofanate-methyl, boscalid + kresoxim-methyl, chlorothalonil, propargite, mandipropamid, mefenoxam, difenoconazol, bifenthrin and pyriproxifen, were innocuous (class 1) or only slightly harmful (class 2) to both species. Chlorfenapyr was highly toxic only for N. californicus (class 4), however after five days of its application no toxic residue of the product was detected on the glass surface and so the product has been classified as innocuous (class 1) as well for this predatory mite species after this period.
The effect of the fungi Imidacloprid and Nano- Imidacloprid on the target insect pest show that, under laboratory condition the LC50s obtained 88.3x 104 and 127.3x
104conidia/ml for B. tabaci after treated with different concentrations of Nano-Imidacloprid and M.a respectively. The LC50s for M. persicae recorded 66.4x 104 and
137.2x 104 conidia /ml after treated with the corresponding pathogen.
Under field condition in El Esraa (Nobarya) the data obtained detect tat, the M. persicae significantly decreased to 7,1±4.6, 17.1±4.8and 27.5±4.8 individuals after
post applications of Nano-Imidacloprid treatments after 50, 90 and 120 days. When B. tabaci treated with Imidacloprid the individuals significantly decreased to
25.5±4.4, 29.9±4.8, 39.9±8.8and 49.9±2.8 individuals as compared to 49.4±5.8, 80.4±5.8, 98.4±5.8 and 188.4±5.8 individuals in the control after20, 50, 90 and 120
days respectively. El-Kassaseen (Ismailia) governorate, both of the target insect pests significantly decreased.
The experiments in the field showed that, in two governorates, the tomato infesta tion with B. tabaci or M. psicae significantly decreased after treatments by
Imidacloprid and nano-Imidacloprid as compared to control plants.
Efficiency of bio fertilizers and compost on soil arthropod diversity and spe...Salah Hussein
The effect of three types of bio fertilizers ( N, P and K), plant and animal compost on soil arthropod diversity and species abundance were studied in organic tomato field. Nitrogen fixation bacteria increased the insects population with 16.26%, and the total population of soil arthropods with 7.3% and caused reduction % in mites and other arthropods population with 66.53 and 100 % reduction. Fertilization with potassium soluble bacteria (K) increased the population of insects, mites, and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups with 175, 1353.8 and 741.23 % respectively. Similar results were achieved in the treatments with phosphorous soluble bacteria (P)
The treatments with animal compost increased all soil arthropods systemic groups, insects, mites and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups gave 486.48, 356.36 and 347% increasing percentages compared with pretreatment. While this treatment caused reduction in the other soil arthropods with 66.6%.
The two types of compost increased both the terrestrial soil arthropods systemic groups, which collected by pitfall traps , and the superficial soil arthropods systemic groups that found in the upper surface layer, until (30cm depth), which collected by Berlese funnel methods, with percentage arranged from 47% to 61% in animal compost.
Generally steep decline occurred in other arthropods in tomato organic cultivated after application of different bio-fertilizers and increased in insect population, mites and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps and Berlese funnel.
Keywords : (organic tomato system, soil arthropods, agro ecosystem, Diversity and equitability, biofertilizers, plant and animal compost).
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
The olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economic pest of the commercial olive groves in Egypt and different Mediterranean countries. The present study was conducted aiming to assess the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on survival, growth, development and metamorphosis of this pest. The newly moulted last instar (6th) larvae had been treated with six concentrations (100.0, 10.0, 1.00, 0.10, 0.01 and 0.001 ppm), via the fresh olive leaves, as food. Different degrees of toxicity were recorded on all developmental stages. LC50 was calculated in 0.97 ppm. The somatic weight gain of larvae was drastically reduced and the larval growth rate was severely regressed, regardless the concentration. The larval duration was generally shortened but the pupal duration was remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. The pupation rate was regressed, especially at the higher four concentrations. The metamorphosis program was impaired, since larval-pupal intermediates had been produced at some concentrations. In addition, the pupal morphogenesis was disrupted, since some pupal deformities had been observed at some concentrations. K. Ghoneim | Kh. Hamadah | A.N. Mansour | A. A. Abo Elsoud"Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, on Development and Metamorphosis of The Olive Leaf Moth Palpita unionalis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd117.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/117/toxicity-and-disruptive-impacts-of-novaluron-a-chitin-synthesis-inhibitor-on-development-and-metamorphosis-of-the-olive-leaf-moth-palpita-unionalis/k-ghoneim
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Physiological Selectivity of Agrochemicals to Predatory Mites of Tetranychus ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The growing of rose (Rosa spp.) in a greenhouse provides favorable conditions for both, the plant and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), for which chemical control is still used. Consumers' demand has encouraged researches to use less aggressive agricultural practices, making the biological control as a viable option. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physiological selectivity of plant protection products, used on rosebushes for the control of T. urticae and other pests or diseases, to Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) both predatory mites of T. urticae on rosebush growing in a greenhouse. According to IOBC/WPRS, the residual method of spraying on a glass and leaf surface area was used for the physiological selectivity test of plant protection products for the predatory mites. The obtained results shown that with the exception of the acaricides-insecticide chlorfenapyr all other tested products-fungicides, acaricides and acaricides-insecticide-methiram + pyraclostrobin, thiofanate-methyl, boscalid + kresoxim-methyl, chlorothalonil, propargite, mandipropamid, mefenoxam, difenoconazol, bifenthrin and pyriproxifen, were innocuous (class 1) or only slightly harmful (class 2) to both species. Chlorfenapyr was highly toxic only for N. californicus (class 4), however after five days of its application no toxic residue of the product was detected on the glass surface and so the product has been classified as innocuous (class 1) as well for this predatory mite species after this period.
The effect of the fungi Imidacloprid and Nano- Imidacloprid on the target insect pest show that, under laboratory condition the LC50s obtained 88.3x 104 and 127.3x
104conidia/ml for B. tabaci after treated with different concentrations of Nano-Imidacloprid and M.a respectively. The LC50s for M. persicae recorded 66.4x 104 and
137.2x 104 conidia /ml after treated with the corresponding pathogen.
Under field condition in El Esraa (Nobarya) the data obtained detect tat, the M. persicae significantly decreased to 7,1±4.6, 17.1±4.8and 27.5±4.8 individuals after
post applications of Nano-Imidacloprid treatments after 50, 90 and 120 days. When B. tabaci treated with Imidacloprid the individuals significantly decreased to
25.5±4.4, 29.9±4.8, 39.9±8.8and 49.9±2.8 individuals as compared to 49.4±5.8, 80.4±5.8, 98.4±5.8 and 188.4±5.8 individuals in the control after20, 50, 90 and 120
days respectively. El-Kassaseen (Ismailia) governorate, both of the target insect pests significantly decreased.
The experiments in the field showed that, in two governorates, the tomato infesta tion with B. tabaci or M. psicae significantly decreased after treatments by
Imidacloprid and nano-Imidacloprid as compared to control plants.
Similar to Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of two local plants aqueous extracts (Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Cassia siamea (Cesalpiniaceae)) on termites during the growth of Rice Nerica 1
Efficiency of bio fertilizers and compost on soil arthropod diversity and spe...Salah Hussein
The effect of three types of bio fertilizers ( N, P and K), plant and animal compost on soil arthropod diversity and species abundance were studied in organic tomato field. Nitrogen fixation bacteria increased the insects population with 16.26%, and the total population of soil arthropods with 7.3% and caused reduction % in mites and other arthropods population with 66.53 and 100 % reduction. Fertilization with potassium soluble bacteria (K) increased the population of insects, mites, and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups with 175, 1353.8 and 741.23 % respectively. Similar results were achieved in the treatments with phosphorous soluble bacteria (P)
The treatments with animal compost increased all soil arthropods systemic groups, insects, mites and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups gave 486.48, 356.36 and 347% increasing percentages compared with pretreatment. While this treatment caused reduction in the other soil arthropods with 66.6%.
The two types of compost increased both the terrestrial soil arthropods systemic groups, which collected by pitfall traps , and the superficial soil arthropods systemic groups that found in the upper surface layer, until (30cm depth), which collected by Berlese funnel methods, with percentage arranged from 47% to 61% in animal compost.
Generally steep decline occurred in other arthropods in tomato organic cultivated after application of different bio-fertilizers and increased in insect population, mites and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps and Berlese funnel.
Keywords : (organic tomato system, soil arthropods, agro ecosystem, Diversity and equitability, biofertilizers, plant and animal compost).
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Wheat-pea intercropping for aphid control: from laboratory tritrophic approac...InternationalNetwork
Intercropping is an interesting practice to promote the sustainable control of insect pests such as aphids. In particular, volatile organic compounds emitted by aphid-infested intercropped plants may deter other aphid species from their host plants, while attracting natural enemies. In this study, olfactometer and net-cage behavioural assays were first conducted to determine the effect of wheat-pea mixtures combined with aphid infestations on odour preferences of the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and two associated predator species, the ladybird Harmonia axyridis and the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus. Healthy wheat plants were preferred by S. avenae, while wheat-pea mixtures combined with aphid infestations were significantly less attractive. H. axyridis preferred odours from healthy wheat plants mixed with aphid-infested pea plants. As for E. balteatus, their searching and oviposition behaviours were stimulated by the different wheat/pea combinations associated with aphid infestations. A field trial was also carried to compare the effect of mix and strip cropping wheat with pea on aphids and their natural enemies with both monocultures. Wheat and pea aphid populations were significantly reduced by both types of intercropping when compared to monocultures. Moreover, higher abundances of hoverflies, lacewings and ladybirds were found in wheat mixed with pea field, followed by strip cropping and monocultures. These findings show that wheat-pea intercropping can be efficient to reduce aphid populations, namely by promoting their biological control.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
Allelochemicals of Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) with phytotoxic poten...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Plant species able to produce phytotoxic substances are widely studied in agronomy because when identified and isolated can lead to herbicides or insecticides less toxic than current pesticides. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the Neea theifera species in cerrado biome, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of extracts and fractions of leaves and screen the secondary compounds in the methanol extract. The organic extracts and fractions showed phytotoxic potential in germination indexes, the initial growth of the root system and the mitotic index of L. sativa. In phytochemical screening performed by HPLC-PAD was possible to identify the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, a secondary class of compounds widely known in the literature for its medicinal and allelopathic actions. Therefore, according to the results it can be concluded that the species N. theifera is capable of producing phytotoxic compounds, since the leaf extracts and fractions changed the pattern germination indexes, root length and mitotic index of lettuce.
Screening of some Maize Varieties for Resistance against the Maize weevils, S...Premier Publishers
Twenty one maize varieties that were collected from Bako Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia were screened for resistance against maize weevils in insect science laboratory of Addis Ababa University. The varieties included sixteen hybrids (BH-660, BH-540, BH-543, BHQPY-545, BH-661, BH-546, BH-547, SPRH-1, AMH-760Q, AMH-851, AMH-853, AMH-854, MH-138Q, OHL HUV, Shone and Limu) and five open pollinated varieties (Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Gibe-2 and Morka). The parameter measured for screening were parental adult’s weevil’s mortality, F1 progeny emergence, percent protection, percent grain damage and weight loss, weight of damaged and undamaged grains, Dobie index of susceptibility and selection index. Based on Dobie index of susceptibility, 6 varieties (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) respectively were categorized as resistant varieties, whereas the rest 15 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853, OHL HUV, Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2, Limu, BH-660 and Shone) were rated as moderately susceptible varieties. However, based on selection index, 6 (Melkasa-6Q, MH-138Q, SPRH, BHQPY-545, AMH-760Q and AMH-851) were rated as resistant, 5 (Melkasa-2, BH-540, BH-661, AMH-853 and OHL HUV) were rated as moderately resistant, 8 (Melkasa-4, BH-543, BH-546, BH-547, Morka, AMH-854, Gibe-2 and Limu) were rated as moderately susceptible and 2 (BH-660 and Shone) were rated as susceptible varieties. Therefore, the aforementioned 6 resistant varieties could be stored relatively for longer period (≥ 2 months) under farmer’s storage conditions. Hence, these resistance varieties could be implemented as a cheap, ecologically sound and effective management method to reduce loss caused by S. zeamais under storage conditions at national level.
Impact of abamectin, Bacillus thuriengiensis and Neem oil extract on Aphis go...Open Access Research Paper
A study on the control of watermelon pests was conducted in Western region of Cameroon. The trial was laided on a randomised complete block design with three replications at the University of Dschang farm from December 27, 2019 to April 10, 2020 (dry season). The treatments were T1 (control plot), T2 Biotrin (Abamectin 5% at 375ml/ha), T3 Antario (Bacillus thuringiensis 1.4%+abamectin 0.1% at 375g/ha), T4 Neem oil (0.3 to 1% Azadirachtin) at 7l/ha, 400 H2O/ha) and T5 (Emamectin benzoate 50g/kg, 250g/ha). Pest abundance, leaf infestation rate, plant growth parameters and yields were assessed weekly from 26 days after sowing to three weeks before harvest. The results showed that Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) the major pest (39.54±7.15) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (1.64±0.16) the second host infested watermelon. The peak of the leaf infestation rate is 20.97% at 40 DAS. The number of aphids was higher at 54DAS (71.34±26.30) and for whiteflies at 68 DAS (2.83±0.54). The effect of the treatments was significant (P>0.05) for all parameters. The control plot was more infested with highest mean leaf infestation rate, number of Aphids and whiteflies respectively 29.6± 2.30%; 158.03±29.59; 1.04±0.20 than Biotrin less attacked (4.11 0.89%; 2.21±0.4; 0.89±0.2). Biotrin, neem oil, Antario and Emacot are comparable for all parameters. In summary, the lowest yield was obtained in the control plot (35.71±2.66t/ha) but was not significantly different (P˃0.05) from those of the other plots. Biotrin, neem oil and Antario are bioinsecticides alternatives for Emacot and it should be applied before the 40DAS.
Evaluation of Selected Botanical Extracts against Subterranean Termite, Copto...Premier Publishers
Coptoterme formosanus is an economically important agricultural and structural pest of warm and humid regions of the world. The main objective of the study was evaluate seed extracts of Brassica nigra and leaves extracts of Acokantra schimperi, Croton macrostachyus and Rhamnus prinoides against C. formosanus workers under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Treatments were consisted of three concentrations levels (5, 10 and 15 weight of botanical powder (g) per 100 ml volume of water) by three replications. Mortality of termite was counted after 24, 48 and 72 hours exposure for both conditions. The results of all botanical extracts at all concentration levels showed that caused mortality of C. formosanus workers. Complete mortality (100%) of C. formosanus was observed after treatment with 15 w/v B. nigra extract at three time intervals under both laboratory and semi-field conditions. Moreover, A. schimperi at 15 w/v concentration also resulted 100% mortality after 48-72 hours of exposure. Brassica nigra extract showed least LC50 (5.63g/100ml) value than other botanical extracts after 24 hours exposure under laboratory condition. Based on their toxicity status extracts of B. nigra > A. schmperi > R. prinoides > C. macrostachyus leaf extracts.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Similar to Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of two local plants aqueous extracts (Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Cassia siamea (Cesalpiniaceae)) on termites during the growth of Rice Nerica 1 (20)
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Mining is considered as a difficult and harmful job as it is done in a very
difficult physical and environmental condition. In addition to that, miners are exposed
to the dangers, damages and even death because of the bad condition of mines. The
dangers of mines are different in accordance with the kind of mine which may be
underground or surfaces. The dangers may be a bit different in different cities and
mines. Main harmful factors in mining are the physical damages, hyperthermia,
hearing loss, lung diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and facing with dangerous gases
and beams. The purpose of this essay is to examine the effect of physical, chemical
and biological harmful factor on miners. This survey has adopted descriptive method
and data are collected by library method. The results showed that the exposure of
chemical factors such as dust, methane and silica, and physical factors such as noise,
radiation, and biological factors may have great danger for miners.
The intensive study was conuducted for the prevalence and distribution of
Armigeres obturbans for the first time in the rural area surrounding Rajkot City. Seven
villages were identified for the study species identification, larval density, adult
density and distribution of breeding sites of the species. Results showed that adult
density of Ar. obturbans during monsoon was highest and post monsoon period was
most favourable for the species. Also the breeding sites of the species were recorded
more during this period. While during winter season majority of temporary breeding
sites dries out because of temperature decrease. Therefore, the temperature and
rainfall are the two variables that showed major effect on the breeding activities of
this species.
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing
artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own
territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in
the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data
dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that
construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and
properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being
increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water
darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the
destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment,
the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also
constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas have
been reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in
modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and
sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial
islands.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of
medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present
paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal
uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the
medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of
the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%,
trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in
formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark-
7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and
inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
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Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of two local plants aqueous extracts (Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Cassia siamea (Cesalpiniaceae)) on termites during the growth of Rice Nerica 1
1. Article Citation:
Seraphin Yao Kan Diby, Akpa Alexandre Moïse Akpesse, Tenon Coulibaly, Annick
Yamousso Tahiri and Philippe Kouassi Kouassi.
Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of two local plants aqueous extracts (Azadirachta
indica (Meliaceae), Cassia siamea (Cesalpiniaceae)) on termites during the growth of
Rice Nerica 1
Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(5): 1788-1798
JournalofResearchinBiology
Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of two local plants aqueous extracts
(Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Cassia siamea (Cesalpiniaceae)) on
termites during the growth of Rice Nerica 1
Keywords:
Rice Nerica, Cassia siamea, Azadirachta indica, Chlorpyrifos ethyl, Termites.
ABSTRACT:
This survey was conducted on an experimental parcel of the Agronomic High
School of the National Polytechnic Institute Félix HOUPHOUET- BOIGNY (ESA-INPHB)
of Yamoussoukro (Côte d’Ivoire). It aims to evaluate the insecticidal effect of 2 local
plants aqueous extracts on termites (Azadirachta indica and Cassia siamea) dosed at
131.25 g powder/ L compared to a chemical pesticide (Chlorpyrifos ethyl) dosed at
480 g / L. A total of 11 termite species were collected from the plots. The fungus-
growers with 6 species are the most dominant group. Four soil-feeder species and one
wood-boring species were also collected. Only fungus-growers are present in the
areas treated with plant extracts and chlorpyrifos ethyl. It was observed a high
abundance of termites in heading stage of the rice growth. In maturity stage, ie 4
months after sowing the efficiency of chlorpyrifos ethyl decreased as plant aqueous
extracts remain effective. Among the two tested plants, Azadirachta indica seems to
be the most effective compared to Cassia siamea against termites. Chlorpyrifos ethyl
could be used as a cure for its swift action on termites while Azadirachta indica could
be used preventively and for crops whose destructive action is long term.
1788-1798 | JRB | 2015 | Vol 5 | No 5
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Seraphin Yao Kan Diby1
,
Akpa Alexandre Moïse
Akpesse1
,
Tenon Coulibaly1
,
Annick Yamousso Tahiri2
and
Philippe Kouassi Kouassi1
.
Institution:
1. UEN-Biosciences,
University Félix Houphouët-
Boigny, Laboratory of
Zoology and Animal
Biology, 22 BP 582 Abidjan
22, Côte d’Ivoire.
2. UFR-Biosciences,
University Félix Houphouët-
Boigny, Laboratory of
Endocrinology and
Reproductive Biology, 22
BP 582 Abidjan 22,
Côte d’Ivoire.
Corresponding author:
Seraphin Yao Kan Diby
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0543.pdf
Dates:
Received: 01 July 2015 Accepted: 16 July 2015 Published: 15 August 2015
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
dibyseraphin@yahoo.fr
2. INTRODUCTION
Generally in West Africa and in Côte d'Ivoire
particularly, rice is one of the most eaten cereals, by
people. For several years, rice farmers are confronted to
pest problems, and biotic and abiotic stresses (Silvie et
al., 2012). The variety Nerica was created to increase
rice yield, but also to reduce poverty in the world,
especially in Africa. Despite efforts, this variety is
subject to numerous pest attacks including termites.
Termites are one of the major biotic components
of tropical ecosystems where they are, with earthworms
and ants, true ecosystem engineers (Lavelle et al., 1997;
Dangerfield et al., 1998). According Krishna et al.
(2013), about 3106 species have been described to date.
Among these, nearly 10% are recognized as harmful to
living plants and buildings (Logan et al., 1990). Surveys
realized on the damage caused by termites are exactly
focused on attacks on rice, maize (Johnson et al., 1978;
Ouyed, 1990), sugarcane (Mora et al., 1996) oil palm
crops (Han et al., 1998).
In Côte d’Ivoire, work on termite damage
concerned yam (Foua- Bi, 1983), oil palm (Han et al.,
1998), rubber (Kudu et al., 2004; Tahiri and Mangué,
2007), rice and maize crops (Akpesse et al., 2008) and
recently the cocoa (Tra-Bi, 2013) and mango crops
(Coulibaly et al., 2014). The damage and cost of repairs
of the damage were evaluated at over EUR 22 billion
each year (Fuchs et al., 2004). Moreover, the control of
crops pest termites focuses on the use of chemical
insecticides by treating the soil with termiticides.
However, intensive and sometimes abusive use of these
chemicals is often unsuccessful, but also with non
mastered side effects (mammalian toxicity, pest
resistance to insecticides and environmental risks) (Su
et al., 1998). For all these reasons, it is timely to find
reliable alternative methods and environmentally friendly
for better management systems and agronomic pests. The
use of insecticidal plants extracts seems promising.
In the present survey, the effect of aqueous
extracts of two local plants, known for their insecticidal
properties will be tested on termites in the crop of rice
Nerica 1. The study will contribute to the knowledge of
rice pest termites, to evaluate the efficiency of these
aqueous extracts on these termites and propose a method
of control, with environmental respect, to improve
production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted on a parcel of the
Agronomic Higher School of the Félix HOUPHOUET-
BOIGNY National Polytechnic Institute (ESA-INPHB)
of Yamoussoukro (6° 47 N and 5° 15 W). The soil has a
lateritic horizon. The climate is sub-equatorial baouléen
kind, warm and humid with 4 seasons. The total height
of rainfall in 2010 was 1562.86 mm. The monthly
average temperature recorded in the department of
Yamoussoukro was 26.4 ° C. The variety Nerica 1 of rice
or Bonfani (WAB 450-IBP-38-HB) with short cycle of
90 days (semi-maturity), originally from the Côte
d’Ivoire (WARDA / BOUAKE) was used. Planting took
place in May 2010.
The plant extracts used for tests on the plots are
derived from the leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss.,
1830 (Meliaceae) and Cassia siamea L., 1783
(Caesalpiniaceae).
The experimental design is a completely
randomized Fisher block with 4 treatments (T0, T1, T2
and T3) and 6 repetitions on a whole surface of 1155 m²
(35 m x 33 m). Each elementary plot measuring 20 m2
(5
m x 4 m). An alley (2m) separates elementary plots. The
individual plots include 17 lines of rice plants, spaced
0.25 m. Each line contains 26 seed holes spaced 0.20 m.
The sowing period (May 2010) was chosen based on rain
starting in this region. The TSBF (Tropical Boil Biology
and Fertility) method was used (Anderson and Ingram,
1993). After phytosanitary analysis, the plants are torn to
remove the quadrant in the 1 m2
sub-unit of land
Diby et al., 2015
1789 Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(5): 1788-1798
3. Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(5): 1788-1798 1790
Diby et al., 2015
randomly selected and defined for this purpose. Three
excavation squares (25 cm square and 30 cm deep) were
made in each elementary plot. In total, 18 squares
excavation per treatment were made. Termites were
extracted in successive levels of 0-10 cm; 10-20 cm and
20-30 cm were preserved in alcohol 70%.
The collected individuals are identified under a
WILL brand binocular microscope through identification
keys of Ahamad (1950); Bouillon and Mathot (1965) and
Sands (1959). For the soldierless species, the workers
were analyzed using the key of Sands (1972).
Preparation and application of products
Plant aqueous extracts
The leaves of Azadirachta indica (T1) and Cassia
siamea (T2) were collected one month before the date of
rice sowing. After drying, they were crushed using a
blender. 1050 g powder was overthrown in a bucket
containing 8 liters of water. A double filtration was made
24 hours after maceration, using a water sieve with a
mesh of 1 mm, then with a white tissue type "pergale".
One liter of this filtrate was taken to spray each
elementary plot of 20 m2
, corresponding to 131.25 g / L
of powder.
Reference product
Pyriforce (T3) dosed at 480 g / L of chlorpyrifos
ethyl (organophosphate), was used as reference product.
24 hours after sowing, 80 ml of the insecticide diluted in
2.4 liters of water was used for spraying between rice
grooves of elementary plots. Each treatment is replicated
6 times in whole parcel. Control plots (T0) have not
undergone any treatment.
Evaluation of treatments efficacy
The efficiency of treatment was followed
throughout the three stages of growth (tillering, heading
and maturity). At each stage of growth, three samples per
plot were carried out (18 samples / stage / treatment).
After collection of termites, their species richness and
density (number of termites / m2
) were determined.
Two ecological indices were chosen to describe
the stands of each stage of rice’s development Nerica 1.
Thus, species richness (S) and the index of Shannon-
Weaver (H) were determined using a software R (version
2.2.1). The analysis of variance (ANOVA, 2) was
performed using SPSS software (version 17.0) followed
by comparison of means (Duncan test, p < 0.05).
RESULTS
Effect of plant aqueous extracts on the species
richness of termites - in tillering stage
Species richness in this stage varies from one
treatment to another (Table 1). Seven termite species
were collected in untreated plots (T0) while 5 species in
the Azadirachta indica treated plots (T1), 4 species in the
Cassia siamea treated plots (T2) and 3 species in the
chemical chlorpyrifos ethyl treated plots were collected
(T3). The population of termites in untreated plots is
composed of fungus-growers (Ancistrotermes
cavithorax, Microtermes sp1
, Odontotermes pauperans
and Pseudacanthotermes spiniger) and soil-feeders
(Cubitermes subcrenulatus, Procubitermes sjostedti,
Basidentitermes mactus). In treated plots, only the
fungus-growers remain, but the number of species varies
according to the treatments. Chlorpyrifos ethyl caused
more species loss than the two plant aqueous extracts.
The diversity of termites also happens to be reduced in
the treated plots.
The Shannon index (H) observed at the tillering
stage varies between 0.65 (T3) and 1.98 (T0). The index
on the untreated plot (H=1.98) is higher than those of the
treated plots. The chlorpyrifos ethyl treated plots record
the lowest index (H'=0.65) compared to Azadirachta
indica (H=0.89) and Cassia siamea treated plots (H=
0.99) (Table 1).
In heading stage
Species richness in heading stage varies
depending on the treatments (Table 1). Eleven species of
termites were recorded in untreated plots. However, in
the plots treated, 4 species have been collected with
5. Azadirachta indica (T1), 5 species with Cassia siamea
(T2) and 4 species with chemical chlorpyrifos ethyl (T3).
The population of termites in untreated plots is
composed of fungus-growers (Ancistrotermes
cavithorax, Ancistrotermes guineensis, Microtermes sp1
,
Microtermes sp2
, Odontotermes pauperans and
Pseudacanthotermes spiniger), soil-feeders (Cubitermes
subcrenulatus, Procubitermes sjostedti, Basidentitermes
mactus and Pericapritermes urgens) and wood-feeders
(Microcerotermes fuscotibialis). In treated plots, only the
fungus-growers remain with variation in the species
composition. There is also a diversity reduction in treated
areas.
The Shannon index (H) observed at the heading
stage varies between 0.80 (T1) and 2.48 (T0). The highest
index was observed in the untreated plot (H=2.48). The
plot treated with Azadirachta indica (T1) has the lowest
value: H=0.80 (Table 1).
In maturity stage
Species richness in maturity stage varies in
different plots and depends on the treatments (Table 1).
Nine termite species were collected in untreated plots.
The populations of termites in these plots are composed
of fungus-growers (Ancistrotermes cavithorax,
A. guineensis, Microtermes sp1
, Microtermes sp2
,
Odontotermes pauperans and Pseudacanthotermes
spiniger) and soil-feeders (Cubitermes subcrenulatus,
Procubitermes sjostedti and Basidentitermes mactus).
Only fungus-growers remain in treated plots, but with
variation of the species richness depending on the
treatments. Cassia siamea extract (T2) caused more loss
of termites than the chemical one (chlorpyrifos ethyl).
Also, the diversity of termites experiencing a reduction
in treated plots. The Shannon index (H) observed in
maturity stage varies between 1.21 (T1 and T2) and 2.40
(T0). The plots treated with Azadirachta indica and
Cassia siamea record the lowest index (H=1.21)
compared to chlorpyrifos ethyl (H=1.73) (Table 1).
Effect of plant aqueous extracts on the density of
termites
In tillering stage
The highest density of termites is recorded in the
untreated plots (2561.78 ± 1297.31 ind./m2
). Treated
plots contain lower densities. The lowest termite density
is obtained in plots treated with chlorpyrifos ethyl
(751.11 ± 832.76 ind./m2
). The statistical test showed a
highly significant difference between treatments
(ANOVA, P < 0.001) (Figure 1).
In heading stage
The highest density is also recorded in the
untreated plots (3446.22 ± 2370.95 ind./m2
). In treated
plots, densities are lower. The lowest termite density is
recorded in plots treated with chlorpyrifos ethyl (1421.33
± 1064.002 ind./m2
). The statistical test showed a highly
significant difference between treatments (ANOVA,
P < 0.01) (Figure 1).
In maturity stage
The termite density is higher in the untreated
plots (3450.67 ± 2750.67 ind./m2
). Plots treated with
aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica and Cassia siamea
have got respectively 1330.67 ± 639.79 ind./m2
and
1743.11 ± 1167.66 ind./m2
and have the lowest densities
of termites. For that, the plots treated with chlorpyrifos
ethyl (2416.89 ± 1853.13 ind./m2
) recorded a higher
Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(5): 1788-1798 1792
Diby et al., 2015
Figure 1: Change in the density of termites based
treatments and stages of development
6. Diby et al., 2015
1793 Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(5): 1788-1798
density than these two treatments. Statistical test showed
a highly significant difference between treatments
(ANOVA, P < 0.01) (Figure 1).
Evaluation of the insecticidal activity in function of
time
The evolution of insecticidal effect of treatments
indicates that termites densities recorded in treated plots
T1 (Azadirachta indica), T2 (Cassia siamea) and T3
(chlorpyrifos ethyl) remain significantly lower than the
one of the untreated plots (T0) (ANOVA, P < 0.05)
(Figure 2). The insecticidal effect of treatments on the
density of termites, 30 and 90 days after treatment
showed no significant difference in the treated plots T1,
T2 and T3 (ANOVA, P > 0.05). However the efficiency
of chlorpyrifos ethyl (T3) is higher than those using plant
aqueous extracts (T1 and T2) during the same period.
From the 90th
to 120th
day after treatment, the effect of
Azadirachta indica (T1) and Cassia siamea (T2) extracts
on the density of termites is significantly higher than the
ethyl chlorpyrifos ones (T3) (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The
density of termites and the number of species in plants
aqueous extracts treatments (T1 and T2) are lower than
those of chlorpyrifos ethyl (T3).
DISCUSSION
In total, 11 species of Termitidae grouped into
three subfamilies (Macrotermitinae, Cubitermitinae and
Termitinae) in the classification of Krishna et al. (2013)
were collected. They are generally recognized as termite
species in cultivated areas (Bodot, 1964; Wood et al.
1980; Tra Bi et al. (2010); Coulibaly et al. (2013) and
rice crops, particularly (Akpesse et al., 2001). Akpesse
et al. (2008) have recorded 7 species in rice crops in
Booro-Borotou region (North Côte d’Ivoire). This
difference is due to the absence of chemical inputs in the
cultivation of rice in this survey. Some chemical inputs
in the development of crops could prevent colonization
of the environment by termites.
The fungus-growers are the trophic group found
in all treated areas, particularly the species
Figure 2: Variation of the insecticidal effect according to the treatment in function of time
7. Ancistrotermes cavithorax and Microtermes sp1
. This
group of termites has always prevailed in the crops,
because considered as pests (Mora et al., 1996; Han et
al., 1998). Their ability to live in the operated areas
would be due to their remarkable adaptation, favored by
the symbiotic relationship with fungi of the genus
Termitomyces (Guedegbe et al., 2008). This fungus
degrades wood fragments which become easier to digest
for termites (Matoub, 1993).
Treated plots recorded lower specific richness
and densities than untreated plots. This low presence in
the treated plots could be explained by the effect of
insecticide products used. Several studies have shown
that a great anthropogenic activity related to the massive
use, often abusive of inputs, affect the trophic structure
and species richness of termites (Dibog et al., 1999;
Jones et al., 2003; Eggleton et al., 2002; Donovan et al.,
2007).
The density of termites varies significantly from
a stage of rice development to another. In fact, the
density in heading stage is higher than those of the two
other stages (tillering and maturity). This could be
explained, firstly, by the time between tillering and
heading stages, which is estimated at 2 months.
In fact, this term would permit termites to
colonize the parcels during a long period before
sampling. Furthermore, the heading stage, included in
the reproductive phasis, would release a kairomone
which attract insects during the formation of
reproductive organs of rice. According to Silvie et al.
(2012), the high attack period of major pests of rice
would begin from the end of tillering to the beginning of
maturation.
In addition, the termite density varies
significantly from a treatment to another, lower in treated
plots than in untreated plots due to the insecticidal effect
of aqueous extracts of plants (Azadirachta indica and
Cassia siamea) and chemical (chlorpyrifos ethyl). From
tillering stage to heading stage, respectively 30 and 90
days after treatment, the density of termites in plots
treated with chlorpyrifos ethyl is lower than the one
treated with plant extracts. There would be some
efficiency of chlorpyrifos ethyl against termites. This
product showed high toxicity and rapid action against
pests termites in rubber crops (Tran et al., 1998; Tahiri
et al., 2008; 2011). Although the aqueous extract from
Azadirachta indica contains phenolic compounds
(flavonoids and tannins) and saponins (Wardell, 1987;
Okamura, 1993; Tahiri et al., 2011), this extract did not
show rapid action on termites 60 days after treatment.
Similarly, the aqueous extract of Cassia siamea, which
contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and
quinones (Ingkaninan et al., 2000; Nsonde-ntandou
et al., 2005, Morita et al., 2007), showed no early action
compared to Chlorpyrifos ethyl. The low efficiency of
the plant extracts could be explained by the dose used in
this survey. The single dose of 131.25 g leaves powder/
L might be low to have a similar action to the chemical.
Tahiri et al. (2010) demonstrated in laboratory that the
most toxic alcoholic extracts of seeds and hexane extract
of papaya pulp (Caricaceae), have their low dose optimal
actions against termites. However, the efficiency of the
extract of Kinkeliba, Combretum micranthum
(Combretaceae) increases according to the dose used
(Tahiri, 2012). The type of solvent used in this survey
could have an effect on the low efficacy of extracts
during this growth phases of the rice because according
Morallo and Tantengo (1986), Teugwa et al. (2002), the
efficiency of a product depends on the solvent used. The
efficiency of used treatments appears to vary along the
time. 120 days (4 months) after the treatments
application, the effect of aqueous extracts significantly
differs and remains higher than the chlorpyrifos ethyl
ones. This loss of efficiency could be explained by the
degradation of chlorpyrifos ethyl along the time. Tahiri
et al. (2008) states that the persistence of chlorpyrifos
ethyl is about 4 months. In this survey, the chlorpyrifos
ethyl was assayed at 480g / L EC liquid formulation was
Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(5): 1788-1798 1794
Diby et al., 2015
8. used while Tahiri et al. (2008) used chlorpyrifos ethyl
dosed at 670 g / L per hectare and with solid formulation
or granule. Chlorpyrifos ethyl solid formulation or
granule has a slow distribution in soil compared to a
liquid formulation, which allowed the product to have a
long persistence in the survey of Tahiri et al. (2008).
Chlorpyrifos ethyl liquid changing fast in the ground and
under the effect of temperature evaporates as significant
vapor beyond 20 ° C (Walia et al., 1988; Tahiri et al.,
2008), which has probably result in the loss of efficiency
on termites. According these authors, higher the dose of
chlorpyrifos ethyl is, higher it is toxic and so does the
efficiency on termites. Certainly all of these conditions
have influenced the efficiency of ethyl chlorpyrifos in
our survey.
However, the decline in termite density in plant
extracts treated areas could be related to two factors.
First, the chemical composition of the two extracts in
phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins), saponins
and saponin, quinones, terpenoid and alkaloids whose
insecticidal effects were mentioned by several authors
(Wardell, 1987; Okamura, 1993; Nozzolillo et al. 1997;
Bouchelta et al., 2005). The second factor could be
linked to the system of trophallaxis. The aqueous extract
of Azadirachta indica is able to be transmited from
treated individuals in the colony during social tasks,
contact and licking (Tahiri et al., 2011).
CONCLUSION
After this survey, it is revealed that termites
species richness varies from a stage to another, as their
density. Under the conditions of this study, chlorpyrifos
ethyl assayed at 480 g / L loses its effectiveness after 4
months treatment. Efficacy of Azadirachta indica and
Cassia siamea as pesticides was evaluated. The
persistence of the two plant aqueous extracts lasts longer
than 4 months. These results seem promising in the
control of pests termites. A thorough study should be
conducted to know the mode of action of plant extracts
on termites
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