Water quality is the main aspect to determine the quality of aquatic systems. Poor water quality will pose a health risk for people and ecosystems. The old methods such as collecting samples of water manually and testing and analysing at lab will cause the time consuming, wastage of man power and not economical. A system is needed to provide a real-time data for environmental protection and tracking pollution sources. This paper aims to describe on how to monitor water quality continuously through IoT platform. Water Quality Catchment Monitoring System was introduced to check and monitor water quality continuously. It’s features five sensors which are temperature sensor, light intensity sensor, pH sensor, GPS tracker and Inertia Movement Unit (IMU). IMU is a new feature in the system where the direction of x and y is determined for planning and find out where a water quality problem exists by determining the flow of water. The system uses an internet wireless connection using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield Module as a connection between Arduino Mega2560 and laptop. ThingSpeak application acts as an IoT platform used for real-time data monitoring.
Design and Implementation of Portable Outdoor Air Quality Measurement System ...IJECEIAES
Recently, there is increasing public awareness of the real time air quality due to air pollution can cause severe effects to human health and environments. The Air Pollutant Index (API) in Malaysia is measured by Department of Environment (DOE) using stationary and expensive monitoring station called Continuous Air Quality Monitoring stations (CAQMs) that are only placed in areas that have high population densities and high industrial activities. Moreover, Malaysia did not include particulate matter with the size of less than 2.5µm (PM2.5) in the API measurement system. In this paper, we present a cost effective and portable air quality measurement system using Arduino Uno microcontroller and four low cost sensors. This device allows people to measure API in any place they want. It is capable to measure the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), ground level ozone (O3) and particulate matters (PM10 & PM2.5) in the air and convert the readings to API value. This system has been tested by comparing the API measured from this device to the current API measured by DOE at several locations. Based on the results from the experiment, this air quality measurement system is proved to be reliable and efficient.
Web based Water Turbidity Monitoring and Automated Filtration System: IoT App...IJECEIAES
Water supplied to residential areas is prone to contaminants due to pipe residues and silt, and therefore resulted in cloudiness, unfavorable taste, and odor in water. Turbidity, a measure of water cloudiness, is one of the important factors for assessing water quality. This paper proposes a low-cost turbidity system based on a light detection unit to measure the cloudiness in water. The automated system uses Intel Galileo 2 as the microprocessor and a server for a web-based monitoring system. The turbidity detection unit consists of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and a Light Emitting Diode (LED) inside a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Turbidity readings were recorded for two different positionings; 90° and 180° between the detector (LDR) and the incident light (LED). Once the turbidity level reached a threshold level, the system will trigger the filtration process to clean the water. The voltage output captured from the designed system versus total suspended solid (TSS) in sample water is graphed and analyzed in two different conditions; in total darkness and in the present of ambient light. This paper also discusses and compares the results from the above-mentioned conditions when the system is submerged in still and flowing water. It was found that the trends of the plotted graph decline when the total suspended solid increased for both 90° and 180° detector turbidimeter in all conditions which imitate the trends of a commercial turbidimeter. By taking the consideration of the above findings, the design can be recommended for a low-cost real-time web-based monitoring system of the water quality in an IOT environment.
Design and Implementation of Portable Outdoor Air Quality Measurement System ...IJECEIAES
Recently, there is increasing public awareness of the real time air quality due to air pollution can cause severe effects to human health and environments. The Air Pollutant Index (API) in Malaysia is measured by Department of Environment (DOE) using stationary and expensive monitoring station called Continuous Air Quality Monitoring stations (CAQMs) that are only placed in areas that have high population densities and high industrial activities. Moreover, Malaysia did not include particulate matter with the size of less than 2.5µm (PM2.5) in the API measurement system. In this paper, we present a cost effective and portable air quality measurement system using Arduino Uno microcontroller and four low cost sensors. This device allows people to measure API in any place they want. It is capable to measure the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), ground level ozone (O3) and particulate matters (PM10 & PM2.5) in the air and convert the readings to API value. This system has been tested by comparing the API measured from this device to the current API measured by DOE at several locations. Based on the results from the experiment, this air quality measurement system is proved to be reliable and efficient.
Web based Water Turbidity Monitoring and Automated Filtration System: IoT App...IJECEIAES
Water supplied to residential areas is prone to contaminants due to pipe residues and silt, and therefore resulted in cloudiness, unfavorable taste, and odor in water. Turbidity, a measure of water cloudiness, is one of the important factors for assessing water quality. This paper proposes a low-cost turbidity system based on a light detection unit to measure the cloudiness in water. The automated system uses Intel Galileo 2 as the microprocessor and a server for a web-based monitoring system. The turbidity detection unit consists of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and a Light Emitting Diode (LED) inside a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Turbidity readings were recorded for two different positionings; 90° and 180° between the detector (LDR) and the incident light (LED). Once the turbidity level reached a threshold level, the system will trigger the filtration process to clean the water. The voltage output captured from the designed system versus total suspended solid (TSS) in sample water is graphed and analyzed in two different conditions; in total darkness and in the present of ambient light. This paper also discusses and compares the results from the above-mentioned conditions when the system is submerged in still and flowing water. It was found that the trends of the plotted graph decline when the total suspended solid increased for both 90° and 180° detector turbidimeter in all conditions which imitate the trends of a commercial turbidimeter. By taking the consideration of the above findings, the design can be recommended for a low-cost real-time web-based monitoring system of the water quality in an IOT environment.
Real Time Water Quality Monitoring and Alert Systems, Applications using OPEX...RekaNext Capital
In complex engineering business, it is useful to consider a OPEX model rather than a CAPEX model. This is to protect the customer from complex technology risks, changing technologies. Customer pays for successful delivery of services rather than buying equipment.
Review on Environment Monitoring System and Energy EfficiencyIJERA Editor
The Environment monitoring is one of the applications of wireless sensor network. The most serious environment pollution is air pollution because different air pollutant causes damage to human health and causes global warming. To avoid such effect on human health and climate change Environment monitoring systems are used. This paper provides the short overview of different environmental air pollution monitoring systems and Energy efficiency in WSN to reduced the power consumption of system.
Performance evaluation of low-cost IoT based chlorophyll meterjournalBEEI
Nutrient deficiencies in plants can be identified using a chlorophyll meter. However, current chlorophyll meters are still expensive and have many disadvantages. In this paper, a low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter has been developed. The performance of a low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter has been compared with the performance of a spectrophotometer (SP-3000nano) and a commercial chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502). A low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter has been functioning properly which is able to measure the chlorophyll content of plants in the field, get positions based on GPS satellites, store data in a memory module, and send data to the service system platform. The test results showed the coefficient of determination (R2) between SPAD-502 values and low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter values is 0.9705, this shows a significant correlation. An IoT-based chlorophyll meter can be used as a cheap alternative to the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter.
Design of a Long Range Wireless Sensor Network in Agriculture for Precision I...IJASRD Journal
Efficient and low power utilizing data synchronization is a challenging task for a Wireless-Sensor Network (WSN). Therefore, it is crucial to design a lightweight data synchronization protocols for these networks. An adaptive data offset prediction model for WSN is proposed in this project that exchanges fewer synchronization messages to improve the accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model is based on a tailored hardware and software aiming to extend both sensor nodes and WSN lifetime. The coordinator is aware of its sensor nodes available energy and such feature enables estimating the remaining lifetime of each sensor node. The sensor node system for data acquisition of long range is the conceptual model for a sensor node hardware and software system design, concerning energy management improving both sensor nodes and network lifetime .The experimental sensor nodes were employed to monitor soil moisture , temperature ,humidity and light sensor also the base station system model will validate in field conditions.
Capacitive electrode sensor implanted on a printed circuit board designed for...journalBEEI
Water level sensors are one of the practical ways to get the actual measurement of the depth of a dam or canal. The ease of deployment and easy data acquisition makes them widely used in many fields. Therefore, it will be advantageous to have a miniaturized water level sensor for easier mobility and deployment. A novel method for measuring water level using a Printed Circuit Board has been proposed in this paper. The design stages of circuit sketching, printing of sketch on PCB and etching are discussed for the electrode water level sensor. A signal conditioning circuit is necessary to maintain a steady flow of current from the power source. The fabricated electrode water level sensor was tested based on its capacitive effect while charging up and the amount of current at each electrode finger at the saturation stage. The hardware enablers for this test were the multimeter and LCR meter. Arduino microprocessor was used to test and measure the transient response time for each electrode finger. The transient response sensitivity of the electrode sensor is measured to be 0.0873 millisecond/cm while the resolution of the electrode sensor is 0.1cm over a range of 30cm water level. A multiple correlation of 0.921 was achieved for the water level, measured current and measured capacitance with P-values less than 0.05 indicating strength of the data obtained from the tests conducted. The result showed strong evidence that the electrode water level sensor can be an alternative method of measuring water level.
Pollution Monitoring System using Arduino and various gas sensorUtkarsh Jaiswal
Now-a-days air pollution is one of the most important concern of the world. Air pollution may evolve from anthropogenic or natural sources. Air pollutants of atmospheric substances like CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, and O3 suspended particulate matter (SPM), repairable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), and volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) have a great effect on the people health. Most of the major cities in developing countries and most cities of the developed countries are suffering from it. Thus to develop a real time air quality and pollution monitoring system is critical. We have developed an arduino based air pollution detector which combined a small-sized, minimum-cost sensor to an arduino micro-controller unit.
Io t based air pollution monitoring system using arduinoBinayakreddy
The system to monitor the air of environment using arduino micro controller.
Iot technology proposed to improve quality of air.
Gas sensor gives the sense of different type of dangerous gases.
It supports new technology and healthy life concept.
Widipay a cross layer design for mobile payment system over lte directeSAT Journals
Abstract Long term evolution direct, plus its features of device-to-device networking and proximate discovery, are new and emerging
technologies able to come out of the shadow to render a whole new perspective at mobile payments. In this work, we propose a
new mobile payment system using long term evolution direct and its features. A sensitive mobile payment system would require
high security requirements in order to be trusted by the users and the businesses. These requirements are taken into account in
our proposed system design and solutions to security considerations are provided. The system’s security and usability features are
designed for implementation from physical to application layer to address the identified issues. Within the scope of this work, we
provided the conceptual design solutions to allow the system to be as solid and secure as possible while they are convenient
enough not to degrade user’s experience when using the system.
Keywords: LTE Direct, Mobile Payment, Internet of Things, Device-To-Device Networking
REMOWZ - Realtime Water Quality Monitoring using ZigBee based WSN (Part II)Nitin Balakrishnan
REMOWZ is a water monitoring system designed to collect the water parameters from the water resource via sensors. The sending of these sensor data is accomplished by the use of a ZigBee mesh network.
Get through this. Enjoy reading!
Air pollution monitoring system using mobile gprs sensors arraySaurabh Giratkar
This paper contain brief introduction to vehicular pollution, effect of increase in vehicular pollution on environment as well on human health. To monitor this pollution wireless sensor network (WSN) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem (GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached to the Pollution- Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, and tourist and insurance companies.
Water monitoring and analytic based ThingSpeak IJECEIAES
Diseases associated with bad water have largely reported cases annually leading to deaths, therefore the water quality monitoring become necessary to provide safe water. Traditional monitoring includes manual gathering of samples from different points on the distributed site, and then testing in laboratory. This procedure has proven that it is ineffective because it is laborious, lag time and lacks online results to enhance proactive response to water pollution. Emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and step towards the smart life poses the successful using of IoT. This paper presents a water quality monitoring using IoT based ThingSpeak platform that provides analytic tools and visualization using MATLAB programming. The proposed model is used to test water samples using sensor fusion technique such as TDS and Turbidity, and then uploading data online to ThingSpeak platform to monitor and analyze. The system notifies authorities when there are water quality parameters out of a predefined set of normal values. A warning will be notified to user by IFTTT protocol.
Real Time Water Quality Monitoring and Alert Systems, Applications using OPEX...RekaNext Capital
In complex engineering business, it is useful to consider a OPEX model rather than a CAPEX model. This is to protect the customer from complex technology risks, changing technologies. Customer pays for successful delivery of services rather than buying equipment.
Review on Environment Monitoring System and Energy EfficiencyIJERA Editor
The Environment monitoring is one of the applications of wireless sensor network. The most serious environment pollution is air pollution because different air pollutant causes damage to human health and causes global warming. To avoid such effect on human health and climate change Environment monitoring systems are used. This paper provides the short overview of different environmental air pollution monitoring systems and Energy efficiency in WSN to reduced the power consumption of system.
Performance evaluation of low-cost IoT based chlorophyll meterjournalBEEI
Nutrient deficiencies in plants can be identified using a chlorophyll meter. However, current chlorophyll meters are still expensive and have many disadvantages. In this paper, a low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter has been developed. The performance of a low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter has been compared with the performance of a spectrophotometer (SP-3000nano) and a commercial chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502). A low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter has been functioning properly which is able to measure the chlorophyll content of plants in the field, get positions based on GPS satellites, store data in a memory module, and send data to the service system platform. The test results showed the coefficient of determination (R2) between SPAD-502 values and low-cost IoT-based chlorophyll meter values is 0.9705, this shows a significant correlation. An IoT-based chlorophyll meter can be used as a cheap alternative to the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter.
Design of a Long Range Wireless Sensor Network in Agriculture for Precision I...IJASRD Journal
Efficient and low power utilizing data synchronization is a challenging task for a Wireless-Sensor Network (WSN). Therefore, it is crucial to design a lightweight data synchronization protocols for these networks. An adaptive data offset prediction model for WSN is proposed in this project that exchanges fewer synchronization messages to improve the accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model is based on a tailored hardware and software aiming to extend both sensor nodes and WSN lifetime. The coordinator is aware of its sensor nodes available energy and such feature enables estimating the remaining lifetime of each sensor node. The sensor node system for data acquisition of long range is the conceptual model for a sensor node hardware and software system design, concerning energy management improving both sensor nodes and network lifetime .The experimental sensor nodes were employed to monitor soil moisture , temperature ,humidity and light sensor also the base station system model will validate in field conditions.
Capacitive electrode sensor implanted on a printed circuit board designed for...journalBEEI
Water level sensors are one of the practical ways to get the actual measurement of the depth of a dam or canal. The ease of deployment and easy data acquisition makes them widely used in many fields. Therefore, it will be advantageous to have a miniaturized water level sensor for easier mobility and deployment. A novel method for measuring water level using a Printed Circuit Board has been proposed in this paper. The design stages of circuit sketching, printing of sketch on PCB and etching are discussed for the electrode water level sensor. A signal conditioning circuit is necessary to maintain a steady flow of current from the power source. The fabricated electrode water level sensor was tested based on its capacitive effect while charging up and the amount of current at each electrode finger at the saturation stage. The hardware enablers for this test were the multimeter and LCR meter. Arduino microprocessor was used to test and measure the transient response time for each electrode finger. The transient response sensitivity of the electrode sensor is measured to be 0.0873 millisecond/cm while the resolution of the electrode sensor is 0.1cm over a range of 30cm water level. A multiple correlation of 0.921 was achieved for the water level, measured current and measured capacitance with P-values less than 0.05 indicating strength of the data obtained from the tests conducted. The result showed strong evidence that the electrode water level sensor can be an alternative method of measuring water level.
Pollution Monitoring System using Arduino and various gas sensorUtkarsh Jaiswal
Now-a-days air pollution is one of the most important concern of the world. Air pollution may evolve from anthropogenic or natural sources. Air pollutants of atmospheric substances like CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, and O3 suspended particulate matter (SPM), repairable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), and volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) have a great effect on the people health. Most of the major cities in developing countries and most cities of the developed countries are suffering from it. Thus to develop a real time air quality and pollution monitoring system is critical. We have developed an arduino based air pollution detector which combined a small-sized, minimum-cost sensor to an arduino micro-controller unit.
Io t based air pollution monitoring system using arduinoBinayakreddy
The system to monitor the air of environment using arduino micro controller.
Iot technology proposed to improve quality of air.
Gas sensor gives the sense of different type of dangerous gases.
It supports new technology and healthy life concept.
Widipay a cross layer design for mobile payment system over lte directeSAT Journals
Abstract Long term evolution direct, plus its features of device-to-device networking and proximate discovery, are new and emerging
technologies able to come out of the shadow to render a whole new perspective at mobile payments. In this work, we propose a
new mobile payment system using long term evolution direct and its features. A sensitive mobile payment system would require
high security requirements in order to be trusted by the users and the businesses. These requirements are taken into account in
our proposed system design and solutions to security considerations are provided. The system’s security and usability features are
designed for implementation from physical to application layer to address the identified issues. Within the scope of this work, we
provided the conceptual design solutions to allow the system to be as solid and secure as possible while they are convenient
enough not to degrade user’s experience when using the system.
Keywords: LTE Direct, Mobile Payment, Internet of Things, Device-To-Device Networking
REMOWZ - Realtime Water Quality Monitoring using ZigBee based WSN (Part II)Nitin Balakrishnan
REMOWZ is a water monitoring system designed to collect the water parameters from the water resource via sensors. The sending of these sensor data is accomplished by the use of a ZigBee mesh network.
Get through this. Enjoy reading!
Air pollution monitoring system using mobile gprs sensors arraySaurabh Giratkar
This paper contain brief introduction to vehicular pollution, effect of increase in vehicular pollution on environment as well on human health. To monitor this pollution wireless sensor network (WSN) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem (GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached to the Pollution- Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, and tourist and insurance companies.
Water monitoring and analytic based ThingSpeak IJECEIAES
Diseases associated with bad water have largely reported cases annually leading to deaths, therefore the water quality monitoring become necessary to provide safe water. Traditional monitoring includes manual gathering of samples from different points on the distributed site, and then testing in laboratory. This procedure has proven that it is ineffective because it is laborious, lag time and lacks online results to enhance proactive response to water pollution. Emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and step towards the smart life poses the successful using of IoT. This paper presents a water quality monitoring using IoT based ThingSpeak platform that provides analytic tools and visualization using MATLAB programming. The proposed model is used to test water samples using sensor fusion technique such as TDS and Turbidity, and then uploading data online to ThingSpeak platform to monitor and analyze. The system notifies authorities when there are water quality parameters out of a predefined set of normal values. A warning will be notified to user by IFTTT protocol.
Internet of things implementation and analysis of fuzzy Tsukamoto in prototy...IJECEIAES
This research raises the topic of modern technology in the field of rice fields. The problem in this research is determining the fuzzy inference system algorithm for electronic engineering. The prototype was built by Raspberry Pi and python-based to the internet of things. The objective of this research is to design a new model for the rice field monitoring/control system and display every condition based on the internet of things. So that the hypothesis of this research can answer the phenomena that occur in rice fields, including drought problems, maintained plant conditions. The test results showed that irrigation control automatically runs optimally by scheduling, automatic irrigation control of water pH degree value detection analyzed by fuzzy Tsukamoto method at Z=3.5 defuzzification value for low and high irrigation control, and Z value=1.83 for normal irrigation control. Furthermore, the scheduling of spraying liquid fertilizer obtained the results of duration for 60 min in accordance with the needs of fertilizer dose. Lastly, for monitoring data on the website successfully accessed anywhere from the use of hosting servers and domains. Finally, it can be concluded that fuzzy Tsukamoto's algorithm is appropriate to be applied to the modern rice field system.
Low Cost Design of Water Quality Monitoring Systemijtsrd
According to the annual rankings of world economic forum, the issue related with quality of water has increased gradually. As per the records, millions of people especially small children die due to the bad quality of water. One of the main reasons is the unavailability of cheap water quality monitoring system available at such locations. Thus, to ensure the safety of people considering water quality, a low cost design for monitoring water quality has been proposed in this paper. The system uses microcontroller, display LCD, etc. whereas the various parameters considered includes pH, turbidity, TDS and temperature of sample water. The proposed design ensures the low cost factor of the system along with displaying the quality of water. Raghav Arora | Sahil Mehta "Low Cost Design of Water Quality Monitoring System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32913.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/32913/low-cost-design-of-water-quality-monitoring-system/raghav-arora
Implementation of Internet of Things for Water Quality Monitoringijtsrd
To make sure the safe supply of the drinking water the quality of the water needs to be monitored. As the monitoring of the water parameter is a complex process as it has been going through several laboratory testing processes and though it is time consuming. The system for monitoring the water quality in the Internet of Things IoT consists of a number of sensors which are used for measuring the parameters of the water these parameters are temperature, pH, turbidity, and CO2 of the water. The measured values of the parameter from the sensors can be processed by Arduino pro mini microcontroller which can be used as a core controller. System focus on continuous monitoring of water in the IOT platform. Internet of things is the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, sensors, software, and network connectivity. Monitoring water parameter can be done from anywhere as a central office using thinger.io which is an open source IoT platform as free server data can be continuously pushed on the cloud so we can see data in real time operation. Sensors are connected with the Arduino pro mini and this can send the parameter value to the Wi Fi module ESP8266 which require internet for sending this parameter values to thinger.io from the thinger.io anyone can see the real time values of the water parameter and these values are also shown on the LCD16×2 screen which is connected to the microcontroller. Priya S. Bhagat | Dr. Vijay S. Gulhane | Prof. Tanuj S. Rohankar ""Implementation of Internet of Things for Water Quality Monitoring"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23655.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/23655/implementation-of-internet-of-things-for-water-quality-monitoring/priya-s-bhagat
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agricul...IJMER
This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of
agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied
the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which
requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi
hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and
medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless
communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a
more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in
agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and
decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial
crops in Indian scenario.
Variance of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity for water qual...IJECEIAES
Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in Malaysia. The most notable occurrence of pollution happened in Selangor. Currently, there are various water quality monitoring (WQM) methods to observe the quality of water. One of the methods used is the internet of things (IoT) for wireless sensor network technology to obtain real-time data measurement. In this study, the developed WQM system is equipped with a sensor that can measure total dissolved solid (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC). Arduino UNO was used in this system as a microcontroller to interact with the sensor. The Wi-Fi module, ESP8266, was used to transfer the collected data to ThingSpeak, which acts as a cloud to store all the data. The results showed that both sample populations can be discriminated since the p-value is greater than 0.05 in the normality test, while in the paired sample t-test, the p-value is less than 0.05. In conclusion, this research provides an easier way to monitor water quality by taking up less time at less cost, as well as being reliable in giving real-time data reading.
Internet of Things ( IoT ) based irrigation practices for efficient water man...Akshay Duddumpudi
IoT in Water Management, Various irrigation systems with IoT, Advantages & Disadvantages, Research findings.
One of the most significant sources of income in developing nations is the agricultural sector, making good water resource management even more crucial to the survival of this industry. 10% of India is made up of rice crops, which use a significant amount of the nation's water resources. In countries with limited water resources, water management is crucial. Due to the significant amount of water used for irrigation, this also has an impact on agricultural and rice output. As a result, research focused at reducing water usage during the irrigation process has grown over time. Farmers must embrace the most recent technology and practices, known as Internet of Things, in order to boost production, efficiency, and to reduce the challenges with water management they encounter. A system is created in IoT-based smart farming to automate the irrigation system and monitor the agricultural field using sensors (light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, etc.). Farmers may keep an eye on their fields at any time, from anywhere. Smaller farmers are unable to use this kind of system due to the high cost of typical commercial agriculture irrigation system sensors. To create economical systems for irrigation management and farm monitoring, manufacturers are already providing low-cost sensors that may be linked to nodes (Zampieri et al., 2018). IoT and WSN technologies can be used in the creation of these systems as a result of recent advancements. In this context, the lecture shows how IoT-based irrigation techniques may be used for effective water management in rice farming. In the application-specific field of agriculture, the Internet of Things and other cutting-edge modern technologies and techniques might provide fresh approaches to age-old issues. IoT enhances human involvement, crop and water yield, and efficiency in rice farming. However, there are significant limitations because to the increased capital requirements and early farmer opposition to new technologies.
Conclusion
Air pollution and water monitoring system.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
Air and water pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or developing.
Health problems have been growing at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of gaseous pollutants.
Harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma
Similar to Evaluating IoT based passive water catchment monitoring system data acquisition and analysis (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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C. Z. Myint et. al. [5] proposed a new smart water quality monitoring system that can reduce the
power consumption with five criteria that have been measured which are pH, water level, turbidity, carbon
dioxide and water temperature. They used Cyclone V DE1-SoC FPGA board that receive the data collected
by sensor nodes. A smart water quality monitoring system for Fiji has been introduced by A.N.Prasad et. al.
[6]. The used IoT and remote sensing technology in the system. Four different water sources were tested with
four condition of water quality which are pH, conductivity, temperature and oxidation-reduction potential
(ORP) within 12 hours at hourly interval to test system accuracy. A.A. Pranata et. al. in [7] measures three
parameters including temperature, pH and DO with ZigBee protocol for nodes communication.
In paper [8] written by T.I. Salim, they proposed to uses Online Water Quality (OWQ) with
continuous data sampling with higher sampling rate in the system. Seven parameters have been measured
which are dissolved gas, acidity, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solid
(TDS). Next, the data can be easily view and monitor via Favoriot platform in paper [9]. A. Latiff et. al.
applied five sensors in the system which are pH, temperature, ORP, DO, and electrical conductivity (EC).
C.Z. Myint et. al. in another paper [10], has designed the system to reduce critical issue for water pollution.
They design WSN based reconfigurable smart sensor interface for water quality monitoring system in an IoT
platform. Water quality condition such as pH, water level, turbidity, CO2 and water temperature have
been analysed.
K. H. Kamaludin in [11] was discussed on implementation of RFID in water quality monitoring
system. The purpose is to communicate into a single platform for water quality monitoring. While, C.
Encinas et. al. proposed to solve the issue of aquaculture areas that lag behind the technology [12]. The
systems will monitor based on wireless sensor network via IoT. The system will measure the pH, temperature
and DO of water with a benefit of low-cost, portable, modular, versatile and allows sharing information
through the cloud. With an extra electrical conductivity sensor, Lambrou et. al. in their paper [13] has
developed a water quality monitoring systems using PIC32 MCU with ZigBee as its communication module.
Mohammad Azman Miskan et. al. in paper [14], monitors temperature and DO and relay the information via
RF transceiver.
Extending water quality monitoring done by previous author, K. Raghu Sita Rama Raju et. al. in
paper [15] also includes monitoring of Ammonia, Salt, Nitrate and Carbonates besides monitoring DO, pH
and temperature. The system uses Raspberry pi3 with IoT connection to phone but the IoT connection was
not discussed in the paper. Based on the result, the hardware has successfully monitors all seven parameters.
Paper [16] also designed a system to log the seven parameters but using WaspMote instead of Raspberry pi3.
Tomoaki Kageyama in [17] has developed a wireless sensor network platform. The platform as
mention from the paper utilizes three sensors which is conductivity sensor, temperature sensor and
illuminometer. Unfortunately, the paper does not mention the microcontroller/microprocessor used. The data
obtained was relayed to Google spreadsheet via 3G network.
pH, Oxygen level and Turbidity was measured in the system design by Kulkarni Amruta M. et. al. in
paper [18]. Utilizing ARM7 as its processor, the data obtained is relayed to the main computer via Zigbee.
The data is then analyzed via MATLAB and displayed to the user using GUI created via VB 6.0. Khetre et.
al. in paper [19] also uses ARM7 processor. They use the processor for water quality monitoring of
temperature, turbidity, water level and salinity.
Nidal Nasser et. al. has also designed a wireless water quality monitoring system which utilizes pH
sensor in paper [20]. The system uses multiple ZigBee as sensor nodes which will relay information from pH
sensor to the Base Station. The Base Station will then relay the information to data center and client server
via internet connection. The system also incoperates sleep scheduling mechanism in the sensor nodes to
prolong its network lifetime.Component combination of LDR and LED has been used to develop a turbidity
sensor in paper [21]. Intel Galileo Gen 2 was used as the systems microcontroller which was connected to
ThinkSpeak via ESP82566 wifi module. The system has successfully been tested and shows good result for
obtaining turbidity in flowing water.
F. R. Islam et. al. in their paper [22] has developed a system which measures pH, Conductivity,
Temperature and ORP. By utilizing a controller connected to a mobile phone, the system can acquire Global
Positioning System (GPS) coordinate and Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication. With this, GIS
mapping of the measurement is able to be done. With an absence of OPR, He et. al. in their paper [23] utilize
CC2430 MCU for its microcontroller and ZigBee as its communication module. Similarly, Rasin et. al. in
paper [24] also developed water quality monitoring system for monitoring temperature, pH and turbidity but
uses Ti based microcontroller, TI 8051.
This paper discussed the development of water quality catchment monitoring system which
integrates pH, light intensity, temperature, GPS, and IMU readings. Based on the literature done, none of
them includes IMU reading. The developed system is a passive system which has no propulsion system. The
system could only move by utilizing the water flow. Since the distribution of polutent is also due to water
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flow, measuring the motion of the system using IMU will also measure the water flow. With the water flow
and other sensor reading acquired, it is possible to predict the source of contamination. The prediction
method will be discussed in other future papers. The developed system has been tested at lake in UMP Pekan
Campus, Pahang, Malaysia and leads to promising result.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.2. Hardware development
The Water Quality Catchment Monitoring System in this paper is an upgrade version from previous
development which can be seen in paper [25]. This version includes IMU and ThinkSpeak in order to
increase the capability of the system to be used to monitor mater movement. The block diagram of the system
can be seen in Figure 1. The system includes pH, Light Intensity, Temperature, GPS, IMU and Wi-Fi shield.
The Wi-Fi shield is use to replace XBEE from previous system. With the Wi-Fi shield, the data acquired
which is the pH, Light Intensity, Temperature, GPS, IMU and Wi-Fi shield can be access directly from
ThinkSpeak from any internet connected terminal. The data was also logged into the onboard logger and
analyze using MATLAB. The specification of each sensor can be seen in Table 1. The system in Figure 1
was installed in a 3D printed casing as shown in Figure 2. The bottom of the casing is attached with four ½
tennis ball and polystyrene sheet to improve buoyancy and stability.
Figure 1. Block diagram
Table 1. Sensors
No Type Model Usage
1 Analog pH SEN0161 Measuring pH
2 Analog Light GA1A12S202 Measuring turbidity
3 Temperature DS18B20 Measuring Temperature
4 GPS LOCOSYS LS-23060 Coordinate Acquisition
5 IMU BNO055 Identify water flow
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) 3D layout, (b) 3D Printed and installed
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2.2. Test procedures and assumptions
Testing of the system was done at UMP’s lake near the library. The circumference of the lake is
about 1.6 km which is big enough to be set as testing area. 16 sites on the lake were chosen as acquisition
sites. The sites can be seen in Figure 3 and their GPS coordinate can be seen in Table 2.
Figure 3. Testing locations (underlay map is from google map)
Table 2. Test locations coordinates (taken via onboard GPS)
Location Latitude Longitude Location Latitude Longitude
L1 3.543005 103.432457 L9 3.543994 103.435234
L2 3.542222 103.431861 L10 3.544439 103.434654
L3 3.541599 103.43264 L11 3.544824 103.433631
L4 3.541292 103.433395 L12 3.544918 103.433189
L5 3.540958 103.434051 L13 3.544946 103.432716
L6 3.540804 103.434883 L14 3.544626 103.432266
L7 3.542159 103.435577 L15 3.543922 103.432281
L8 3.54316 103.435638 L16 3.542619 103.433998
To eliminate any water ripple while taking experimental data, the system is deployed and is fixed to
a rope as can be seen in Figure 4. For location L16, the system is deployed via a canoe. For location L16, the
data was taken around 10 minutes after the system is set to reduce the effect of ripple due to the operation of
the canoe. In real life application, the system is left free on the water without any rope. Each location is
sampled for 5 minutes and took around 4 hours to complete all 16 locations. The data was taken during the
afternoon and an assumption has been made that the wind does not change during the duration of the time.
Fortunately, during the acquisition of data, there were no other canoes operating on the premise. For this test,
the data was taken directly from the system to reduce collection time. Based on this assumption and set-up,
the result and discussion can be seen in the following section.
Figure 4. Collecting data
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3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The system was implemented at UMP’s lake and results were obtained. For each location, the data
including temperature, pH, light intensity and IMU were analysis by applying box-plot graph technique and
plotting its mean directly on the map. The location is determined from the coordinate given by GPS Tracker
in the system. 50 data samples for each location have been collected and analyze to plot in boxplot.
3.1. Acidity
Figure 5 shows the boxplot graph of acidity in terms of pH for every 16 locations. pH value for
every locations are different from value of 5.90 until 7.23. Location 5 shows a highest pH value which is
7.23. The value is still in normal condition of water as the neutral water value is 7. At location 16, there are
numerous outliers. Since the utilization of a canoe to deploy the system at location 16, the water seems to be
agitated. This may be the reason for the outliers. The average value of pH for all locations is 6.97.
Figure 6 shows a map with its data collection point colored with the mean pH value of the location.
The arrow shows the increase acidity of the water. Referring to Figure 6, location L5, L9 and L15 shows
almost neutral water. From location L5 to L3, the acidity increased (as pH value decrease, acidity increased).
This is similar from location L9 to L16, L9 to L12 and L15 to L3. Evidently, location L3 shows a higher
acidity level compared to other locations. The center of the lake shows midpoint between the highest and
lowest pH value of the whole lake.
Figure 5. Acidity boxplot
Figure 6. Acidity map
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3.2. Temperature
Figure 7 shows the boxplot graph of temperature for every 16 locations. The temperature sensor on
the system only acquires surface temperature. The temperature values for all locations are varied from
26.0˚C-33.9˚C. Location L9, L10, L13 and L14 exhibit lots of outliers. These outliers may be due to water is
agitated and temperature variation from the effect of wind. Near these locations, there are no obstacles to be
found. The average value of temperature for all locations is 32.67˚C.
Figure 7. Temperature boxplot
Figure 8 shows a map with its data collection point colored with the mean temperature value of the
location. The arrow shows the decreasing temperature of the water. Referring to Figure 8, location L4 has the
highest value and the temperature decrease as the location increases and is shown by the anticlockwise arrow.
The temperature also decreases as the location decreases from L4. Temperature reading at location L1, L13,
L14 and L15 apparently has no distinct relationship with the other locations. The center of the lake shows
midpoint between the highest and lowest temperature value of the whole lake.
Figure 8. Temperature map
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3.3. Light intensity
Figure 9 shows the boxplot graph of light intensity for every 16 locations. The light intensity
measured here is the light from the LED when it hits the light dependent resistor (LDR). Outside light is
barred by the 3D printed casing. This method is used to measure the turbidity of the water. The higher the
Lux measured by the LDR, the lower the turbidity. The average value of light intensity for all locations is
1340.32 lux. The value is varied from 438.13 lux until 4343.05 lux. Location 3, 4, 9, 10 and 11 shows the
highest intensity of water which means the water at that location is clear. A lot of outliers can be seen at
location L4, L9, L11 and L16. This shows that at that particular location, random agitation occurred. The
random agitation may be due to the presence of aquatic life swimming across that area.
Figure 10 shows a map with its data collection point colored with the mean lux value of the location.
The arrow shows the increasing light intensity of the water. Referring to Figure 10, location L2, L8, L13, L14
and L15 has a light intensity value less than 1000 lux. This shows that, this area has high turbidity.
Observation at this location shows that numerous fish has been sited. Apparently this location is famous
among the campus citizen for fish feeding. The highest value iand the temperature decrease as the location
increases and is shown by the anticlockwise arrow. The temperature also decreases as the location decreases
from L4. Temperature reading at location L1, L13, L14 and L15 apparently has no distinct relationship with
the other locations. The center of the lake shows mid-point between the highest and lowest temperature value
of the whole lake.
Figure 9. Light intensity boxplot
Figure 10. Light intensity map
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3.4. X-Y acceleration
Figure 10 and 11 shows x and y-axis acceleration respectively for every 16 locations. The data is
collected with the x-axis accelerometer is pointed North and y-axis accelerometer is pointed East. With the
aid of GPS, the use of IMU for collecting x and y-axis acceleration data is for monitoring water movement.
Referring to Figure 10, the value of x-axis is varied from -9.7 m/s2
to 11 m/s2
. The wave and wind factor
influenced the reading. Location L14, L15 and L16 shows the presence of outliers which is exceed to the
lower limit and upper limit for box-plot. Large range of acceleration can be seen at location L16 which is
situated in the middle of the lake. This may be due to excessive water agitation due to the rocking canoe.
Referring to Figure 11, the minimum and maximum y-axis acceleration for all locations is from-8.8
m/s2
to 4.5 m/s2
. Location L6 till L12 seems to be stagnant whereas location L16 shows large variation in
acceleration. Similar to x-axis acceleration, the y-axis acceleration at location L16 may be due to excessive
water agitation by rocking canoe. This can be resolved if the system where to be deployed and left until the
rocking water has subdued before the data is collected. Both x and y-axis mean acceleration data is plotted on
the acceleration map and can be seen in Figure 13. Referring to Figure 13, the location which is near the bank
has almost the same mean data whereas the highest mean acceleration data can be seen at the middle of the
lake. The location of the testing may not be suitable for collecting acceleration data since all location is near
the bank.
Figure 11. X-axis acceleration boxplot
Figure 12. Y-axis acceleration boxplot
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Figure 13. Acceleration map
4. CONCLUSION
The development of IoT based water quality catchment monitoring system has successfully
collected data continuously in terms of acidity, temperature, light intensity, location and acceleration. All
data has been plotted on the site map and it is evident that all data correlation between all locations can be
clearly seen. X-Y axis acceleration data need to be processed further for it to be useful. The analysis data
could be used to predict the pollution sources in the water by implementing prediction algorithm which will
be done next in this research which will be discussed in future paper. The system is successfully developed
but there is room for improvement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) for financing the research
through final year student project fund and PNI research fund RDU1703315. The authors also would like to
thank UMP for a permission to conduct an experiment at UMP’s lake.
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