This document analyzes the instruction manual for the "Musical Crib Puppy." It finds that the manual provides clear, easy to understand instructions supported by diagrams. The steps to replace batteries and avoid leakage seem accurate. However, the caution text is somewhat ambiguous. The language is formal as instructions require. It also notes that the manual communicates vital information that could otherwise cause confusion or danger through clear fonts, diagrams, and formatting of important text. Overall, the analysis finds that the manual effectively guides users while avoiding potential issues.

1. Factual Page Layout Project:
Product Research
Bekki Asquith

2. Instruction Manual for ‘Musical Crib Puppy’
Clarity – The instruction manual is
clear and easy to understand.
There are headings and steps in
the following that tell you how to
do thing such as replace the
batteries and how to avoid
battery leakage.
Supporting illustrations and diagrams – There is
a diagram image that accompanies the text
entitled ‘To replace batteries’. This is something
that could prove confusing and because of the
vague instructions this will help the reader.
Accuracy – The steps to avoid
battery leakage and the replace
batteries seem accurate. They
would have to be accurately
presented in order to prevent any
danger to do with the batteries.
This shows the parents of
the child that it has been
tested and they have
nothing to worry about
when they give it to their
child.
Ambiguity– There seems to be
some kind of ambiguity with the
‘Caution’ text on the front page.
The line that reads ‘the crib sides
should be in one of the lower
positions.’ This is vague and does
not explain the need for caution
very well.
Register – The language used in this
instruction manual is formal and
uses imperatives because the text
itself needs to be commanding, they
are instructions.
Conciseness – Few
words are used in the
steps in the two ‘how
to’ paragraphs.
Codes of practice – The
small print at the bottom of
the page on the right talks
about the FCC and says that
this product is approved by
this organisation. The FCC
tests products like this one
in order to see whether
they will be at risk of
harming the child. It has
been approved so this must
mean that it is safe.
Bias – There is no sense of
bias being used in this
instruction manual because
there is no need for it.
Typography – This whole instruction
manual is in black and white text, there
are no other colours used. There are 3
different fonts used for different aspects
of the leaflet. There is also bold and
upper case type used for different aspects
as well.
The font choice is clear, simple and is
easy to read for the audience.
Effective Communication – In general, this
publication communicates the vital information to
the reader that could otherwise cause confusion
and possibly danger. The text is effectively
communicated by using clear fonts, diagrams and
bold and upper case letters for important headings
and words.

3. ‘What’s Wrong With McDonald’s?’ Leaflet

4. •
Typography – There are different fonts used here for the heading and the main body of text and then also the feature at the
bottom left of the second page. The headings of the text are in bold. The font choice for the main text is easy to read and
simple so that the leaflet focuses on the content rather than what the leaflet looks like. This is the case with most factual
writing pages. The font that is used for the main heading is also clear and easily readable.
•
Clarity – When read, it is quite clear what this leaflet is talking about. It is telling the reader about how bad McDonald’s is, as a
company. It tells a one sided story about all of the bad things about the company. It is clear what the opinion of the writer is
as soon as you read the first paragraph.
•
Accuracy – This leaflet contains some statistics such as ‘Every year McDonald’s uses over a million tons of unnecessary plastic
and paper packaging’. This is not very accurate; it would be better if an actual, accurate figure or number was used. This is
also ambiguous and so this factual publication does not avoid ambiguity.
•
Bias – The text in this leaflet is only one side of a story. This shows bias. The two activists who wrote the original leaflet, Helen
Steel and Dave Morris are from London Greenpeace and so it is very clear what their opinion and their side of the story will
be. After this leaflet was published and people from McDonald’s had read what these two activists had written about them
and after the legal court case, the leaflet was forced to retract some of the things that it has said and accused. Because the
inaccurate and vague figures that they used such as as ‘Every year McDonald’s uses over a million tons of unnecessary plastic
and paper packaging’, they were removed for legal reasons.
•
Register – The text in this leaflet is written formally, however there are some contractions used such as ‘they’re’. They have
used a wide vocabulary and punctuation to try and engage the reader and keep them interested in the issue that the
publication is about.
•
Evidence of an argument – The evidence of argument is shown by the original article showing one side of the story, saying
how bad McDonald’s is, the other side of the story/argument is shown by the writing around the outside which talks about
when McDonald’s read this article and fought back against it to try and protect their name.
•
Legal constraints – The writing around the outline of this leaflet talks about how McDonald’s sued the people who wrote this
for libel. This meant that they had written about something that was untrue and McDonald’s were able to sue them for this
because what they wrote made them look bad as a company. Also, this could have stopped people from using their service
and their products and this could in turn put them out of business.
•
Supporting images – There is an image at the side of the main heading which shows a Ronald McDonald mask, a popular
character who is associated with the McDonald’s food company. There is a fat man holding the mask in front of his face and
smiling, this implies that something is hidden behind the fun exterior of McDonald’s and all is not what it seems.

5. Clarity – This article is easy
to understand because the
subject is explained to the
reader in the text. The font is
clear to read and the story is
easy to decipher.
Factual Journalism (Newspaper article)
- ‘A World of Beauty’
Conciseness – This article is
concise. It tells the story and gets
the point across in few words. A
shorter story is more appealing to
the reader than a long winded one
that goes on and on.
Register – This piece is written quite
formally. There are no informal
contractions except in quotes from
people.
Referencing sources of information – In
this piece, there are quotes from several
people. There are multiple quotes from
Emily May McEwan herself, who is the
subject of the article, and there is also a
quote from Marci Hinkle, her best friend.
There are also references to different
colleges and different pieces of artwork
by McEwan throughout the article.
Typography – The font that the heading
is written in is eye catching and
interesting. It fits well with what the
article is actually talking about: art. It is
very artistic and so goes well with and
applies to the story.
The rest of the article is written in a
lower case, clear and simple font that is
easily readable. This is so that the
attention of the reader can stay focused
on the story rather than anything else
such as the nice font that it is written in.
Supporting Images and Diagrams – There are 3 images included in this article. They are used to explain what
the text says further and make some of the things that are written about a bit clearer.
They are called ‘supporting’ images because they support the text and show what it is talking about.
There are also captions in amongst the images to describe further what is actually being shown and explained
in the images and the text.

6. ‘How To’ Guide –
Musgo Graffiti
Clarity – The steps that are shown here on this ‘how to` guide are
very clear and it makes the process of creating Musgo graffiti
very quick and easy to do. This is a good quality of a ‘how to`
guide because then people will think it is easy to do and so
attempt it.
Conciseness – The sentences that are used for the steps for this
guide are very short and use few words to describe the step by
step actions. For example “Add buttermilk”, “Pulse blender until
gel forms” are all short, sharp commands which tell you what to
do.
Accuracy – The instructions that this guide give are accurate and
correct. This is the way for a ‘how to` guide to be. If you follow
the guide by the steps, then you will end up with Musgo graffiti
that will grow.
Avoiding Ambiguity – There is no ambiguity in this guide. There
are accurate measurements given of how much of something to
add into the mixture that is made.
Register – There are a lot of commands and imperative verbs
used here because using these words ensure that the guide is
clear and concise which is how it should be.
Supporting Illustrations and Diagrams – There is an illustration
above each instructions, pictures at the top of the page to show
what you need to make this graffiti, and a photograph at the end
to show what it should look like. These are appealing to the
audience because an all text publication is boring and images
help to show what it is you should be doing; they are an
important feature of a ‘how to` guide. There is a clear use of
colour here which makes the whole publication look more
interesting for reader.
Typography – There is a clear font that is used in the top left of the page for
the heading and the show what this ‘how to` guide is for.
The other font that is used is for the instructions. This is clear and easy to
read but very small in comparison to the images that are above. They use a
simple font however it becomes harder to read when it is made smaller.

7. Information Guide ‘Editors’ Code of Practice’

8. •
Clarity – The different sections and points are clearly indicated by the coloured headings and separation within the sections into smaller and more easily
readable parts. This makes it clear to the reader which parts they should be reading in reference to what information they want to find out about.
•
Conciseness – The paragraphs that are separated into sections are written using few words and only include information that is relevant and important
to what the text is talking about. This makes it a clear and concise piece of writing.
•
Avoiding Ambiguity – There is no ambiguity in this piece of factual writing, it is simply supplying you with information, there is no room for any
ambiguity. The writing is about a code of practice which must be followed in reference to the newspaper and periodical industry; they are rules which
must be obeyed in this industry.
•
Bias – This factual text can be interpreted in different ways by different people, for example the general public will interpret and see the tone of this
text much different to maybe how the editor of a newspaper or magazine would see it. To some people, some of the points may seem bias and in
favour of another group of people. For example, point i) under the heading Accuracy states that ‘The press must take care not to publish inaccurate,
misleading or distorted information, including pictures.’ A newspaper/magazine editor or journalist may interpret this in a way that means that they in
fact cannot publish any type of article with an opinion because what is seen as misleading will differ between different people, their past experiences
and beliefs.
This point shows slight bias against publishers and editors because it could leave them little room to produce work of any kind.
•
•
Register – This piece of text is written very formally because it is official ruling for the newspaper and periodical industry. There are words like ‘must’
and talks about ‘obligations’ which reinforces and tells us that these are a set of rules that must be followed. There is no room for any kind of argument
or another side to the story.
•
Referencing Sources of Information – There is no need for this publication to reference a source of information because it, itself is a source of
information. This code can be referenced to when writing a journalistic article for a newspaper or magazine.
•
Legal Constraints – Point number 15 talks about criminal trials and mentions the Contempt of Court Act 1981 and pleas to court. This is in reference to
what can be put into a newspaper or another periodical product with regards to what goes on in court.
•
Codes of Practice – This piece of writing itself is about the Editors’ Code of Practice so it is therefore already mentioned. There is also a reference to the
PCC (Press Complaints Commission).
•
Typography – There is another colour used here which brightens up the page and tries to make it seem more appealing to the reader’s eye. The font for
the main text that is used is clear and easy to read and coloured black for the contrast between black and white on the page. The involvement of
another colour into this page layout means that it breaks up the large amount of writing that is on the page so that it is easier for the reader and makes
it slightly more interesting for them to read.
Some of the writing which explains the code and how it should be and is used in the industry is in bigger writing than the regulation rules that are listed
below. This means that the reader will be more attracted to this part first and foremost. This section will then interest them and they will then read on.
This technique performs the same job as a heading in that the lager writing draws people in and interests them in the subject of the text.
•

9. Online Daily Mail Article
‘Flaunting side-cleavage …
it’s a right Ellie earned the
hard way’

11. •
•
Clarity – Liz Jones, who wrote this article talks about Ellie Goulding and also referencing Lady Gaga, differs between fact and her own opinions which is
confusing at times. For example, Jones talks about how Goulding and Gaga are flaunting their bodies in order to gain fame but then goes on to later say
that they are both intelligent and talented in what they do.
This makes it unclear what her view is and what the purpose of this article actually was.
•
Conciseness – This article is not concise, Jones has written her views and added in comments wherever she can. She has not set out to write an article
to tell the reader something and made that her focus, that is clear.
•
Accuracy – The facts that she uses and adds into her article are all accurate e.g. Ellie Goulding did appear on The X Factor in the dress in the photograph
and Lady Gaga did dress in cuts of meat to sell her records. There are no exact dates, times or quotes included in this article which makes the reader
question the accuracy of some of the things that Jones mentions, especially when this is such a one sided and opinionated piece of factual writing.
•
Avoiding Ambiguity – There is only ambiguity in this piece when trying to decipher what it is that Jones really wants to say. The heading ‘Flaunting sidecleavage…it’s a right Ellie earned the hard way’ makes us believe that this piece will praise Goulding through and through, where in fact she has talked
about she feels that she now HAS to take her clothes off in order to remain on the top spot.
•
Supporting Images and Diagrams – The photograph that is included at the beginning or the article shows Ellie Goulding on The X Factor, wearing the
dress that Liz Jones talks about in the following text. This image supports the writing and ensures that the reader knows what is being discussed.
•
Bias – This is a one sided piece because it is from the opinion and the view or controversial journalist Liz Jones who is known well for writing things
about people that challenge the view of the general public and some other people’s views as well. She gives her brutal opinion on several occasions in
this piece of writing.
•
Register – This article is written in an informal way. Jones uses contractions, mentions anecdotes and involves herself in the writing e.g. ‘Gaga – in a
bikini with that perfect bod for sin, to paraphrase Melanie Griffith – has been seen as a betrayal as much as Ellie’s side cleavage-exposing dress, or
Madonna’s facelift, or mine, for that matter.’
•
Referencing Sources of Information – There is no direct referencing to any sources of information, only vague half-references to shows like The X Factor
and a time when Goulding appeared on it.
•
Codes of Practice – There is only a vague reference to a code of practice; Jones mentions towards the end of the article that she feels that instances
such as the one where Ellie Goulding wore this dress on The X Factor should be shown after the 9pm watershed.
•
Typography – The heading of this article is in very big lettering and bold print. The font is clear and easily readable and plain which makes it easy for the
audience to read and interpret. The text is paragraphed well and frequently which makes it even easier for the reader.