The document provides instructions for making a paper swan. The instructions lack clarity and conciseness as they do not include enough words or details to clearly explain the steps. The ambiguity of the arrows and lack of differentiation makes the instructions difficult to follow and open to interpretation. More text is needed to accurately convey the process of making a paper swan.

1. Analysis of Factual
Communication

2. Instruction Manual for a Blender

3. CLARITY The instruction manual successfully includes clear and accurate designs which are true to the model.
The designs and the arrows surrounding them help to explain how everything fits together and how to piece
them together properly e.g. twist lid onto the top, which would be an arrow going round. This manual,
however, could be improved with a bit more colour so that each individual part of the blender could be
separated and easily identified from the others.
CONSICENESS There are no words at all, which is actually really useful for people of all languages. Using
diagrams as opposed to words is often better than using both because then it just gets confusing. Although I
say that, there are people who would probably much prefer to read about what’s going on so that they could
find out specific details, for example, ‘this component is attached to this part of the blender so that all the bad
and useless stuff can be filtered out’.
ACCURACY The instructions have been made as accurate as possible. Obviously, the drawings aren’t drawn to
scale but they have been drawn with correct proportions used. The arrows make up for the words and have
been especially made in detail to ensure the ease and efficiency of this task. Of course, some sort of text might
have been a useful addition to the instructions, however, still makes no difference to those who speak other
languages. Pictures of hands and hand gestures could be useful so long as they were drawn appropriately and
there was enough space.
AVOIDING AMBIGUITY
There are parts of this article which do not demonstrate an easy task upon first glance. For instance, trying to
identify which instruction is first is a task in itself because although they are aligned in a certain way, the steps
jump straight from one piece to five etc. and it could be quite confusing. To avoid ambiguity, they could have
colour coded all the objects so when new ones are incorporated, they are easy to identify.

4. Factual Article About Earthquakes

5. CLARITY
The article is lain out in a very orderly fashion as it is segregated into three columns, with the slight overlap of a
photograph. To avoid confusion the article is all one subject, spanning over the whole page, and works from
left to right (as usual). The title is very clearly displayed in bold and large lettering along with a supporting
photograph. The date and author are also displayed for the clarity of the consumers.
CONCISENESS
The article isn’t exactly concise but that is because it’s an article and is meant to focus largely on extra detail.
However, the topic could be extensive and so the author has to do their best to throw all the necessary
information onto one page. So the article could be interpreted as concise.
ACCURACY
Because this is an official newspaper article, it has to be absolutely right. Especially with the amount of sub
editors that are involved with ensuring everything is grammatically correct. As it is also being published,
internationally, publishers need to avoid upsetting their consumers.
AVOIDING AMBIGUITY
News articles are often made ambiguous to create different means of interpretation. The title, for example,
doesn’t really make a lot of sense. This is done, on purpose, to confuse the reader and make them want to read
on. But it can also lose the interest of some readers because they aren’t particularly bothered about the
subject of the article.
BIAS
The article is bias and is for a specific cause against fracking. This includes the arguments of many people
against fracking for shale gas. It also includes the after effects of these mini earthquakes caused by fracking. It
doesn’t explain what the advantages are and therefore is very bias.

6. REGISTER
The article has been written specifically for a large audience and so the author has chosen a very formal take. I
took a quote from the article which reads ‘Once alerted to the suspicious earthquakes’ and is a prime example
of where formality has been put to use. Instead, this could have read ‘When they found out about the
earthquakes…’ which could still be counted as formal language but does not exceed the original quote.
EVIDENCING OF AN ARGUMENT
Like I said, previously, the article is very bias and does not include any kind of contradictory argument. The
writer does go into slight detail of the purpose for fracking, however, that is all.
REFERENCING SOURCES
The article has used names of scientists when talking about other people’s views. They have also labelled one
photograph, however, there isn’t any indication as to where the other one came from. They have also included
a website link (which may include further information, detailing references) and the author’s name.
LEGAL CONSTRAINTS
As far as I can see, the author hasn’t said anything that points specifically at a certain individual as that is not
the topic. Therefore, libel won't be obvious if there appears to be any within the article. Fracking is mentioned
which is something unnatural and is a process that can only be taken out by human beings. However, the only
names mentioned in the article are those of scientists of which were not involved.
I know for sure that there is nothing suggesting defiance of the contempt of court policy. This isn't so much a
legal issue but more of a campaign. Yes, there could be something involving the court of law but nothing
contempt.

7. Factual Article About Earthquakes

8. CLARITY
The pamphlet very well establishes its purpose with the photographs mainly. That was the main point of focus
for me, since they make up a large majority of each page. These people are dressed in exercise attire and that
instantly says 'fitness'. And the logo for the flyer says 'fitness trainer'. The person who designed this has also
made their point by putting 4 big points on the front cover, on the left center. These are coloured in 4 different
bright colours to attract the eye. This will definitely be the first thing that people read and it summarises the
entire pamphlet. I would say just the front cover itself says everything.
CONCISENESS
The pamphlet has very little words. Where there are words and sentences, they have been put in bold or in a
large font so they can be clearly read. There are some parts of which go into excessive detail but by using a
smaller sized text but by using standard black on white, it is obvious that its less important.
ACCURACY
The pamphlet has had to be accurate as it is serving purpose for someone's business. If the writing isn’t
grammatically correct, this can give the business a bad reputation or worse, people could just decide that it’s a
dodgy business from just looking at the leaflet. Also, if there is inaccurate information on the pamphlet which
says something about the business, that is not true, legal action could take place and the business could
potentially be sued. Therefore they should have no reason to make their adverts any less than accurate.

9. AVOIDING AMBIGUITY
The leaflet can be quite ambiguous and this is because they don’t want to get into trouble by putting false
information but also, they would like people to believe that they can lose weight more efficiently with this
business. By putting “Your fitness goals just got easier” they are trying to get their customers to believe that
training alongside them will be the gateway to quick and easy weightloss.
BIAS
The business that is represented in this leaflet will have obviously been bias by making themselves sound like
the best. However, as it is an advert, it will be bias as the purpose for it is to attract people. By being
ambiguous and making vague statements which aren’t always necessarily true, a business is more likely to
achieve their goals.
REGISTER
Formal language is used in the pamphlet because it is meant for displaying everywhere which means that
people of all ages could be looking at it. Not only does it appeal to all ages to use formal language but it is also
important for the business to retain a professional reputation.
REFERENCING SOURCES
No sources have had to be referenced apart from that of the business and of course, the leaflet belongs to the
business. Also, the photos are clearly their own as well because they have no marking and since it is an official
leaflet, they wouldn’t get away with using other people’s images.
CODES OF PRACTICE
Like I said before, because this is an official advert, all information must be legitimate and appropriate.
Therefore, it mustn't contain unfair or inaccurate information and also nothing should be bias or point hatred
to any groups of people. Although there is bias in this pamphlet, its not strikingly obvious to the extent that the
business could be told off for it and so they have achieved good codes of practice.

10. How To Make a Swan From Paper

11. CLARITY
The instructions are quite vague. I tried to follow this in my head and it is very difficult because I don’t fully
understand what is happening and so I do think this could be more clear. Of course, there are some words used
but not enough to justify this as a clear and obvious set of instructions.
CONCISENESS
There are little to no words included in these instructions and this could be useful for people of different
languages. However, that is the only perk I can think of. It would be much better if there was actually words
included because of how vague and difficult to follow.
ACCURACY
It’s hard to determine whether this is accurate because there really isn’t a lot to work from with the
information that you are given. I can’t see why they would make it inaccurate unless it was a joke.
AVOIDING AMBIGUITY
I struggled to understand this because the arrows aren’t very clear and there are different types of arrows. It’s
not been made obvious whether there is a difference between the two types. It’s something you have to figure
out yourself. However, they are very unclear to the point that I am struggling to understand.

12. Communication
12Creative Media Production 2013
Effective communication:
There are some key things that need to be considered when writing for
factual publications to ensure that you can communicate effectively.
Clarity: Making your work clear and easy to understand.
Conciseness: Ensuring you use as few words as possible. Keep it simple.
Accuracy: Ensuring that what is written is correct. It sounds simple but
mistakes often happen, particularly when data can be open to
interpretation.
Avoiding ambiguity: Making sure there is no room for interpretation by
presenting clear information rather than vagueness or uncertainty.
Bias: This means being more in favour of one thing than another. Factual
writing should avoid bias but it can be hard as people try to find evidence
that supports their ideas and avoid evidence that does not.

13. Communication
13
Register: The language used for a particular purpose or in a particular
social setting. When writing formally, choosing more formal words such as
father instead of dad and child instead of kid. Often people refrain from
using contractions such as don’t and can’t.
Evidencing of argument: Clearly explaining the issues at hand and the
different opinions involved. There are usually at least 2 sides to every story
and including them makes for better writing. Like being unbiased, this is
not always achieved.
Referencing sources: Ensuring that information taken from elsewhere is
clearly labelled and quotes are correctly attributed.
Legal constraints: Issues of libel, contempt of court and gagging orders
could apply, particularly in journalism.
Codes of practice: NUJ codes, editors code of practice, ASA guidelines
and trading standards.