An experiment was carried out in Bakura and Zaria to evaluate heterosis for downy mildew resistance in some pearl millet using Complete Randomized Block Design. Four resistant varieties (PEO5532, SOSATC88, P1449 and DMR15) and four susceptible varieties (BDP1, MOP1, LCIC9702 and PEO5984 were used as male and female respectively. The resistant varieties were crossed with the susceptible varieties using North Carolina design 11. Sixteen (F1) hybrids obtained were evaluated along with their parents for downy mildew resistance, grain yield and other agronomic traits. The analysis of variance showed highly significant difference among parents and hybrids for all agronomic characters. Location × genotype interaction effects were only significant for grain yield and number of panicles per plot. The study selected the best parents that give high heterosis in terms of yield components, yield and downy mildew resistance. Two hybrids PEO5984 × P1449 and PEO5984 × PEO5532 had significant heterosis for 50% days to flower ng, PEO5984 × P1449, PEO5984 × PEO5532, PEO5984 × DMR15 and PEO5984 × SOSATC88 for yield, the best MP and BP heterosis for downy mildew incidence is PEO5984 × P1449 and MOP1 × p1449 for MP heterosis and BDP1 × P1449 for BP heterosis. Correlation among the characters studied showed that magnitudes of genetic correlation were higher than those of phenotypic correlation in some of the traits considered. The number of panicles / plot and panicle weight / plot showed significant genetic correlations indicate degree of correlation with grain yield. This showed that selection for any of these characters could lead to indirect selection of grain yield.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.1
ABSTRACT- Genetic variability studied for eleven characters viz., number of leaves, branches, clusters, pods, pod
length (cm), seed per plant, plant height (cm), 100 seed weight (g), days to flower, maturity and yield per plant (g) in
group of forty two genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revealed highly significant difference for all the
characters. High heritability not only guideline for breeding improvement must to associated with genetic advance
expressed a wide range of variability for all the traits. Heritability estimated and expected genetic advance were high
for number of leaves (95.46< 97.00), branches (45.85 > 14.00), clusters (89.45< 92.00), pods (92.84< 99.00), pod length
(88.94< 99.00), seeds per plant (92.20> 32.00), plant height (96.41< 106.00), 100 seed weight (99.22> 72.00), days to
flower (94.82 > 32.00), maturity (56.26> 13.00) and yield per plant (80.13 < 140.00) suggesting that these are more
useful traits for varietal improvement programme.
Key-words- French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Genetic Variability, Heritability, Phenotypic coefficient of variation,
Genotypic coefficient of variation
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.1
ABSTRACT- Genetic variability studied for eleven characters viz., number of leaves, branches, clusters, pods, pod
length (cm), seed per plant, plant height (cm), 100 seed weight (g), days to flower, maturity and yield per plant (g) in
group of forty two genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revealed highly significant difference for all the
characters. High heritability not only guideline for breeding improvement must to associated with genetic advance
expressed a wide range of variability for all the traits. Heritability estimated and expected genetic advance were high
for number of leaves (95.46< 97.00), branches (45.85 > 14.00), clusters (89.45< 92.00), pods (92.84< 99.00), pod length
(88.94< 99.00), seeds per plant (92.20> 32.00), plant height (96.41< 106.00), 100 seed weight (99.22> 72.00), days to
flower (94.82 > 32.00), maturity (56.26> 13.00) and yield per plant (80.13 < 140.00) suggesting that these are more
useful traits for varietal improvement programme.
Key-words- French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Genetic Variability, Heritability, Phenotypic coefficient of variation,
Genotypic coefficient of variation
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
Occurrence and Extent of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Cultivars in SomaliaPremier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the disease incidence and severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat cultivar commonly cultivated in Somalia. To execute this study, four commonly grown wheat cultivars e.g., edessa, ceyhann99, kasifbey, and gündaş were cultivated in two different seasons (winter and summer) maintaining the good agricultural practices. Results revealed that the highest percent of Fusarium head blight disease incidence was observed in kasifbey (65%) cultivar followed by edessa (40.13%), ceyhann99 (28.75%) and gündaş (13.75%). The disease severity and disease index of Fusarium head blight was varied significantly among the wheat cultivars and the highest percent was recorded on the kasifbey cultivar as 61.63% and 39.50%, respectively while the lowest was observed on the gündaş (13.18% and 1.88%, respectively). The maximum grain severity among the cultivars was recorded on the edessa (4.01%) whereas the minimum was on the gündaş (0.92%). The gündaş was experienced to yield better than the other cultivars and performed better resistance against the Fusarium head blight disease of wheat, however, special intervention should be taken to protect the wheat from Fusarium head blight disease.
Impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L...Innspub Net
Caesalpinia bonduc L. is an important medicinal plant threatened by overexploitation. In the present study, the
impact of climate on seed morphology, germination capacity, seedling and plant growth of C. bonduc were evaluated. A total of 2000 seeds were collected in Sudanian and Guinean climate zones of Africa and their length, width, thickness, weight and color were recorded. A hierarchical classification and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to the above traits of seeds from the different climatic zones. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was applied to seeds morphotypes identified by the hierarchical classification to test for the effect of these morphotypes on seed germination, seedling and plant growth. Hierarchical classification helped to
identify four seed morphotypes. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on these morphotypes revealed highly significant differences. Morphotypes 1 and 3 comprised green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone while morphotypes 2 and 4 gathered grey seeds mainly from Guinean zone. Morphotype 3 had the longest seeds while the shortest seeds were from morphotype 1. The heaviest seeds were found in morphotype 4 whereas the lightest ones were from morphotype 1. Seeds of morphotype 4 were the thickest and widest, while the slimmest and most narrow ones were grouped in morphotype 1. Moprhotype 3, consisting of large green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone, was superior in terms of seedling and plant growth among all morphotypes and should be the best choice
for planting purposes of the species.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
Gene Action refers to the
behavior or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population. Knowledge
of gene action helps in the selection of parents for use in the hybridization
programmes and also in the choice of appropriate breeding procedure for the
genetics improvement of various quantitative characters. The coefficient of
correlation (r) between parental order of dominance (Wr-Vr) and parental
measurements (Yr) was calculated to get an idea about the dominance genes
with positive and negative effects. The present study consisted of eight
distinct genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8).
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Presentation on progress toward a national strategy for conservation of CWR in the US, given at the curators and PGOC meeting, Spokane Washington June 2012
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
Occurrence and Extent of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Cultivars in SomaliaPremier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the disease incidence and severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat cultivar commonly cultivated in Somalia. To execute this study, four commonly grown wheat cultivars e.g., edessa, ceyhann99, kasifbey, and gündaş were cultivated in two different seasons (winter and summer) maintaining the good agricultural practices. Results revealed that the highest percent of Fusarium head blight disease incidence was observed in kasifbey (65%) cultivar followed by edessa (40.13%), ceyhann99 (28.75%) and gündaş (13.75%). The disease severity and disease index of Fusarium head blight was varied significantly among the wheat cultivars and the highest percent was recorded on the kasifbey cultivar as 61.63% and 39.50%, respectively while the lowest was observed on the gündaş (13.18% and 1.88%, respectively). The maximum grain severity among the cultivars was recorded on the edessa (4.01%) whereas the minimum was on the gündaş (0.92%). The gündaş was experienced to yield better than the other cultivars and performed better resistance against the Fusarium head blight disease of wheat, however, special intervention should be taken to protect the wheat from Fusarium head blight disease.
Impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L...Innspub Net
Caesalpinia bonduc L. is an important medicinal plant threatened by overexploitation. In the present study, the
impact of climate on seed morphology, germination capacity, seedling and plant growth of C. bonduc were evaluated. A total of 2000 seeds were collected in Sudanian and Guinean climate zones of Africa and their length, width, thickness, weight and color were recorded. A hierarchical classification and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to the above traits of seeds from the different climatic zones. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was applied to seeds morphotypes identified by the hierarchical classification to test for the effect of these morphotypes on seed germination, seedling and plant growth. Hierarchical classification helped to
identify four seed morphotypes. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on these morphotypes revealed highly significant differences. Morphotypes 1 and 3 comprised green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone while morphotypes 2 and 4 gathered grey seeds mainly from Guinean zone. Morphotype 3 had the longest seeds while the shortest seeds were from morphotype 1. The heaviest seeds were found in morphotype 4 whereas the lightest ones were from morphotype 1. Seeds of morphotype 4 were the thickest and widest, while the slimmest and most narrow ones were grouped in morphotype 1. Moprhotype 3, consisting of large green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone, was superior in terms of seedling and plant growth among all morphotypes and should be the best choice
for planting purposes of the species.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
Gene Action refers to the
behavior or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population. Knowledge
of gene action helps in the selection of parents for use in the hybridization
programmes and also in the choice of appropriate breeding procedure for the
genetics improvement of various quantitative characters. The coefficient of
correlation (r) between parental order of dominance (Wr-Vr) and parental
measurements (Yr) was calculated to get an idea about the dominance genes
with positive and negative effects. The present study consisted of eight
distinct genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8).
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Presentation on progress toward a national strategy for conservation of CWR in the US, given at the curators and PGOC meeting, Spokane Washington June 2012
This post describes in detail about the concepts of fiscal and monetary policy . It gives a detailed outline on how both of these are most important tools to run any economy.
Suomen Asiakastieto: AREX ja laskurahoituksen uudet muodotAREX
Suomen Asiakastieto-lehti kirjoitti jutun AREX:sta ja siitä miten uusi palvelumme antaa pienille ja keskisuurille yrityksille uudentyyppisiä mahdollisuuksia hallita yrityksen kassavirtaa esimerkiksi perinteisen ja kalliin faktoroinnin sijaan nopeammin, joustavammin ja vain 0,25% palkkiolla.
Lue lisää ja jos kiinnostuit niin laita mailia:
Web:
http://www.arex.io
Email:
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Youmah, meaning mother in Arabic, harkens back to a time when moms used to feed their children straight from the farm and bath them with olive oil soap mixed with natural blended oils. It was the soft voice of “Youmah” that expressed unconditional love, care and warmth, creating a safe family environment.
http://www.youmah.com/
Youmah, meaning mother in Arabic, harkens back to a time when moms used to feed their children straight from the farm and bath them with olive oil soap mixed with natural blended oils. It was the soft voice of “Youmah” that expressed unconditional love, care and warmth, creating a safe family environment. http://www.youmah.com/
Similar to Evaluation of Heterosis in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br) for Agronomic Traits and Resistance to Downy Mildew (Sclerospora Graminicola)
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
Genetic diversity has been a critical step in knowing the different growth traits for selection and varietal improvement of rice. The present study aimed to estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among the growth traits and to work out how to select between traits. Three field experiments were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season of 2016/2018. Sixteen advanced blast resistant rice lines were studied in order to find out the genetic diversity in some quantitative characters and to find out the relationship between yield and yield related components by using the multivariate analysis. The field trials were conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distant was 25 × 25 cm spacing and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a significant difference among the characters, most of the genotypes responded significantly. The high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability, relative distance and genetic advance indicated that different traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influenced the yield trait. In addition, the genotypes were grouped into 9 major clusters based on the assessed characters by using the UPGMA dendrogram. Group 1 with Group VII could be hybridized in order to attain higher heterosis or the best between the genotypes, which becomes helpful in developing a good selection in rice.
Long smut and grain mold are fungal diseases that impact sorghum yield and quality. Long smut infection is most severe in the drier regions of Africa and Asia; whereas, grain mold is the most important disease of sorghum worldwide. In this study, 30 sorghum lines/hybrids were evaluate at the Agronomic Research Stations in Nioro, Senegal, West Africa. Seven lines/hybrids exhibited less than 10% long smut incidence, including AgriPro 2838, and AP 920 that were free of the disease, while NECS 2 had the lowest grain mold severity. The two hybrids AgriPro 2838 and AP 920 may possess genes for long smut resistance and could be utilized in breeding programs for long smut resistance.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
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Evaluation of Heterosis in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br) for Agronomic Traits and Resistance to Downy Mildew (Sclerospora Graminicola)
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN: 2412-6381
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp: 1-8, 2015
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=14&info=aims
1
Academic Research Publishing Group
Evaluation of Heterosis in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.)
R. Br) for Agronomic Traits and Resistance to Downy Mildew
(Sclerospora Graminicola)
Ati Hassana Maryam Department of Crop Production and Protection Federal University, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State
1. Introduction
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] Belongs to the family Poaceae (graminae) and genus Pennisetum.
It is a highly cross-pollinated crop with protogynous flowering and wind borne pollination mechanism, which fulfils
one of the essential biological requirements for hybrid development. Pearl millet is diploid (2x=14) in nature and is
commonly known as bajra, cat tail millet, and bulrush millet in different parts of the world [1]. Some common local
names include Joro, Maiwa, and Ahai. Pearl millet may be considered as a single species but it includes a number of
cultivated races. It is almost certainly originated in tropical western Africa, where the greatest number of both wild
and cultivated forms occur. About 2000 years ago the crop was carried to eastern and central Africa and to India,
where its excellent tolerance to drought became established in the drier environments [2].
The downy mildew pathogens infecting maize, sorghum, and pearl millet have similar environmental
requirements for asexual reproduction. Prior to sporulation the host tissue requires exposure to high light intensity
for photosynthetic energy. At 200
C in the dark, a systemically infected sorghum leaf produced 10,800 conidia cm2
at
100% RH, but only 3600 conidia cm2
at 85% RH, and none at 80% RH. A minimum of 3h at 25 0
C and 95% RH is
essential to initiate sporulation in S. graminicola [3]. Production of conidia and sporangia in the field has a marked
period of release and has a close relationship with temperature and RH. Most sporulation occurs when temperatures
are around 20 0
C and RH >95% [4, 5].
The pearl millet downy mildew pathogen is highly variable, adaptable and has the capacity to develop host-
specific pathotypes [6-8]. Using DNA fingerprinting techniques, Sastry, et al. [9], confirmed the existence of distinct
host genotype-specific virulence in downy mildew pathotypes. The pathogen populations present in different
locations of India generally do not differ qualitatively. However, sharp differences in aggressiveness exist between
the populations from India and Nigeria. There are also differences between the populations present in different
Western African countries, for example, between Nigeria and Senegal as reported by Singh, et al. [3] and [10].
Abstract: An experiment was carried out in Bakura and Zaria to evaluate heterosis for downy mildew
resistance in some pearl millet using Complete Randomized Block Design. Four resistant varieties (PEO5532,
SOSATC88, P1449 and DMR15) and four susceptible varieties (BDP1, MOP1, LCIC9702 and PEO5984 were
used as male and female respectively. The resistant varieties were crossed with the susceptible varieties using
North Carolina design 11. Sixteen (F1) hybrids obtained were evaluated along with their parents for downy
mildew resistance, grain yield and other agronomic traits. The analysis of variance showed highly significant
difference among parents and hybrids for all agronomic characters. Location × genotype interaction effects
were only significant for grain yield and number of panicles per plot. The study selected the best parents that
give high heterosis in terms of yield components, yield and downy mildew resistance. Two hybrids PEO5984 ×
P1449 and PEO5984 × PEO5532 had significant heterosis for 50% days to flower ng, PEO5984 × P1449,
PEO5984 × PEO5532, PEO5984 × DMR15 and PEO5984 × SOSATC88 for yield, the best MP and BP
heterosis for downy mildew incidence is PEO5984 × P1449 and MOP1 × p1449 for MP heterosis and BDP1 ×
P1449 for BP heterosis. Correlation among the characters studied showed that magnitudes of genetic
correlation were higher than those of phenotypic correlation in some of the traits considered. The number of
panicles / plot and panicle weight / plot showed significant genetic correlations indicate degree of correlation
with grain yield. This showed that selection for any of these characters could lead to indirect selection of grain
yield.
Keywords: Heterosis; Agronomic traits; Resistance; Pearl millet; Downy mildew; Hybrids.
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 1-8
2
1.1. Uses and Nutritive Status of Pearl Millet
Pearl millet is the most drought tolerant warm-season cereal crop predominantly grown as a staple food grain
and source of feed and fodder. It provides nutritionally superior and staple food for millions of people living in harsh
environments characterized by erratic rainfall and nutrient-poor soil. In fact, pearl millet is the only suitable and
efficient crop for arid and semiarid conditions because of its efficient utilization of soil moisture and higher level of
heat tolerance than sorghum and maize [11]. Farmers prefer the crop as low cost, low risk option not only by choice
but also by necessity [12]. The relative proportion of germ to endosperm is higher than in sorghum. According to
Gerard and Cathryn [13], it is the staple food of millions of world’s poorest and most food insecure people
particularly in India and Africa. [2].
The grain has high levels of protein with balanced amino acids, CHO and fat which are important in the human
diet, and its nutritive value is considered to be comparable to rice and wheat. It is also cultivated as green fodder
crop in some parts of the Nigeria. The green fodder is more palatable than sorghum because it does not have HCN
content.
1.2. Botany of Pearl Millet
Pearl millet is a warm weather crop cultivated annually as a rain-fed crop in the arid and semi-arid tropics of
Africa and Indian subcontinent where no other crop can survive due to poor soils and erratic rainfalls [14].
Purseglove [15], described it as an erect annual plant with a good tillering ability. According to Andrews, et al. [16],
pearl millet is a highly tillering, naturally cross-pollinating, tropical cereal species, which is achieved through
protogyny, since all the sessile flowers on each head are perfect (i.e. both male and female fertile). The gero types
are early maturing and non- photosensitive while the maiwa and dauro are late maturing and photosensitive.
Gero, maiwa and dauro are grown in Nigeria. The gero types are early maturing and non- photosensitive while
the maiwa and dauro are late maturing and photosensitive.
1.3. Heterosis for some Agronomic Characters in Pearl Millet
Johnson and Hutchinson [17], defined heterosis quantitatively, as the upward deviation from the mid-parent
values. Heterosis may be positive or negative, both of which are useful for crop improvement depending on the
breeding objectives. Positive heterosis is desirable for grain yield while negative heterosis is desirable for downy
mildew resistance [18]. Nienhaus and Pickett [19], reported that the key for obtaining heterosis otherwise known as
hybrid vigour is genetic diversity. When crosses involve geographically diverse and presumably genetically diverse
parents, high yielding hybrids are produced. In their study on sorghum, hybrids that involve both exotic and
landraces gave a grain yield of 183% above the mid-parent value. In pearl millet, Quendeba, et al. [20], reported
heterosis of up to 81%, which indicated their genetic potential for hybrid development.
Manga and Dubey [21] in a diallel study, observed good amount of heterosis for productive tillers per plant and
ear weight. Sheoran, et al. [22] recorded the maximum heterobeltiosis for grain yeild per plantthis character among
all the characters studied. Ramamoorthi and Govindrasu [23], observed that hybrid PT3832 x 732B recorded
significantly high heterosis for grain yield than all crosses, while Blummel and Rai [24] reported significant positive
as well as negative heterosis. Pethani, et al. [25] recorded heterosis over mid parent and better parent for various
traits, the hybrid MS 2072A x J-2338 expressed the highest heterotic value for grain yield over mid parent (152.92
%) and better parent (121.45%). Manga and Dubey [21] in a diallel study, observed high heterosis (96.2 to 300.7%)
for grain yield. Yadav, et al. [26] reported heterosis up to 88% for grain yield.
Correlation coefficients provide a measure of genetic association between characters and this helps to identify
the more important characters to be considered in breading programmes. The cause of correlation can either be
genetic or environmental. Genetic correlation which is the correlation of breeding value is chiefly pleiotropy or
through linkage and it is the cause of transient correlation, particularly in populations derived from crosses between
divergent strains [27]. The association between two characters that can be directly observed is the correlation of
phenotypic value or phenotypic correlation. This is determined from measurement of the two characters in a number
of individual of the population.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Description of Experimental Materials Used in the Study
Pearl millet genotypes used in the study are: BDP1, MOP1, LCIC9702, PEO5984, PEO 5532, SOSATC 88,
P1449 and DMRI5. PEO5532, SOSATC88, P1449, DMRI5, LCIC9702 and PEO5984.
2.2. Experimental Design
Crosses were obtained using a factorial mating scheme of North Carolina Design II, where each male was mated
to each of the female [28, 29]. The ridges were 10 meters long with 20 plants per ridge and two ridges per plot with
inter row spacing of 75cm and intra row spacing of 50cm The evaluation of hybrids and parents on the fields was
done using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
2.3. Analysis of Data
The forms of the general analysis of variance was calculated
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 1-8
3
2.3.1. Estimates of Heterosis
Heterosis was estimated using MPH and BPH. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) is the performance of a hybrid
relative to the average performance of its parents expressed in percentage.
H (%)Mp = F1 - Mp x 100
Mp
High-parent heterosis (HPH) is the performance of a hybrid relative to the performance of its best parent
expressed in percentage. [30]
H (%)Hp = F1 - Hp x 100
Hp
Where; F1 = mean of F1 generation
Mp = mean of mid-parent 1 and 2
Hp = mean of superior performing parent
3. Results and Discussion
Hybrids obtained from the cross of 4 resistant and 4 susceptible of pearl millet varieties were: BDP1 ×PEO5532,
BDP1 ×SOSATC88, BDP1 ×P1449, BDP1 ×DMR15, MOP1 ×PEO5532, MOP1 ×SOSATC88, MOP1 ×P1449,
MOP1 ×DMR15, LCIC9702 ×PEO5532, LCIC9702 ×SOSATC88, LCIC9702 ×P1449, LCIC9702×DMR15,
PEO5984 ×PEO5532,PEO5984 ×SOSATC88, PEO5984 ×P1449 and PEO5984 ×DMR15.
From the analysis of variance (table 1), highly significant mean squares were observed among the genotypes for
all agronomic characters except number of tillers per plot and downy mildew severity. This is an indication of the
presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity in the materials which could be used to enhance selection for
further population improvement Yahaya [31], reported a similar result in pearl millet studies. The non- significant
mean squares due to the male x female interaction indicated that hybrids did not differ significantly in their sca
effects for all the traits. Highly significant mean squares due to ‘parents vs. hybrids’ showed presence of heterosis in
hybrids for all the traits except number of tillers /plot, panicle diameter and downy mildew severity. Genotype ×
location was non-significant for all traits except for number of panicles /plot and grain yield /plot. Lack of significant
of Genotype × location interaction variance indicates adequate buffering capacity of the two environments of testing.
Erikson, et al. [32] explained that non-significant Genotype × location is an expectation in population showing little
genetic variation however, Miller, et al. [33] explained that, it was due to non-random sampling of the genotypes.
Erikson, et al. [32] explanation is more likely to hold true for this study because the findings in this study confirmed
Erikson’s explanation.
Table-1. Mean square from 10 characters in pearl millet (Bakura and Zaria combined)
Expected Mean Square
* = significant at (p ≥ 0.05) ** = highly significant at (P≥0.01)
Where:
DF= degree of freedom PTH =Plant height
DI=downy mildew incidence PANH =Panicle height
DS= Downy mildew Severity PAND =Panicle Diameter
50% DF =50% Days to flowering PANWT =Panicle Weight
NPAN = Number of Panicle
3.1. Heterosis
It was evident from the tables 2 and 3 that the degree of heterosis varied considerably for grain yield and its
components. A critical examination of the heterosis for grain yield/ha indicated that it was mainly the result of
heterosis for Panicle weight/plot and Number of panicles / plot. Similar observations were also made by Ugale, et al.
[34] and Baviskar [35] for the same combinations showing significant heterosis for grain yield. The heterosis for
grain yield/ha is in turn contributed by Number of tillers/plot, panicle length, panicle diameter and number of
panicle/ plot [1, 24, 25, 36] reported similar findings.
The study on heterosis indicated that highly significant heterotic crosses were generally productive. Negative
heterosis observed in downy mildew incidence, downy mildew severity and 50% DF are desirable in breeding for
earliness and downy mildew resistance. Also, negative heterosis for earliness indicated the scope of developing high
yielding and early maturing hybrids. Heterosis for earliness has also been reported by several workers [37-39].
The negative heterosis observed in characters like Panicle height, Number of tillers, Panicle diameter, Panicle
weight and Grain weight/ha (tables 2 and 3) could be due to sample variation, linkage, inadequate statistical and
genetic models. Similarly, plant height had very low heterosis. These results revealed that heterosis for grain yield in
pearl millet is mainly contributed by the panicle components rather than vegetative traits. Yahaya [31], observed
similar result in his research on pearl millet.
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Table-2. Mid Parent Heterosis of hybrids over different characters in Pearl millet
*=significant at 5% (p ≥ 0.05); **=highly significant at 1% (p ≥ 0.01)
Table-3. High-parent heterosis (HPH) of hybrids for different characters in Pearl millet
*=significant at 5% (p ≥ 0.05); **=highly significant at 1% (p ≥ 0.01)
Table-4. Average heterosis (%) of pearl millet hybrids carrying resistance genes
Average heterosis
(%) (PEO5532,
SOSATC88, P1449
and DMR15)
TRAITS Maximun Minimum
Downy mildew Incidence 8.9 -54.44 -20.14
Downy mildew severity 8.71 -17.35 -4.792
Days to 50% flowering 3.85 -6.26 -1.471
Plant length 19.26 -7.52 7.062
Number of tillers 14.91 -11.31 -10.39
Panicle length 38.67 -8.38 10.344
Panicle diameter 12.03 -6.4 1.536
Number of panicle / plot 82.15 -4.52 35.593
Panicle wt / plot 332.32 -21.86 81.124
Yield/ha 174.84 -16.78 52.639
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Table-5. Average performance of parents, MP, F1 generation and average MP
Characters
Parental mean
Heterosis (%)P1 P2 MP F1
Disease Incidence 68.27 63.30 65.79 51.13 -20.14
Disease severity 0.94 0.88 0.91 0.86 -4.79
50% DH 47.83 49.79 48.81 48.08 -1.47
Plant length 166.24 169.51 167.87 179.43 7.06
Number of tillers 7.08 6.97 7.02 7.02 0.06
Panicle length 25.18 24.49 24.84 27.23 10.34
Panicle diameter 8.17 8.17 8.17 8.28 1.54
Number of panicle per plot 51.88 51.46 51.67 68.87 35.59
Panicle wt per plot 1.37 1.58 1.48 2.45 81.12
Yield/ha 7.01 7.54 7.27 10.56 52.64
Table-6. Genotypic (Rg) and Phenotypic Correlation (Rp) Among Yield Related Characters in Millet across Two Locations
*=significant at 5% (0.235)
**=highly significant at 1% (0.306)
Degree of freedom= N-2= 70
3.2. Average Heterosis (%) of Pearl Millet Hybrids Carrying Resistance Genes
From Table 4, the average heterosis (%) of PEO5532, SOSATC88, P1449 and DMR15 for the traits studied
revealed that the direction and magnitude of heterosis was significantly influenced by the male parents. The average
heterosis was high for number of panicle per plot, panicle wt per plot and grain yield/ha. The average heterosis was
in the desired direction for downy mildew incidence, downy mildew severity, days to 50% flowering and the yield
components except number of tillers.
With a view to crystallizing the results, average heterosis was calculated by using parental and F1 generation
means. The positive heterotic values were maximum for panicle weight per plot , grain yield/ha, number of panicle
per plot and Panicle length in that order.
3.3. Correlation
The magnitudes of genetic correlation coefficient indicate degree of correlation were higher than those of
phenotypic correlation coefficients for Plant height, Number of tillers, Panicle diameter, Panicle weight and downy
mildew incidence. This is in agreement with Yeye [36]; Phul and Athwal [40]; Rao and Pardhasarathi [41]; Gupta
and Dhillon [42] and Diz and Schank [43] who reported higher magnitude of genetic correlations than phenotypic
correlations in their studies on pearl millet.
In pearl millet, the most important character of interest to the breeder is the grain yield and disease resistant.
Since grain yield is a quantitative character that is influenced by environmental factors, direct selection for yield per
se would be difficult. Therefore, to improve the grain yield it is desirable to select for one or more yield related
characters e.g panicle length, tiller count and panicle weight. Days to 50% flowering, plant length, number of tillers
/plot, panicle weight /plot, panicle diameter and downy mildew severity were found to have negative genetic
association with grain yield while number of panicle/plot, panicle weight /plot and downy mildew incidence have
positive genotypic correlation with grain yield /ha. This result confirmed the earlier findings of Mahadevappa and
Ponnaiya [44] who reported similar findings for 50% days to flowering. This result showed that selection for any of
these characters would lead to indirect selection for grain yield. The result was also in agreement with that of Navale
6. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2015, 1(1): 1-8
6
and Harinarayana [45] who reported positive genetic correlation between grain yield and total number of tillers,
effective tillers and plant height.
The genotypic correlation was higher than the phenotypic correlation indicate correlation between downy
mildew incidence and yield indicating that there was a strong inherent relationship between downy mildew incidence
and yield. This was in agreement with Johnson and Hutchinson [17]. However, reverse was the case for downy
mildew severity and yield indicating that environmental and /or non-additive genetic effect are acting on characters
in the same direction.
4. Summary and Conclusion
The study of heterosis was aimed at selecting the best parents that give high heterosis in terms of yield
components, yield and downy mildew resistance. From PEO5984 source, two hybrids PEO5984 × P1449 and
PEO5984 × PEO5532 had significant heterosis for 50% days to flowering, PEO5984 × P1449, PEO5984 ×
PEO5532 and PEO5984 × DMR15 for plant height, and panicle height, PEO5984 × P1449 for panicle diameter,
PEO5984 × SOSATC88 and PEO5984 × DMR15 for number of panicles per plot and PEO5984 × P1449,
PEO5984 × PEO5532, PEO5984 × DMR15 and PEO5984 × SOSATC88 for yield. Hybrids BDP1 × P1449, BDP1
× PEO5532 and BDP1 × DMR15 from BDP1 source have significant heterosis for plant height, BDP1 × P1449 and
BDP1 × DMR15 for panicle diameter, BDP1 × P1449, BDP1 × PEO5532, BDP1 × DMR15 and BDP1 ×
SOSATC88 for number of panicles per plot and BDP1 × P1449, BDP1 × PEO5532 and BDP1 × DMR15 for yield;
hybrids MOP1 × P1449 and MOP1 × DMR15 from MOP1 source were significantly heterotic for plant
height,MOP1 × PEO5532 for number of tillers per plot, MOP1 × P1449for panicle diameter,MOP1 × P1449 and
MOP1 × DMR15 for panicle weight per plot and MOP1 × P1449, MOP1 × DMR15 andMOP1 × PEO5532 for
yield; while all the hybrids form LCIC9702 source had significant heterosis for all of the traits except days to 50%
flowering, and number of tillers per plot. Considerable heterosis was observed for grain yield and its components.
The heterosis for grain yield was largely due to panicle length, panicle girth, panicle weight per plot and number of
panicles per plot. The genotypic correlation was higher than the phenotypic correlation between downy mildew
incidence and yield indicating that there was a strong inherent relationship between downy mildew incidence and
yield. However, the hybrids showed various degrees of downy mildew incidence, they were more tolerant to the
disease and have higher yields than their parents.
In conclusion the most productive and most heterotic combination was PEO5984 × DMR15 followed by
PEO5984 × P1449 then PEO5984 × PEO5532 and PEO5984 × SOSATC88. The best hybrid as shown by Mid
parent and Better parent heterosis for downy mildew incidence was PEO5984 × P1449 while BDP1 × P1449 was the
best hybrid Mid parent heterosis for downy mildew severity and the best Better parent heterosis for downy mildew
severity was MOP1 × SOSATC88.
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