The document summarizes the history and development of the European Union, from its origins as the European Coal and Steel Community formed by six countries in 1951, to its expansion after the fall of the Soviet Union to incorporate former communist countries. It then discusses Turkey's aspirations to join the EU, the political, economic, cultural, and human rights issues involved, and the varying views among EU member states. While Turkey has undertaken reforms to meet the EU's Copenhagen criteria, skepticism remains among some Europeans about Turkey's prospects for full membership due to its large, predominantly Muslim population.
Turkey has been an associate member of the European Union since 1964 and formally applied for full membership in 1987. Membership negotiations were opened in 2005 and the screening process was completed in 2006. However, some argue against Turkey joining due to issues with democracy and discrimination against minorities in Turkey. Supporters believe Turkey's membership could bolster democracy and strengthen the EU's economy and military. The EU expects Turkey to fully adopt European values and laws regarding rule of law and human rights.
EU Enlargement and Turkey’s Application for Membership v3David Bucur
The document discusses EU enlargement and Turkey's application for EU membership. It outlines the Copenhagen criteria for accession, including political, economic and legal standards. The accession process involves three stages - candidate status, formal negotiations, and final membership. Past enlargements included countries in Central and Eastern Europe in 2004 and 2007. Turkey applied for membership in 1987 but negotiations have stalled. While Turkey's strategic location and economy support its membership, concerns remain regarding conflicts with Greece and Cyprus, Turkey fully meeting the accession criteria, and cultural differences with the EU. Support for Turkish membership varies among EU member states.
The document traces Turkey's history of applying for membership in the European Economic Community and NATO since the 1950s. It discusses the ongoing negotiations between Turkey and the EU over Turkey's bid to become a full member. There are differing views within the EU over whether Turkey should be admitted given its geography spanning Asia and Europe and its majority Muslim population. The document also examines media coverage of Turkey's EU membership aspirations in several European countries.
Emre Fidan - Public international law essay - copieEmre Fidan
This document discusses Turkey's potential accession to the European Union. It examines Turkey's main political obstacles to membership, including the Cyprus conflict, Kurdish question, and responsibility for the Armenian genocide. It also looks at Turkey's relationship with human rights and the European Court of Human Rights. While Turkey has made reforms, it still has a long way to go to fully respect human rights and democratic values before being considered for EU membership. The future of Turkey joining the EU remains unclear as it faces ongoing political issues that must be resolved.
Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The European Union originated from several treaties and agreements between European countries beginning in 1951 that established economic cooperation and integration. Key early treaties included the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community and 1957 Treaty of Rome. Subsequent treaties expanded political, economic, and security integration. After the Cold War, the EU sought to extend its influence eastward through enlargement. Turkey began pursuing EU membership in 1963 but faced challenges due to its large population, cultural differences from Western Europe, and human rights issues. While Turkey has implemented reforms, some Europeans remain reluctant due to Turkey's status as a predominantly Muslim country. The prospect of Turkish membership remains uncertain and controversial.
The document provides information about the political system and history of Sweden. It discusses Sweden's transition from a largely agrarian society to a center of heavy industry. It describes Sweden's constitutional monarchy government and unicameral parliament (Riksdag). Key political parties are outlined like the Social Democratic Party, Moderate Party, Green Party, and others. Sweden's prime minister and cabinet are responsible to the Riksdag.
The document summarizes information about EU enlargement, including its history from the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community to the Treaty of Lisbon defining the EU's relationships. It outlines the main EU institutions and their locations. It lists current EU member states and candidate countries, and the Copenhagen criteria for joining the EU. Specific sections provide background on Turkey's and Croatia's paths to EU membership, including requirements and benefits of accession. Potential benefits and downsides of expansion are discussed.
This document discusses the EU's institutions and policies around enlargement and development. It describes the main EU institutions, including the European Commission, Council of Ministers, European Parliament, and European Council. It then discusses the history of EU enlargement, criteria for membership, and the accession process. Recent and potential future enlargements in countries like Turkey, the Western Balkans, and Iceland are also covered. The document also examines the EU's neighborhood policy and how large the EU may ultimately become geographically. Finally, it outlines the EU's policies in areas like innovation, the environment, technology, energy, and measures to promote solidarity within the single market.
Turkey has been an associate member of the European Union since 1964 and formally applied for full membership in 1987. Membership negotiations were opened in 2005 and the screening process was completed in 2006. However, some argue against Turkey joining due to issues with democracy and discrimination against minorities in Turkey. Supporters believe Turkey's membership could bolster democracy and strengthen the EU's economy and military. The EU expects Turkey to fully adopt European values and laws regarding rule of law and human rights.
EU Enlargement and Turkey’s Application for Membership v3David Bucur
The document discusses EU enlargement and Turkey's application for EU membership. It outlines the Copenhagen criteria for accession, including political, economic and legal standards. The accession process involves three stages - candidate status, formal negotiations, and final membership. Past enlargements included countries in Central and Eastern Europe in 2004 and 2007. Turkey applied for membership in 1987 but negotiations have stalled. While Turkey's strategic location and economy support its membership, concerns remain regarding conflicts with Greece and Cyprus, Turkey fully meeting the accession criteria, and cultural differences with the EU. Support for Turkish membership varies among EU member states.
The document traces Turkey's history of applying for membership in the European Economic Community and NATO since the 1950s. It discusses the ongoing negotiations between Turkey and the EU over Turkey's bid to become a full member. There are differing views within the EU over whether Turkey should be admitted given its geography spanning Asia and Europe and its majority Muslim population. The document also examines media coverage of Turkey's EU membership aspirations in several European countries.
Emre Fidan - Public international law essay - copieEmre Fidan
This document discusses Turkey's potential accession to the European Union. It examines Turkey's main political obstacles to membership, including the Cyprus conflict, Kurdish question, and responsibility for the Armenian genocide. It also looks at Turkey's relationship with human rights and the European Court of Human Rights. While Turkey has made reforms, it still has a long way to go to fully respect human rights and democratic values before being considered for EU membership. The future of Turkey joining the EU remains unclear as it faces ongoing political issues that must be resolved.
Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The European Union originated from several treaties and agreements between European countries beginning in 1951 that established economic cooperation and integration. Key early treaties included the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community and 1957 Treaty of Rome. Subsequent treaties expanded political, economic, and security integration. After the Cold War, the EU sought to extend its influence eastward through enlargement. Turkey began pursuing EU membership in 1963 but faced challenges due to its large population, cultural differences from Western Europe, and human rights issues. While Turkey has implemented reforms, some Europeans remain reluctant due to Turkey's status as a predominantly Muslim country. The prospect of Turkish membership remains uncertain and controversial.
The document provides information about the political system and history of Sweden. It discusses Sweden's transition from a largely agrarian society to a center of heavy industry. It describes Sweden's constitutional monarchy government and unicameral parliament (Riksdag). Key political parties are outlined like the Social Democratic Party, Moderate Party, Green Party, and others. Sweden's prime minister and cabinet are responsible to the Riksdag.
The document summarizes information about EU enlargement, including its history from the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community to the Treaty of Lisbon defining the EU's relationships. It outlines the main EU institutions and their locations. It lists current EU member states and candidate countries, and the Copenhagen criteria for joining the EU. Specific sections provide background on Turkey's and Croatia's paths to EU membership, including requirements and benefits of accession. Potential benefits and downsides of expansion are discussed.
This document discusses the EU's institutions and policies around enlargement and development. It describes the main EU institutions, including the European Commission, Council of Ministers, European Parliament, and European Council. It then discusses the history of EU enlargement, criteria for membership, and the accession process. Recent and potential future enlargements in countries like Turkey, the Western Balkans, and Iceland are also covered. The document also examines the EU's neighborhood policy and how large the EU may ultimately become geographically. Finally, it outlines the EU's policies in areas like innovation, the environment, technology, energy, and measures to promote solidarity within the single market.
The document discusses the opportunities in Turkey's automotive industry, noting that Turkey has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. It highlights Turkey's young population and strategic location bridging Europe and Asia as advantages. The automotive sector in Turkey is growing globally and domestically, presenting opportunities to export automotive parts by targeting this sector for investment.
Antreprenorii Vorbesc este un barometru anual ce măsoară
percepţiile asupra antreprenoriatului şi îşi propune să
exploreze şi să exprime într-o manieră directă problemele,
aşteptările şi nevoile întreprinzătorilor români, bazându-se
pe o analiză calitativă şi cantitativă a mediului antreprenorial
românesc.
Analiza noastră urmăreşte, totodată, să sublinieze modul în
care responsabilii cu politicile publice ar putea ajuta în mod
decisiv antreprenoriatul românesc. Eforturile de reducere
a presiunilor bugetare şi de reformare a sectoarelor cheie
ar trebui dublate de eforturi de sprijinire a creării de noi
afaceri, care vor avea cel mai mare impact asupra creşterii
economice şi forţei de muncă.
Acest studiu merge mai departe şi subliniază, de asemenea,
nu numai ceea ce poate face guvernul, dar şi ce pot face
antreprenorii pentru a profita de oportunităţile din piaţă.
În acelaşi timp, antreprenori români care au creat afaceri de
succes ne împărtăşesc povestea lor, provocările pe care le
percep în mediul antreprenorial românesc şi măsurile ce ar
trebui luate pentru sprijinirea acestuia.
Semantic Web Intro - St. Patrick's Day 2016 UpdateEric Franzon
This document provides an introduction to the semantic web. It begins by defining the semantic web as a web-scale architecture that adds a layer of meaning to data on the web using metadata. It discusses who is using semantic web standards like schema.org and linked open data. The document then explains the key technologies that make the semantic web work, including Resource Description Framework (RDF) for describing data as subject-predicate-object triples, ontologies for describing relationships between data like RDFS and OWL, and SPARQL for querying semantic data. It provides examples of how these standards and technologies allow data to be connected and interpreted by machines.
El documento describe los orígenes y características generales de la cultura griega antigua. Se originó a partir de las civilizaciones minoica y micénica y estaba compuesta por tres tribus principales. La organización sociopolítica se basaba en las polis o ciudades-estado independientes, como Atenas y Esparta. Atenas desarrolló la primera democracia, mientras que Esparta tenía una estructura militar y aristocrática rígida.
Janet L. Lyle has over 25 years of experience in human resources management, most recently as Vice President of Human Resources and Support Services at Springfield Medical Care Systems in Vermont where she oversees HR activities for over 700 employees and additional departments. Prior to her current role, she held various HR leadership positions at other healthcare organizations, demonstrating a track record of developing policies and programs, improving employee satisfaction, and achieving accreditation. Her experience includes managing all aspects of HR such as recruitment, benefits administration, employee relations, and serving as a member of senior leadership teams.
#CannesLions 2014: Day 1 Recap #OgilvyCannesOgilvy
1. The first day of the Cannes Film Festival in 2014 got off to a slow start, with many attendees still arriving and events lacking energy. David Hasselhoff's performance of Baywatch themes failed to excite audiences.
2. A presentation compared creativity to Greek mythology, noting that ideas can be approached from multiple perspectives like Theseus navigating the labyrinth. Creativity is found in exploring ideas from different views and what is done with those ideas.
3. Creativity is not limited to certain individuals but should be nurtured across organizations. Distributed creativity was seen in how Sir Patrick Stewart used Twitter to reshape his public image from a stuffy figure to a goofball, co-creating
The document discusses responsive web design, which uses CSS media queries and fluid layouts to automatically adjust a website for viewing on devices with different screen sizes. It covers CSS2.1 and CSS3 media features, syntax for media queries, browser support including a JavaScript solution for older IE versions, and examples of responsive design implementations. The document also includes a quote questioning whether responsive design is always appropriate given different contexts for mobile vs desktop.
O programa apresenta as atividades planeadas para a Semana da Leitura na escola, incluindo encenações, performances, oficinas e campeonatos de leitura para diferentes anos de escolaridade ao longo dos cinco dias. Todas as atividades têm como objetivo promover a leitura e o teatro entre a comunidade escolar.
This document lists the top 10 famous motivational speakers from 2013-2014, including NBA player Walter Bond, Shark Tank investor Barbara Corcoran, NFL rookie Vince Papale who inspired the movie Invincible, inspiring mom Stephanie Decker who lost both legs saving children from a tornado, educator Dr. Adolph Brown known as "The World's Greatest Edu-tainer", NFL legend and humanitarian Archie Manning, high-energy speaker Connie Podesta, comedian Loretta Laroche who uses humor as a coping mechanism, Apprentice winner and entrepreneur Bill Rancic, and sociologist/comedienne Bertice Berry.
This document provides an overview of the Griffon framework for building desktop applications in Groovy and Java. It discusses key Griffon concepts like conventions over configuration, MVC patterns, built-in testing support, and automation of repetitive tasks. The document also covers Griffon features such as lifecycle scripts, binding, threading, and popular plugins. Resources for learning more about Griffon and its community are provided at the end.
Critically examine the arguments surrounding the possibility of Turkish acces...Eoin Guerin
1) Turkey has long sought closer ties with the EU, applying for membership in 1987. However, negotiations have faced significant reservations from some EU member states over Turkish accession.
2) Opposition argues that Turkey does not share European cultural and historical roots as a predominantly Muslim country. There are also concerns that Turkish membership could significantly increase the Muslim population of Europe.
3) While Turkey has reformed many of its laws and policies to align with EU standards, negotiations have stalled due to disputes with Cyprus and opposition from countries like France. The future of Turkey's EU membership bid remains uncertain.
Essay on why Kemalism can be seen as the reason for the European Union not to accept Turkey in its institution. Based on sex discrimination and human rights, established in the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.
The document summarizes the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's path to European Union membership. It discusses:
1) The Cyprus conflict emerged in the 1950s between Turkish and Greek Cypriots and involved Turkey, Greece, the UK, and the UN. Cyprus gained EU membership in 2004, complicating Turkey's accession.
2) Turkey began pursuing EU membership in the 1960s but negotiations have stalled over issues like the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's relationship with Greece.
3) Greece's EU membership in 1981 allowed it to advocate for Cyprus and oppose Turkey's accession, positioning the Cyprus issue as an obstacle to Turkey's membership.
This document summarizes Turkey's ongoing refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus or acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, which have blocked its accession to the European Union. Turkey refuses to recognize Cyprus, an EU member, due to the Cyprus dispute. It also will not acknowledge the 1915 genocide of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire due to domestic political concerns. As a result, Turkey has cut off contact with EU bodies and seems unwilling to join the EU, despite its economic and strategic benefits, due to these uncompromising positions.
International Ataturk Alatoo University, International Relations 4-A, Turkey ...Sheralieva_A
Turkey has had a long history of pursuing closer ties with Europe. It first applied for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959. This led to the signing of an Association Agreement in 1963, marking the beginning of Turkey's process of economic integration into Europe. However, full membership has faced difficulties due to concerns from some European countries about differences in Turkish and European culture and governance. The future of Turkey's EU membership will depend on continued Turkish economic reforms and progress toward meeting EU standards.
The document discusses Turkey's relations with other countries and ongoing domestic political issues. It notes that Turkey has bounced back economically but still faces challenges including resolving disputes over Cyprus and Kurdish autonomy. Politically, Erdogan and his party seek further reforms but face opposition from other parties. Turkey is also dealing with the influx of Syrian refugees and maintaining regional engagement in the Middle East. International groups recommend Turkey focus on EU accession, constitutional reforms, and improving relations with neighbors like Armenia.
The document discusses public opinion on EU membership and the democratic deficit in the EU. It notes that while citizens have some representation through the European Parliament, EU institutions like the Commission and Court of Justice are not very accountable to citizens. National leaders do not always act in line with public opinion on issues. There is also a lack of clear explanation around EU structure and costs/benefits of integration, contributing to citizen confusion.
The document discusses how the Lisbon Treaty has implications for European citizenship and identity over national identity. It argues that the Treaty forces some EU member state laws to be superseded by common European laws, bringing citizens of EU states together under a common identity with shared rights and obligations. This favors the development of a European identity over solely national identities among EU citizens. The Treaty reinforces concepts from the earlier proposed but rejected EU Constitution, but avoids national referendums. This shift toward a European identity may reduce euroscepticism and increase EU citizens' participation in and support for European integration policies over time.
Visa policy,European Union,Turkey and Turkey’s Strategic Importance and Factors Over the World, Strategic Importance, Geopolitical Dimension, Economic Dimension
Turkey – EU Relations, The Ankara Agreement , Customs Union, Negotiation Process, The Helsinki Summit, The Benefits of Accession for Turkey and the EU, EU Visa Status and Turkey,Is Turkey ready to join the EU?
The document discusses the opportunities in Turkey's automotive industry, noting that Turkey has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. It highlights Turkey's young population and strategic location bridging Europe and Asia as advantages. The automotive sector in Turkey is growing globally and domestically, presenting opportunities to export automotive parts by targeting this sector for investment.
Antreprenorii Vorbesc este un barometru anual ce măsoară
percepţiile asupra antreprenoriatului şi îşi propune să
exploreze şi să exprime într-o manieră directă problemele,
aşteptările şi nevoile întreprinzătorilor români, bazându-se
pe o analiză calitativă şi cantitativă a mediului antreprenorial
românesc.
Analiza noastră urmăreşte, totodată, să sublinieze modul în
care responsabilii cu politicile publice ar putea ajuta în mod
decisiv antreprenoriatul românesc. Eforturile de reducere
a presiunilor bugetare şi de reformare a sectoarelor cheie
ar trebui dublate de eforturi de sprijinire a creării de noi
afaceri, care vor avea cel mai mare impact asupra creşterii
economice şi forţei de muncă.
Acest studiu merge mai departe şi subliniază, de asemenea,
nu numai ceea ce poate face guvernul, dar şi ce pot face
antreprenorii pentru a profita de oportunităţile din piaţă.
În acelaşi timp, antreprenori români care au creat afaceri de
succes ne împărtăşesc povestea lor, provocările pe care le
percep în mediul antreprenorial românesc şi măsurile ce ar
trebui luate pentru sprijinirea acestuia.
Semantic Web Intro - St. Patrick's Day 2016 UpdateEric Franzon
This document provides an introduction to the semantic web. It begins by defining the semantic web as a web-scale architecture that adds a layer of meaning to data on the web using metadata. It discusses who is using semantic web standards like schema.org and linked open data. The document then explains the key technologies that make the semantic web work, including Resource Description Framework (RDF) for describing data as subject-predicate-object triples, ontologies for describing relationships between data like RDFS and OWL, and SPARQL for querying semantic data. It provides examples of how these standards and technologies allow data to be connected and interpreted by machines.
El documento describe los orígenes y características generales de la cultura griega antigua. Se originó a partir de las civilizaciones minoica y micénica y estaba compuesta por tres tribus principales. La organización sociopolítica se basaba en las polis o ciudades-estado independientes, como Atenas y Esparta. Atenas desarrolló la primera democracia, mientras que Esparta tenía una estructura militar y aristocrática rígida.
Janet L. Lyle has over 25 years of experience in human resources management, most recently as Vice President of Human Resources and Support Services at Springfield Medical Care Systems in Vermont where she oversees HR activities for over 700 employees and additional departments. Prior to her current role, she held various HR leadership positions at other healthcare organizations, demonstrating a track record of developing policies and programs, improving employee satisfaction, and achieving accreditation. Her experience includes managing all aspects of HR such as recruitment, benefits administration, employee relations, and serving as a member of senior leadership teams.
#CannesLions 2014: Day 1 Recap #OgilvyCannesOgilvy
1. The first day of the Cannes Film Festival in 2014 got off to a slow start, with many attendees still arriving and events lacking energy. David Hasselhoff's performance of Baywatch themes failed to excite audiences.
2. A presentation compared creativity to Greek mythology, noting that ideas can be approached from multiple perspectives like Theseus navigating the labyrinth. Creativity is found in exploring ideas from different views and what is done with those ideas.
3. Creativity is not limited to certain individuals but should be nurtured across organizations. Distributed creativity was seen in how Sir Patrick Stewart used Twitter to reshape his public image from a stuffy figure to a goofball, co-creating
The document discusses responsive web design, which uses CSS media queries and fluid layouts to automatically adjust a website for viewing on devices with different screen sizes. It covers CSS2.1 and CSS3 media features, syntax for media queries, browser support including a JavaScript solution for older IE versions, and examples of responsive design implementations. The document also includes a quote questioning whether responsive design is always appropriate given different contexts for mobile vs desktop.
O programa apresenta as atividades planeadas para a Semana da Leitura na escola, incluindo encenações, performances, oficinas e campeonatos de leitura para diferentes anos de escolaridade ao longo dos cinco dias. Todas as atividades têm como objetivo promover a leitura e o teatro entre a comunidade escolar.
This document lists the top 10 famous motivational speakers from 2013-2014, including NBA player Walter Bond, Shark Tank investor Barbara Corcoran, NFL rookie Vince Papale who inspired the movie Invincible, inspiring mom Stephanie Decker who lost both legs saving children from a tornado, educator Dr. Adolph Brown known as "The World's Greatest Edu-tainer", NFL legend and humanitarian Archie Manning, high-energy speaker Connie Podesta, comedian Loretta Laroche who uses humor as a coping mechanism, Apprentice winner and entrepreneur Bill Rancic, and sociologist/comedienne Bertice Berry.
This document provides an overview of the Griffon framework for building desktop applications in Groovy and Java. It discusses key Griffon concepts like conventions over configuration, MVC patterns, built-in testing support, and automation of repetitive tasks. The document also covers Griffon features such as lifecycle scripts, binding, threading, and popular plugins. Resources for learning more about Griffon and its community are provided at the end.
Critically examine the arguments surrounding the possibility of Turkish acces...Eoin Guerin
1) Turkey has long sought closer ties with the EU, applying for membership in 1987. However, negotiations have faced significant reservations from some EU member states over Turkish accession.
2) Opposition argues that Turkey does not share European cultural and historical roots as a predominantly Muslim country. There are also concerns that Turkish membership could significantly increase the Muslim population of Europe.
3) While Turkey has reformed many of its laws and policies to align with EU standards, negotiations have stalled due to disputes with Cyprus and opposition from countries like France. The future of Turkey's EU membership bid remains uncertain.
Essay on why Kemalism can be seen as the reason for the European Union not to accept Turkey in its institution. Based on sex discrimination and human rights, established in the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.
The document summarizes the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's path to European Union membership. It discusses:
1) The Cyprus conflict emerged in the 1950s between Turkish and Greek Cypriots and involved Turkey, Greece, the UK, and the UN. Cyprus gained EU membership in 2004, complicating Turkey's accession.
2) Turkey began pursuing EU membership in the 1960s but negotiations have stalled over issues like the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's relationship with Greece.
3) Greece's EU membership in 1981 allowed it to advocate for Cyprus and oppose Turkey's accession, positioning the Cyprus issue as an obstacle to Turkey's membership.
This document summarizes Turkey's ongoing refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus or acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, which have blocked its accession to the European Union. Turkey refuses to recognize Cyprus, an EU member, due to the Cyprus dispute. It also will not acknowledge the 1915 genocide of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire due to domestic political concerns. As a result, Turkey has cut off contact with EU bodies and seems unwilling to join the EU, despite its economic and strategic benefits, due to these uncompromising positions.
International Ataturk Alatoo University, International Relations 4-A, Turkey ...Sheralieva_A
Turkey has had a long history of pursuing closer ties with Europe. It first applied for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959. This led to the signing of an Association Agreement in 1963, marking the beginning of Turkey's process of economic integration into Europe. However, full membership has faced difficulties due to concerns from some European countries about differences in Turkish and European culture and governance. The future of Turkey's EU membership will depend on continued Turkish economic reforms and progress toward meeting EU standards.
The document discusses Turkey's relations with other countries and ongoing domestic political issues. It notes that Turkey has bounced back economically but still faces challenges including resolving disputes over Cyprus and Kurdish autonomy. Politically, Erdogan and his party seek further reforms but face opposition from other parties. Turkey is also dealing with the influx of Syrian refugees and maintaining regional engagement in the Middle East. International groups recommend Turkey focus on EU accession, constitutional reforms, and improving relations with neighbors like Armenia.
The document discusses public opinion on EU membership and the democratic deficit in the EU. It notes that while citizens have some representation through the European Parliament, EU institutions like the Commission and Court of Justice are not very accountable to citizens. National leaders do not always act in line with public opinion on issues. There is also a lack of clear explanation around EU structure and costs/benefits of integration, contributing to citizen confusion.
The document discusses how the Lisbon Treaty has implications for European citizenship and identity over national identity. It argues that the Treaty forces some EU member state laws to be superseded by common European laws, bringing citizens of EU states together under a common identity with shared rights and obligations. This favors the development of a European identity over solely national identities among EU citizens. The Treaty reinforces concepts from the earlier proposed but rejected EU Constitution, but avoids national referendums. This shift toward a European identity may reduce euroscepticism and increase EU citizens' participation in and support for European integration policies over time.
Visa policy,European Union,Turkey and Turkey’s Strategic Importance and Factors Over the World, Strategic Importance, Geopolitical Dimension, Economic Dimension
Turkey – EU Relations, The Ankara Agreement , Customs Union, Negotiation Process, The Helsinki Summit, The Benefits of Accession for Turkey and the EU, EU Visa Status and Turkey,Is Turkey ready to join the EU?
The emergence of a europe wide public sphere slow but surelyAusten Uche Uwosomah
The document summarizes the implications of the European Constitution and Treaty of Lisbon on European citizenry. It discusses how the rejection of the initial European Constitution led EU institutions to pursue the Treaty of Lisbon to achieve similar goals. The Treaty of Lisbon strengthens EU institutions' power over member states and establishes common EU laws, policies, and citizenship that will unite Europeans under a shared identity. This is expected to encourage the emergence of a Europe-wide public sphere as EU citizens become more invested in EU policies that will increasingly impact their lives more than national policies.
The European Union is an economic and political union consisting of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1957 by six countries through the Treaty of Rome to foster cooperation and integration. Turkey applied to join the EU in 1987 and has been an associate member since 1963. If Turkey became a full member, it would benefit the EU economically as Turkey has a fast-growing economy and young workforce. Politically, Turkey's strategic location connects Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, and it could help resolve diplomatic crises. Militarily, Turkey has a powerful military that could contribute to peacekeeping and counterterrorism in Europe.
Samuel StoneDr. EdwardsHistory Since 1945Outline for Final P.docxkenjordan97598
This document outlines the structure and content for a final paper on Turkey's history and international relations since 1945. The paper will have 12 sections covering: introduction, background history of Turkey, international relations, politics, economic activity, socio-cultural/religious issues, environmental issues, and conclusion. Each section will focus on key events, policies, and developments regarding that topic as it relates to Turkey over the given time period. A bibliography of relevant sources to be used in researching the paper is also provided.
EGEMEN BAGIS - Has the eu’s falling apart process begun?Egemen Bağış
- The document discusses the potential unraveling of the European Union following the UK's Brexit referendum and decision to leave the EU. It examines the UK's historical relationship with the EU and reasons for Euroscepticism.
- It argues that the EU faces challenges in further expanding its membership and maintaining unity among existing members due to differing national interests, cultures, and levels of economic development. The EU's strict rules and conditionality have caused problems for some aspiring members like Turkey and Romania.
- Turkey has pursued stronger ties with other international partners like Russia, China, and the US as an alternative to EU membership, which has faced obstacles due to concerns over issues like migration, terrorism, and human rights. However,
The Militarization of the Turkey’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Arab Mid...inventionjournals
This research examines why Turkey started to act against its principle of non-intervention by taking part in military actions in Libya and Syria, through process-tracing technique. The research derives evidence from statistical data, content analysis, and face-to-face interviews. We initially explain the strategic interests of Turkey in the two countries, and then indicate how Turkey acted to save its strategic interests during the uprisings between 2011 and 2016. This research is important as it contributes to the literature on the use of military power in relation with deterrence, democratization, and nationalism. It also broadens our understanding of liberal peace theory that emphasizes the non-violent nature of democracies. Finally, this research helps better understand Turkey’s foreign policy behaviors, sensitivities, regional power capacity and it is role in Democracy Promotion field, which is a completely new phenomenon in international security policy area.
The document discusses the democratic values promoted by the European Union. It begins by providing background on the formation and key institutions of the EU. It then outlines the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and how human rights are protected in the EU through conventions and courts. Democratic values like freedom, equality, and justice are explained as the ethical foundations of democracy. The EU promotes diversity of values and human dignity. Through education and intercultural dialogue, the EU develops a tolerant, multicultural society that reconciles majority rule with minority rights. Comparing the rules of a Spanish high school to the EU, the summary finds they share common aspects like international regulations, obligations, rights, duties and a focus on respect for human dignity and democratic principles.
These two regions, because they are neighbors, obviously have had relations since many decades. When looking into the relationship between the two, a common highlight that is found is Turkey’s prolonged desire to be part of the EU.
Similar to Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisire (17)
Data Science Model Cmparison and Accuracy Rate by Emmanuel BaisireEmanuel Baisire
Three models were developed to identify the best performing model.
They included Random Forest Model,Decision TreeClassifier Model and Support Vector Classifier model.
The preprocessing involved combining 2 data files (Name file and data) from UCI Machine Learning repository in order to generate a single file for data exploration.
Exploring the data for further insight and feature knowledge and label to be used for training the classifiers.
I checked for missing values and replaced missing values with either mean for numerical variables and mode for categorical variables.
Deep Learning Model- Solution Design
A Convolution Neural Network architecture was preferred due to its strengthen to classify images.
The problem was a binary classification to determine if an image had a parasite or uninfected
A total of 6 models were trained and tested to choose the best performing models
They were divided into 4 distinct CNNs and 2 VGG type neural networks
Deep Learning Malaria Detection Model by Emmanuel BaisireEmanuel Baisire
The proposed deep learning model will automatically detect malaria using cell images.
By using CNN model with various layers, iterations and tunable parameters.
The proposed technique will lead to a reduction in diagnostics costs and improve diagnostic accuracy rate.
This is a binary classification model based on publicly available Malaria cell images dataset containing 24,958 train and 2,600 test images. The dataset is well balanced and labelled as Parasitized or Uninfected.
To build a solidly reliable model, the dataset was split into train and test data. It was then rescaled to make it necessary to flow into a Convolutional Neural Network.
To further enhance cell images for parasite detection, data augmentation technique was applied.
The process involved image rotation to different angles, flipped horizontally and zoomed out to identify true markers of infected/uninfected cells.
The model performance was assessed by using a binary crossentropy loss function, ADAM optimizer and accuracy metrics.
Based on the outlined techniques, the highest performing model achieved an accuracy rate of 98% which implies that the proposed image binary classification model can outperform a skilled microscopist.
For the model to be implemented around the globe, a phone app can be developed to detect malaria in remote places that lacks adequate infrastructure and resources.
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Why hire an information architect consultant for your business by emanuel bai...Emanuel Baisire
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Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisire
1. Background:
The European Union is a composition of 25 member countries that have come together
under different sets of agreements to share a common political, economical and social
policy. According to Dinan (2005) European countries have been characterized by war
and economic rivalry among themselves for centuries. According to Gilpin (2000) in
order to overcome these difference and develop a strong economic partnership, six
European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg)
came together to establish the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 (p.194).
Dinan (2005) has acknowledged that the desire to diffuse long standing rivalry between
Germany and France became a driving force to Europe’s regional integration.
Another important treaty that solidified Europe was the 1957 Treaty of Rome which
established the European Economic Community. According to Dinan (2005) the Treaty
of Rome was an ambitious economic plan aimed at establishing a common market for
European goods and services and free movement of people in the European community.
Since then several treaties and agreement have been reached in order to strengthen and
solidify the European Union. The notable treaties include the Maastricht Treaty (1991)
that paved a way for the Economic and Monetary Union, Amsterdam Treaty (1997) that
supported Europe’s economic, political and security objectives and the Nice Treaty
(2001) which outlined conditions for EU’s future expansion and member states
representation within the European parliament.(Dinan, 2005). According to Dinan (2005)
after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the European Union decided to extend its influence
1
2. to the eastern and Southern boarders of Europe to incorporate several former communist
countries and others into the European Union (P.143). The vision for expansion is
attributed to European Union desire to extend its economic and political influence to the
new independent states that had been under communist regimes in order to have a strong
and stable Europe.
Turkey’s Accession to the European Union (EU):
The relationship of the European Union (EU) to its new eastern and southern neighbors is
important for the EU existence and credibility. The possible accession of new members
especially Turkey to the European Union (EU) will dramatically change the political,
economic and social set up of the European Union. Dinan (2005) argued that Turkey’s
accession to the EU will extend Europe’s boarders to unstable and undemocratic Middle
East countries like Iraq, Iran and Syria (p.156). Major pressing issues about Turkey’s
accession to the European Union range from economic, demographic, geographical,
political and human rights.
One commonly raised point is Turkey’s population. According to Nas (2004) when
Turkey joins the EU, Turkey will become one of the most populated member state by
2015 (p.4). Turkey's current population is 71 million, and is expected to increase to 80-85
million in the next 20 years (EU, 2004). In comparison with Germany, EU’s largest
member state which has 83 million people today, but whose population is projected to
decline, Turkey’s accession becomes a concern for many Europeans.
2
3. Dinan, (2005) observed that another argument is rooted in the debate on whether it is
possible to establish geographic borders for Europe, and whether Turkey 'fits' within
these borders (p.143). Perhaps the most sensitive of all arguments centre on the cultural
and religious differences. Since the EU identifies itself as a cultural and religiously
tolerant society, Turkey's EU bid should not be compromised by cultural differences.
According to Phillips (2004), EU member states' concerns over Turkey's human rights
record as well as global and regional security-related issues have also been key factors
behind Turkey's prolonged application process (p. 86-97). Luxemburg Prime-Minister
Jean-Claude Junker in a speech referred to Turkey as “A country in which torture is still a
common practice cannot have a seat at the table of the European Union”.
In “Clash of Civilization”, Samuel Huntington describes Turkey as a “torn Country”.
Huntington (1993), referred to “Torn Countries”, as those that “have a fair degree of
cultural homogeneity but are divided over whether their society belongs to one
civilization or another” (p.42). Huntington (1993), argued that Turkey is a torn country
which since the early 1920s has been trying to Westernize in order become part of the
West, though its culture and tradition is different from the Western (p.42). Turkey’s
leaders have greatly supported turkey to transform to Western Civilization, but some
Turks prefer Turkey to remain a Muslim society. According to Huntington (1993),
Turkey being a predominantly Muslim country and the West being Christian, Turkey will
never be accepted as a European Country (p.42).
According to Dinan (2005), Turkey started its effort to join the European Economic
Community in 1963 by signing the Ankara Association Agreement in 1963. In 1987,
3
4. Turkey filed an application for membership to the European Community but was rejected
by the European Economic Community (p.156). Kirisci (2004) asserted that some EU
members argue that even if Turkey was to be granted membership for a single day, it is
not ready to meet EU member’s standards and obligations (p.2). However, this argument
has been proven wrong by Turkish politicians. Turkey has initiated reforms over the
years and it has managed to accomplish a great deal of success economically and
politically.
In 1995, the EU suggested for a Customs Union with Turkey which came into effect
in1996.Custom duties on goods from the E.U. countries were removed and the European
Union’s Common External Tariff for third countries was introduced. According to Kirisci
(2004), Turkey’s effort to integrate in the European Union fell short of Turkey’s
expectation but it has gradually embarked on the transformation process to become a
democratic, modern and secular state
According to Kubicek (2005), at the end of the Cold War, European leaders embarked on
the enlargement of Europe by considering Post-Communist states. Turkey’s leaders were
optimistic during the EU’s enlargement process that their candidature will be considered
(p.2). The EU argued that the Post-Communist countries fulfilled the Copenhagen
Criteria and that Turkey still lagged behind in democratic reform and respect for human
rights (Kirisci, 2004). According to Phillips (2004), Copenhagen Criteria are Rules that
require all would-be EU member countries to guarantee democracy and respect for
human rights, rule of law and protection of minorities (p.94). According to Dinan (2005),
4
5. Copenhagen Criteria is based on the 1993 EU commission report that stipulated
guidelines and conditions that must be fulfilled by an aspiring EU candidate country to be
considered for accession to the European Union (p.147). The
Copenhagen criteria
stipulates that for a candidate country to be considered for accession, it must have strong
democratic institutions, respect for minority rights and rule of law, a free market
economy and to accept a common European defense and foreign policy.
Kirisci (2004) argued that Turkey’s exclusion from membership negotiations in 1997
disappointed many Turks (p.3). According to Dinan (2005), EU decision to consider
accession negotiations with other under developed former communist countries like
Bulgaria and Romania was unfair to the Turkish government. According to Phillips
(2004), in response, Turkish government severed diplomatic relationship with the
European Union and threatened to hinder Cyprus reunification process. Kubicek (2005)
pointed out that Turkey’s continuous effort to democratic reform and respect for human
rights convinced European leaders to approve Turkey as a candidate country in 1999
Helsinki Summit.
In December 2004 the European council agreed to begin Turkey’s accession negotiations
to the European Union. According to Dinan (2005), some original EU member countries
have made it clear that Turkey’s full membership will be gradual and will not be
complete until 2014 (p.157). According to Phillips (2004), Turkey’s accession is
considered to be open-ended and some European member countries, notably France
proposed a referendum in EU member countries before Turkey can be accepted as a new
5
6. EU member. France proposal is to grant Turkey with a “Special Status” membership
while Germany’s version is that of a “privileged partnership”.
Due to pressure to meet the Copenhagen Criteria, Turkey embarked on an extensive
political reform and improved its human rights record. According to Phillips (2004),
Turkey eased restrictions on freedom of press and association. Signed and ratified the
Protocol 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights” (p.94). Turkey’s
political and legislative reforms resulted into the abolition of the death penalty to
conform to the European laws, reduced the influence of the military in government and
Kurdish minority rights were eventually respected by the Turkish government. It can be
argued that without Turkey’s strong commitment to join the European Union, dramatic
political, economical, legal and human rights reforms would not have been easily
undertaken.
The significance of Turkey to the EU is its strategic location to the Muslim world.
According to Dinan (2005), Turkey’s integration to the EU will prove to the Muslim
world that Islam and democracy can Co-exist. The vastness of Turkey will provide the
E.U with the opportunity to advance democratic principle and peace to the Middle East
and Central Asia. Phillips (2004) argued that Turkey’s membership to the EU is in
relation with the “War Against Terrorism” (p.13). According to Kubicek (2005)
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7. Turkey’s strong military capability will also act as a stabilizing force against unstable
Europe’s neighbors (p.13).
Phillips (2004) confirmed that Turkish business community considers the accession to the
EU as an avenue for Turkey to continue its economic reforms in order to meet European
Standards (p.93). Kirisci (2004) argued that due to pressure from the EU, Turkey has
improved its market- economy by introducing deflation measures and promote an exportoriented strategy to achieve economic development (p.4). On the other hand European
business leaders will easily tap Turkey’s market of 70 million people and have easy
access to a relatively cheap labor force. The initiative will also strengthen the
competitiveness of European firms interested in cutting down production cost by setting
up manufacturing plants in Turkey.
Another significance of Turkey’s accession to the European Union is the demographic
aspect of Europe. Europe’s birth rate is low and its population is aging. In contrast,
Turkey’s population is younger and relatively educated; this provides the EU with the
opportunity to utilize Turkey’s labor force (Tusiad, 2004). However, this phenomenon
also plays against Turkey’s accession to the EU because most European considers Turks
cheap labor as a threat to Europe’s employment and other social benefits.
The prospect of Turkey ever joining the European Union is still undetermined. Phillips
(2004), argued that however much Turkey tries to meet the conditions set by the
7
8. European Union, Europeans will not accept a Muslim country to join a “Christian Club”
(p.95). This was stressed by Frits Bolkestein (Former EU Commissioner) who referred to
Turkey as a “Muslim threat to Europe”. He argued that “Ukraine and Belarus were more
European than Turkey and that Europe risk becoming predominantly Islamic” (Kubicek,
2005).
According to Kubicek, (2005), Turkey has a different culture and history which
disqualifies it from passing the “Europeaness “test. He also argued that since only 5% of
Turkey’ population lives inside “Europe” (In relation to the European map), Turkey does
not fit to be in the European Union (p.11). Some Europeans believe that Turkey is
different and this will result into future problems in the E’U decision –making structure.
Phillips (2004) argued that bringing in Turkey to the European Union will result into
tremendous burden to the Europeans (p. 96). For Example, Turkey being so big and poor,
vast portion of EU development fund will end up being channeled to Turkey. Many
current EU members accessing EU development fund and other social policy program
feel threatened by Turkey’s membership because a big portion of their assistance may be
diverted to Turkey. The often cited argument against Turkey’s accession to the EU is that
Turkey is poised to create a new balance of power in the European Union.
Therefore, in order to down play European concerns over Turkey, European leaders have
come up with different versions of Turkey’s accession to the European Union. According
8
9. to Phillips (2004), Germany and France have come up with different proposal that fall
short of Turkey’s full membership to the European Union. For example France proposed
a “Special Status” and Germany prefers a “Privileged Partnership” to be accorded to
Turkey (p.96). However, Turkish leaders are determined for nothing less than full
European membership. Kubicik (2005) agreed that the European Union is using double
standards in dealing with Turkey accession to the EU. For example, France is advocating
for EU member states to conduct a referendum before Turkey can join the European
Union which was not the case with other newer former communist countries. The failure
to ratify the EU constitution (2005 referenda) in France and Netherlands has been
regarded as a sign of the growing anti-enlargement sentiments in Europe which will
be detrimental to Turkey's EU bid.
Conclusion:
Turkey has undergone several political, economical and social reforms to satisfy the
Copenhagen Criteria. The progress made by Turkey in meeting the Copenhagen Criteria
is a clear indication of Turkey’s strong leadership and commitment towards European
membership. However, further effort is still needed in the modernization of its economy,
legal reform and the respect for Human Rights. On the other side, Europe should take a
positive position in the accession negotiations and not use the pretext of culture and
religion to slow down the negotiations of Turkey’s accession to the European Union.
Turkey should be provided with the same terms and a leveled ground during the
accession negotiations like Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Czech Republic etc. The negative
9
10. decision of the accession talks would be harmful to the strategic alliance of Turkey and
the EU. Turkey’s accession will also be important in boosting economic and trade links
between the EU and Turkey neighbors with abundant natural resources and energy
reserves. Turkish membership to the EU will also send a strong message to the Muslim
world that European can coexist with Muslim despite their cultural and religious
differences.
One can rightly conclude that with the new wave of anti-Islamic sentiments and high
unemployment rate in Europe, Turkey is viewed by many Europeans as a threat to their
social and economic welfare and many Europeans are doubtful of Turkey’s prospect to a
full EU membership. Turkey’s big size and its poor population is a threat to the EU social
policy (Common Agriculture Policy and other policies) because it will attract more
development funds that would otherwise been allocated to other member countries. It is
also believed that failure of the EU constitution referendum in France and Netherlands
can be attributed to Turkey’s EU bid and the enlargement process in general.
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11. References
Dinan, D. (2005). Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration, 3rd Ed.
Boulder: CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
European Union. (2004). The European Union: A Guide for Americans, Washington DC.
Gilpin, R. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st
Century, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilization?. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49.
Kirisci, K. (2004). European Council Decision on Turkey: Is it a Historical Decision.
TUSIAD Report, 1-10.
Kubicek, D. (2005). Turkish Accession to the European Union: Challenges and
Opportunities for the “New Europe”, Center for European Studies, University of
Florida. Paris.
Nas, C. (2004). EU and Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities in Enlargement.
TUNACES and European Community Institute, 22, 1-4.
Phillips, D.L. (2004). Turkey’s Dream of Accession. Foreign Affairs, 83(5), 86-97.
Online Sources:
http://www.eurunion.org/infores/euguide/euguide.pdf
http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-129678-16&type=LinksDossier
http://www.fornet.info/documents/FORNET%20Plenary%2005%20Turkey
%20Backgroundpaper.pdf
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