The European Union originated from several treaties and agreements between European countries beginning in 1951 that established economic cooperation and integration. Key early treaties included the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community and 1957 Treaty of Rome. Subsequent treaties expanded political, economic, and security integration. After the Cold War, the EU sought to extend its influence eastward through enlargement. Turkey began pursuing EU membership in 1963 but faced challenges due to its large population, cultural differences from Western Europe, and human rights issues. While Turkey has implemented reforms, some Europeans remain reluctant due to Turkey's status as a predominantly Muslim country. The prospect of Turkish membership remains uncertain and controversial.
Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document summarizes the history and development of the European Union, from its origins as the European Coal and Steel Community formed by six countries in 1951, to its expansion after the fall of the Soviet Union to incorporate former communist countries. It then discusses Turkey's aspirations to join the EU, the political, economic, cultural, and human rights issues involved, and the varying views among EU member states. While Turkey has undertaken reforms to meet the EU's Copenhagen criteria, skepticism remains among some Europeans about Turkey's prospects for full membership due to its large, predominantly Muslim population.
Turkey has been an associate member of the European Union since 1964 and formally applied for full membership in 1987. Membership negotiations were opened in 2005 and the screening process was completed in 2006. However, some argue against Turkey joining due to issues with democracy and discrimination against minorities in Turkey. Supporters believe Turkey's membership could bolster democracy and strengthen the EU's economy and military. The EU expects Turkey to fully adopt European values and laws regarding rule of law and human rights.
Emre Fidan - Public international law essay - copieEmre Fidan
This document discusses Turkey's potential accession to the European Union. It examines Turkey's main political obstacles to membership, including the Cyprus conflict, Kurdish question, and responsibility for the Armenian genocide. It also looks at Turkey's relationship with human rights and the European Court of Human Rights. While Turkey has made reforms, it still has a long way to go to fully respect human rights and democratic values before being considered for EU membership. The future of Turkey joining the EU remains unclear as it faces ongoing political issues that must be resolved.
The document summarizes the evolution of the European Union from 1992 to present. Key events include the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 which established the EU's three pillars structure; the Amsterdam and Nice Treaties in 1997 and 2001 which prepared for eastern expansion; and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 which streamlined EU institutions and replaced the constitution. The euro was also adopted by 12 EU members in 1999. Enlargement saw Austria, Finland, Sweden join in 1995 and 10 eastern states in 2004, bringing EU membership to 27 countries.
The document discusses public opinion on EU membership and the democratic deficit in the EU. It notes that while citizens have some representation through the European Parliament, EU institutions like the Commission and Court of Justice are not very accountable to citizens. National leaders do not always act in line with public opinion on issues. There is also a lack of clear explanation around EU structure and costs/benefits of integration, contributing to citizen confusion.
This document provides background information on the European Union Committee simulation for IUMUN 2016. It introduces Ryan Van Slyke and Maya Fews as the Chair and Vice-Chair of the committee. It then provides an introduction to the Council of the European Union and the topics that will be discussed: Topic A on protection of immigration and refugee rights, and Topic B on EU-Russian economic and military relations. Delegates are advised to consider questions on both topics to guide committee discussion.
The document discusses the histories and politics of Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. It outlines how they emerged from the Ottoman Empire and gained independence, which led to conflicts between Greece and Turkey. It then examines the domestic politics and institutions that developed in each country, including Greece's transition to democracy, Turkey's history of military rule and the recent rise of AKP, and the divided politics in Greek and Turkish Cyprus. Finally, it notes that foreign policy issues in the region continue to be shaped by the historical tensions between Greece and Turkey and the conflict over Cyprus.
This document summarizes the evolution of the European Union from the 1950s to the present. It discusses the origins of European cooperation after World War 2 to promote economic reconstruction and security. Key events and organizations discussed include the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952, the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958, and successive enlargements to include more European countries as members of the EU. The document also outlines steps toward greater economic and political integration, such as the Single European Act of 1986 and establishment of the Euro currency in 1999.
Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document summarizes the history and development of the European Union, from its origins as the European Coal and Steel Community formed by six countries in 1951, to its expansion after the fall of the Soviet Union to incorporate former communist countries. It then discusses Turkey's aspirations to join the EU, the political, economic, cultural, and human rights issues involved, and the varying views among EU member states. While Turkey has undertaken reforms to meet the EU's Copenhagen criteria, skepticism remains among some Europeans about Turkey's prospects for full membership due to its large, predominantly Muslim population.
Turkey has been an associate member of the European Union since 1964 and formally applied for full membership in 1987. Membership negotiations were opened in 2005 and the screening process was completed in 2006. However, some argue against Turkey joining due to issues with democracy and discrimination against minorities in Turkey. Supporters believe Turkey's membership could bolster democracy and strengthen the EU's economy and military. The EU expects Turkey to fully adopt European values and laws regarding rule of law and human rights.
Emre Fidan - Public international law essay - copieEmre Fidan
This document discusses Turkey's potential accession to the European Union. It examines Turkey's main political obstacles to membership, including the Cyprus conflict, Kurdish question, and responsibility for the Armenian genocide. It also looks at Turkey's relationship with human rights and the European Court of Human Rights. While Turkey has made reforms, it still has a long way to go to fully respect human rights and democratic values before being considered for EU membership. The future of Turkey joining the EU remains unclear as it faces ongoing political issues that must be resolved.
The document summarizes the evolution of the European Union from 1992 to present. Key events include the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 which established the EU's three pillars structure; the Amsterdam and Nice Treaties in 1997 and 2001 which prepared for eastern expansion; and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 which streamlined EU institutions and replaced the constitution. The euro was also adopted by 12 EU members in 1999. Enlargement saw Austria, Finland, Sweden join in 1995 and 10 eastern states in 2004, bringing EU membership to 27 countries.
The document discusses public opinion on EU membership and the democratic deficit in the EU. It notes that while citizens have some representation through the European Parliament, EU institutions like the Commission and Court of Justice are not very accountable to citizens. National leaders do not always act in line with public opinion on issues. There is also a lack of clear explanation around EU structure and costs/benefits of integration, contributing to citizen confusion.
This document provides background information on the European Union Committee simulation for IUMUN 2016. It introduces Ryan Van Slyke and Maya Fews as the Chair and Vice-Chair of the committee. It then provides an introduction to the Council of the European Union and the topics that will be discussed: Topic A on protection of immigration and refugee rights, and Topic B on EU-Russian economic and military relations. Delegates are advised to consider questions on both topics to guide committee discussion.
The document discusses the histories and politics of Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. It outlines how they emerged from the Ottoman Empire and gained independence, which led to conflicts between Greece and Turkey. It then examines the domestic politics and institutions that developed in each country, including Greece's transition to democracy, Turkey's history of military rule and the recent rise of AKP, and the divided politics in Greek and Turkish Cyprus. Finally, it notes that foreign policy issues in the region continue to be shaped by the historical tensions between Greece and Turkey and the conflict over Cyprus.
This document summarizes the evolution of the European Union from the 1950s to the present. It discusses the origins of European cooperation after World War 2 to promote economic reconstruction and security. Key events and organizations discussed include the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952, the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958, and successive enlargements to include more European countries as members of the EU. The document also outlines steps toward greater economic and political integration, such as the Single European Act of 1986 and establishment of the Euro currency in 1999.
EU Enlargement and Turkey’s Application for Membership v3David Bucur
The document discusses EU enlargement and Turkey's application for EU membership. It outlines the Copenhagen criteria for accession, including political, economic and legal standards. The accession process involves three stages - candidate status, formal negotiations, and final membership. Past enlargements included countries in Central and Eastern Europe in 2004 and 2007. Turkey applied for membership in 1987 but negotiations have stalled. While Turkey's strategic location and economy support its membership, concerns remain regarding conflicts with Greece and Cyprus, Turkey fully meeting the accession criteria, and cultural differences with the EU. Support for Turkish membership varies among EU member states.
Visa policy,European Union,Turkey and Turkey’s Strategic Importance and Factors Over the World, Strategic Importance, Geopolitical Dimension, Economic Dimension
Turkey – EU Relations, The Ankara Agreement , Customs Union, Negotiation Process, The Helsinki Summit, The Benefits of Accession for Turkey and the EU, EU Visa Status and Turkey,Is Turkey ready to join the EU?
The Brussels Document, which has been drawn up by a group of independent and international academic experts, is now available in attachment in 4 languages (EN-FR-DE-NL) and hosted on the Council of Europe website dedicated to the Turin process : http://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/high-level-conference-esc-2014
Following up on the October 2014 Turin Conference, it is the result of the “Conference on the Future of the Protection of Social Rights in Europe”, organised on 12 and 13 February 2015 in Brussels within the framework of the Belgian Presidency of the Council of Europe. Following the Turin Process, and in the wake of the General Report of the Conference of the eponymous city, the “Brussels Document” supplements the legal analyses and develops reflections for an application in synergy with the European Treaties.
The document summarizes the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's path to European Union membership. It discusses:
1) The Cyprus conflict emerged in the 1950s between Turkish and Greek Cypriots and involved Turkey, Greece, the UK, and the UN. Cyprus gained EU membership in 2004, complicating Turkey's accession.
2) Turkey began pursuing EU membership in the 1960s but negotiations have stalled over issues like the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's relationship with Greece.
3) Greece's EU membership in 1981 allowed it to advocate for Cyprus and oppose Turkey's accession, positioning the Cyprus issue as an obstacle to Turkey's membership.
This document discusses immigration in the European Union. It begins with a brief history of immigration in Europe since the 1950s, when countries experienced labor shortages and recruited foreign workers. While initially intended to be temporary, many immigrants stayed permanently. The document then analyzes push and pull factors driving immigration to Europe, such as economic opportunities, family reunification, and instability in home countries. It also examines different national immigration policies in European countries and increasing immigration to Southern Europe since 2000. The conclusion is that immigration is a complex issue for the European Union to manage as free movement has increased.
The Council of Europe is the continent's leading human rights organization comprising 47 member states. It has established treaties and conventions to protect human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe. The European Court of Human Rights oversees implementation of these standards, particularly the European Convention on Human Rights, in member states.
This document provides background information on Brexit. It discusses how the UK feared losing autonomy to the EU and its citizens voted to leave in 2016. It then covers the current status, noting delays in Brexit deadlines and potential economic consequences of a no-deal scenario. The document also examines implications for the UK's international standing and the withdrawal process. It provides context on the EU and issues like immigration that concerned the UK.
This document discusses immigration trends and policies in the European Union. It provides background on post-WWII immigration to EU countries for labor and details how immigration policies changed in the 1970s. Current immigration patterns and the proportion of immigrants in various EU countries are also examined. The document outlines efforts towards developing a common EU immigration policy and integrating immigrants.
The document provides a history of the European Union from its origins after World War 2 to present day. It began as a cooperative agreement between 6 countries to pool coal and steel production, and has since expanded to 27 member states across Europe. Key events included establishing the common market in 1993, the introduction of the euro currency in 1999, and several expansions to include new members. The EU's institutions including the European Parliament, European Council, Council of the EU, European Commission, and European Central Bank are also summarized.
The European Union: Challenges and OpportunitiesJeffrey Hart
The European Union faces several challenges, including sluggish economic growth, high youth unemployment, and the Eurozone debt crisis. The adoption of austerity policies to address budget shortfalls have slowed growth and increased unemployment in some countries. Rising populism and nationalism have increased opposition to EU policies and threatened the stability of the bloc. Events like the Greek debt crisis, Brexit referendum, and the migration crisis have further divided member states and weakened the EU. How the EU addresses these issues will impact its future as both an economic and political union.
This document discusses the role of the Cyprus conflict in Turkey's European Union membership negotiations. It provides historical context on Cyprus being conquered by the Ottoman Empire and later becoming a British colony. It discusses the division of Cyprus into Greek and Turkish areas and how this impacted relations between Turkey, Greece, and the EU. It also examines the economic ties between Northern Cyprus and Turkey and issues like negotiations over oil drilling rights. Overall, the document analyzes how the ongoing Cyprus conflict has influenced and restrained Turkey's EU accession process over many years.
This document presents a European Agenda on Migration with four pillars to better manage migration in Europe. It outlines immediate actions to address the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean by increasing search and rescue operations, targeting smuggling networks, and establishing relocation and resettlement schemes for migrants across EU states. It also proposes longer term measures like addressing root causes of migration in third countries, partnerships with countries of origin and transit, and ensuring clarity on return policies to reduce incentives for irregular migration. The agenda aims to balance protecting refugees, facilitating legal migration, and enforcing rules for those not eligible to stay in a collective EU approach.
The document provides an overview of the current economic, social, and cultural situation in the European Union (EU). It discusses the founding and expansion of the EU. Key institutions that govern the EU are also outlined, including the European Parliament, European Commission, and European Central Bank. The document then examines the Eurosystem monetary policy and the EU's internal market and economic policies, including guidelines and the Europe 2020 strategy. Brief summaries of the current economic situations in Spain, Finland, and Poland are also provided. Finally, the cultural differences and commonalities between EU countries are explored, such as shared history, religion, food, and humanistic values.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War II, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. In 1918, Maniu led an intensive unionist campaign that resulted in Transylvania separating from Austria-Hungary and joining Romania. He became the head of Transylvania's Directory Council after the union. However, Maniu later opposed some actions by King Ferdinand I and Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu, seeing them as attempts to tie multi-religious Transylvania more closely to Orthodoxy.
Turkey and Its Position on the Cyprus Question Since 1974Przemyslaw Osiewicz
Kwestia cypryjska pozostaje jednym z najbardziej złożonych sporów międzynarodowych,w który Republika Turcji jest zaangażowana od początków swego funkcjonowania, czyli roku
1923. Cypr został podbity przez Imperium Osmańskie w 1571 roku. Turcy stracili jednak nad nim faktyczną kontrolę w 1878 roku. Okres brytyjskich rządów przyczynił się do zaostrzenia podziału etnicznego na wyspie, zwłaszcza po tym, gdy w 1925 roku Cypr został ogłoszony kolonią. Po II wojnie œwiatowej Greccy Cypryjczycy nadal chcieli doprowadzić do zjednoczenia z kontynentalną Grecją, podczas gdy Tureccy Cypryjczycy i Turcja opowiadali się za podziałem terytorium wyspy pomiędzy Grecję i Turcję. Ostatecznie obie strony przystały
na rozwiązanie kompromisowe – utworzenie niepodległej Republiki Cypryjskiej w 1960 roku.
Grecja i Turcja stały się wówczas państwami gwarantami ładu konstytucyjnego na wyspie. Jednakże,
jak się miało wkrótce okazać, przyjęte rozwiązania nie oznaczały końca problemu. Deficyt wzajemnego zaufania doprowadził do staræ pomiędzy członkami obu cypryjskich społecznoœci
i, będącej ich konsekwencją, faktycznej dezintegracji państwa w 1963 roku. Niemniej, najistotniejsze
wydarzenia miały miejsce w roku 1974, gdy turecki rząd podjął decyzję o przeprowadzeniu interwencji zbrojnej w odpowiedzi na prawicowy zamach stanu. Niniejszy artykuł poœwięcony
jest stanowisku Turcji w sprawie Cypru w okresie po interwencji i w warunkach faktycznego podziału wyspy na dwa państwa. Czy po 1974 roku stanowisko Turcji ulegało znaczącym modyfikacjom? Czy kwestia cypryjska stanowi turecki interes narodowy? Podstawę analizy stanowi podział i porównanie polityki tureckiej w dwóch okresach: 1974–2002 oraz po 2002 roku.
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the European Union. It discusses the origins of the EU in promoting cooperation between European countries after World War 2. It outlines key treaties and milestones that expanded cooperation to create the common market and later the European Union. The institutions of the EU are described including the European Council, European Commission, European Parliament, and European Court of Justice. The document also discusses the adoption of the Euro currency by many EU members and the criteria for joining. In addition, it covers the EU's role on the international stage and relations with other countries like the US.
The Council of Europe was established in 1949 to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. It has 47 member states and oversees the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council's key organs are the European Court of Human Rights, Committee of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly and Congress of Local and Regional Authorities. Though not as powerful as the EU, the Council promotes an integrated Europe through upholding the European Convention on Human Rights.
The history, geography, demographics, government, foreign relations, and culture of the Netherlands.
The Netherlands ("Lower Countries"), officially the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), is a small, densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. It shares borders with Belgium and Germany, and maritime borders with Belgium, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Its three most important cities are Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam.
The document traces Turkey's history of applying for membership in the European Economic Community and NATO since the 1950s. It discusses the ongoing negotiations between Turkey and the EU over Turkey's bid to become a full member. There are differing views within the EU over whether Turkey should be admitted given its geography spanning Asia and Europe and its majority Muslim population. The document also examines media coverage of Turkey's EU membership aspirations in several European countries.
The document summarizes key information about politics and government in the Netherlands. It outlines that the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy located in Western Europe with islands in the Caribbean. Amsterdam is the largest city and capital, though The Hague is the seat of government. It then provides details on the monarchy, current Prime Minister Mark Rutte, Deputy Prime Minister Lodewijk Asscher, and the two main political parties, the conservative liberal VVD and the social democratic Labour Party, which are both currently in a ruling coalition government.
Critically examine the arguments surrounding the possibility of Turkish acces...Eoin Guerin
1) Turkey has long sought closer ties with the EU, applying for membership in 1987. However, negotiations have faced significant reservations from some EU member states over Turkish accession.
2) Opposition argues that Turkey does not share European cultural and historical roots as a predominantly Muslim country. There are also concerns that Turkish membership could significantly increase the Muslim population of Europe.
3) While Turkey has reformed many of its laws and policies to align with EU standards, negotiations have stalled due to disputes with Cyprus and opposition from countries like France. The future of Turkey's EU membership bid remains uncertain.
Essay on why Kemalism can be seen as the reason for the European Union not to accept Turkey in its institution. Based on sex discrimination and human rights, established in the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.
EU Enlargement and Turkey’s Application for Membership v3David Bucur
The document discusses EU enlargement and Turkey's application for EU membership. It outlines the Copenhagen criteria for accession, including political, economic and legal standards. The accession process involves three stages - candidate status, formal negotiations, and final membership. Past enlargements included countries in Central and Eastern Europe in 2004 and 2007. Turkey applied for membership in 1987 but negotiations have stalled. While Turkey's strategic location and economy support its membership, concerns remain regarding conflicts with Greece and Cyprus, Turkey fully meeting the accession criteria, and cultural differences with the EU. Support for Turkish membership varies among EU member states.
Visa policy,European Union,Turkey and Turkey’s Strategic Importance and Factors Over the World, Strategic Importance, Geopolitical Dimension, Economic Dimension
Turkey – EU Relations, The Ankara Agreement , Customs Union, Negotiation Process, The Helsinki Summit, The Benefits of Accession for Turkey and the EU, EU Visa Status and Turkey,Is Turkey ready to join the EU?
The Brussels Document, which has been drawn up by a group of independent and international academic experts, is now available in attachment in 4 languages (EN-FR-DE-NL) and hosted on the Council of Europe website dedicated to the Turin process : http://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/high-level-conference-esc-2014
Following up on the October 2014 Turin Conference, it is the result of the “Conference on the Future of the Protection of Social Rights in Europe”, organised on 12 and 13 February 2015 in Brussels within the framework of the Belgian Presidency of the Council of Europe. Following the Turin Process, and in the wake of the General Report of the Conference of the eponymous city, the “Brussels Document” supplements the legal analyses and develops reflections for an application in synergy with the European Treaties.
The document summarizes the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's path to European Union membership. It discusses:
1) The Cyprus conflict emerged in the 1950s between Turkish and Greek Cypriots and involved Turkey, Greece, the UK, and the UN. Cyprus gained EU membership in 2004, complicating Turkey's accession.
2) Turkey began pursuing EU membership in the 1960s but negotiations have stalled over issues like the Cyprus conflict and Turkey's relationship with Greece.
3) Greece's EU membership in 1981 allowed it to advocate for Cyprus and oppose Turkey's accession, positioning the Cyprus issue as an obstacle to Turkey's membership.
This document discusses immigration in the European Union. It begins with a brief history of immigration in Europe since the 1950s, when countries experienced labor shortages and recruited foreign workers. While initially intended to be temporary, many immigrants stayed permanently. The document then analyzes push and pull factors driving immigration to Europe, such as economic opportunities, family reunification, and instability in home countries. It also examines different national immigration policies in European countries and increasing immigration to Southern Europe since 2000. The conclusion is that immigration is a complex issue for the European Union to manage as free movement has increased.
The Council of Europe is the continent's leading human rights organization comprising 47 member states. It has established treaties and conventions to protect human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe. The European Court of Human Rights oversees implementation of these standards, particularly the European Convention on Human Rights, in member states.
This document provides background information on Brexit. It discusses how the UK feared losing autonomy to the EU and its citizens voted to leave in 2016. It then covers the current status, noting delays in Brexit deadlines and potential economic consequences of a no-deal scenario. The document also examines implications for the UK's international standing and the withdrawal process. It provides context on the EU and issues like immigration that concerned the UK.
This document discusses immigration trends and policies in the European Union. It provides background on post-WWII immigration to EU countries for labor and details how immigration policies changed in the 1970s. Current immigration patterns and the proportion of immigrants in various EU countries are also examined. The document outlines efforts towards developing a common EU immigration policy and integrating immigrants.
The document provides a history of the European Union from its origins after World War 2 to present day. It began as a cooperative agreement between 6 countries to pool coal and steel production, and has since expanded to 27 member states across Europe. Key events included establishing the common market in 1993, the introduction of the euro currency in 1999, and several expansions to include new members. The EU's institutions including the European Parliament, European Council, Council of the EU, European Commission, and European Central Bank are also summarized.
The European Union: Challenges and OpportunitiesJeffrey Hart
The European Union faces several challenges, including sluggish economic growth, high youth unemployment, and the Eurozone debt crisis. The adoption of austerity policies to address budget shortfalls have slowed growth and increased unemployment in some countries. Rising populism and nationalism have increased opposition to EU policies and threatened the stability of the bloc. Events like the Greek debt crisis, Brexit referendum, and the migration crisis have further divided member states and weakened the EU. How the EU addresses these issues will impact its future as both an economic and political union.
This document discusses the role of the Cyprus conflict in Turkey's European Union membership negotiations. It provides historical context on Cyprus being conquered by the Ottoman Empire and later becoming a British colony. It discusses the division of Cyprus into Greek and Turkish areas and how this impacted relations between Turkey, Greece, and the EU. It also examines the economic ties between Northern Cyprus and Turkey and issues like negotiations over oil drilling rights. Overall, the document analyzes how the ongoing Cyprus conflict has influenced and restrained Turkey's EU accession process over many years.
This document presents a European Agenda on Migration with four pillars to better manage migration in Europe. It outlines immediate actions to address the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean by increasing search and rescue operations, targeting smuggling networks, and establishing relocation and resettlement schemes for migrants across EU states. It also proposes longer term measures like addressing root causes of migration in third countries, partnerships with countries of origin and transit, and ensuring clarity on return policies to reduce incentives for irregular migration. The agenda aims to balance protecting refugees, facilitating legal migration, and enforcing rules for those not eligible to stay in a collective EU approach.
The document provides an overview of the current economic, social, and cultural situation in the European Union (EU). It discusses the founding and expansion of the EU. Key institutions that govern the EU are also outlined, including the European Parliament, European Commission, and European Central Bank. The document then examines the Eurosystem monetary policy and the EU's internal market and economic policies, including guidelines and the Europe 2020 strategy. Brief summaries of the current economic situations in Spain, Finland, and Poland are also provided. Finally, the cultural differences and commonalities between EU countries are explored, such as shared history, religion, food, and humanistic values.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War II, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. In 1918, Maniu led an intensive unionist campaign that resulted in Transylvania separating from Austria-Hungary and joining Romania. He became the head of Transylvania's Directory Council after the union. However, Maniu later opposed some actions by King Ferdinand I and Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu, seeing them as attempts to tie multi-religious Transylvania more closely to Orthodoxy.
Turkey and Its Position on the Cyprus Question Since 1974Przemyslaw Osiewicz
Kwestia cypryjska pozostaje jednym z najbardziej złożonych sporów międzynarodowych,w który Republika Turcji jest zaangażowana od początków swego funkcjonowania, czyli roku
1923. Cypr został podbity przez Imperium Osmańskie w 1571 roku. Turcy stracili jednak nad nim faktyczną kontrolę w 1878 roku. Okres brytyjskich rządów przyczynił się do zaostrzenia podziału etnicznego na wyspie, zwłaszcza po tym, gdy w 1925 roku Cypr został ogłoszony kolonią. Po II wojnie œwiatowej Greccy Cypryjczycy nadal chcieli doprowadzić do zjednoczenia z kontynentalną Grecją, podczas gdy Tureccy Cypryjczycy i Turcja opowiadali się za podziałem terytorium wyspy pomiędzy Grecję i Turcję. Ostatecznie obie strony przystały
na rozwiązanie kompromisowe – utworzenie niepodległej Republiki Cypryjskiej w 1960 roku.
Grecja i Turcja stały się wówczas państwami gwarantami ładu konstytucyjnego na wyspie. Jednakże,
jak się miało wkrótce okazać, przyjęte rozwiązania nie oznaczały końca problemu. Deficyt wzajemnego zaufania doprowadził do staræ pomiędzy członkami obu cypryjskich społecznoœci
i, będącej ich konsekwencją, faktycznej dezintegracji państwa w 1963 roku. Niemniej, najistotniejsze
wydarzenia miały miejsce w roku 1974, gdy turecki rząd podjął decyzję o przeprowadzeniu interwencji zbrojnej w odpowiedzi na prawicowy zamach stanu. Niniejszy artykuł poœwięcony
jest stanowisku Turcji w sprawie Cypru w okresie po interwencji i w warunkach faktycznego podziału wyspy na dwa państwa. Czy po 1974 roku stanowisko Turcji ulegało znaczącym modyfikacjom? Czy kwestia cypryjska stanowi turecki interes narodowy? Podstawę analizy stanowi podział i porównanie polityki tureckiej w dwóch okresach: 1974–2002 oraz po 2002 roku.
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the European Union. It discusses the origins of the EU in promoting cooperation between European countries after World War 2. It outlines key treaties and milestones that expanded cooperation to create the common market and later the European Union. The institutions of the EU are described including the European Council, European Commission, European Parliament, and European Court of Justice. The document also discusses the adoption of the Euro currency by many EU members and the criteria for joining. In addition, it covers the EU's role on the international stage and relations with other countries like the US.
The Council of Europe was established in 1949 to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. It has 47 member states and oversees the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council's key organs are the European Court of Human Rights, Committee of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly and Congress of Local and Regional Authorities. Though not as powerful as the EU, the Council promotes an integrated Europe through upholding the European Convention on Human Rights.
The history, geography, demographics, government, foreign relations, and culture of the Netherlands.
The Netherlands ("Lower Countries"), officially the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), is a small, densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. It shares borders with Belgium and Germany, and maritime borders with Belgium, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Its three most important cities are Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam.
The document traces Turkey's history of applying for membership in the European Economic Community and NATO since the 1950s. It discusses the ongoing negotiations between Turkey and the EU over Turkey's bid to become a full member. There are differing views within the EU over whether Turkey should be admitted given its geography spanning Asia and Europe and its majority Muslim population. The document also examines media coverage of Turkey's EU membership aspirations in several European countries.
The document summarizes key information about politics and government in the Netherlands. It outlines that the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy located in Western Europe with islands in the Caribbean. Amsterdam is the largest city and capital, though The Hague is the seat of government. It then provides details on the monarchy, current Prime Minister Mark Rutte, Deputy Prime Minister Lodewijk Asscher, and the two main political parties, the conservative liberal VVD and the social democratic Labour Party, which are both currently in a ruling coalition government.
Critically examine the arguments surrounding the possibility of Turkish acces...Eoin Guerin
1) Turkey has long sought closer ties with the EU, applying for membership in 1987. However, negotiations have faced significant reservations from some EU member states over Turkish accession.
2) Opposition argues that Turkey does not share European cultural and historical roots as a predominantly Muslim country. There are also concerns that Turkish membership could significantly increase the Muslim population of Europe.
3) While Turkey has reformed many of its laws and policies to align with EU standards, negotiations have stalled due to disputes with Cyprus and opposition from countries like France. The future of Turkey's EU membership bid remains uncertain.
Essay on why Kemalism can be seen as the reason for the European Union not to accept Turkey in its institution. Based on sex discrimination and human rights, established in the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.
This document summarizes Turkey's ongoing refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus or acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, which have blocked its accession to the European Union. Turkey refuses to recognize Cyprus, an EU member, due to the Cyprus dispute. It also will not acknowledge the 1915 genocide of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire due to domestic political concerns. As a result, Turkey has cut off contact with EU bodies and seems unwilling to join the EU, despite its economic and strategic benefits, due to these uncompromising positions.
International Ataturk Alatoo University, International Relations 4-A, Turkey ...Sheralieva_A
Turkey has had a long history of pursuing closer ties with Europe. It first applied for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959. This led to the signing of an Association Agreement in 1963, marking the beginning of Turkey's process of economic integration into Europe. However, full membership has faced difficulties due to concerns from some European countries about differences in Turkish and European culture and governance. The future of Turkey's EU membership will depend on continued Turkish economic reforms and progress toward meeting EU standards.
The document discusses Turkey's relations with other countries and ongoing domestic political issues. It notes that Turkey has bounced back economically but still faces challenges including resolving disputes over Cyprus and Kurdish autonomy. Politically, Erdogan and his party seek further reforms but face opposition from other parties. Turkey is also dealing with the influx of Syrian refugees and maintaining regional engagement in the Middle East. International groups recommend Turkey focus on EU accession, constitutional reforms, and improving relations with neighbors like Armenia.
The document discusses how the Lisbon Treaty has implications for European citizenship and identity over national identity. It argues that the Treaty forces some EU member state laws to be superseded by common European laws, bringing citizens of EU states together under a common identity with shared rights and obligations. This favors the development of a European identity over solely national identities among EU citizens. The Treaty reinforces concepts from the earlier proposed but rejected EU Constitution, but avoids national referendums. This shift toward a European identity may reduce euroscepticism and increase EU citizens' participation in and support for European integration policies over time.
The emergence of a europe wide public sphere slow but surelyAusten Uche Uwosomah
The document summarizes the implications of the European Constitution and Treaty of Lisbon on European citizenry. It discusses how the rejection of the initial European Constitution led EU institutions to pursue the Treaty of Lisbon to achieve similar goals. The Treaty of Lisbon strengthens EU institutions' power over member states and establishes common EU laws, policies, and citizenship that will unite Europeans under a shared identity. This is expected to encourage the emergence of a Europe-wide public sphere as EU citizens become more invested in EU policies that will increasingly impact their lives more than national policies.
The European Union is an economic and political union consisting of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1957 by six countries through the Treaty of Rome to foster cooperation and integration. Turkey applied to join the EU in 1987 and has been an associate member since 1963. If Turkey became a full member, it would benefit the EU economically as Turkey has a fast-growing economy and young workforce. Politically, Turkey's strategic location connects Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, and it could help resolve diplomatic crises. Militarily, Turkey has a powerful military that could contribute to peacekeeping and counterterrorism in Europe.
Samuel StoneDr. EdwardsHistory Since 1945Outline for Final P.docxkenjordan97598
This document outlines the structure and content for a final paper on Turkey's history and international relations since 1945. The paper will have 12 sections covering: introduction, background history of Turkey, international relations, politics, economic activity, socio-cultural/religious issues, environmental issues, and conclusion. Each section will focus on key events, policies, and developments regarding that topic as it relates to Turkey over the given time period. A bibliography of relevant sources to be used in researching the paper is also provided.
EGEMEN BAGIS - Has the eu’s falling apart process begun?Egemen Bağış
- The document discusses the potential unraveling of the European Union following the UK's Brexit referendum and decision to leave the EU. It examines the UK's historical relationship with the EU and reasons for Euroscepticism.
- It argues that the EU faces challenges in further expanding its membership and maintaining unity among existing members due to differing national interests, cultures, and levels of economic development. The EU's strict rules and conditionality have caused problems for some aspiring members like Turkey and Romania.
- Turkey has pursued stronger ties with other international partners like Russia, China, and the US as an alternative to EU membership, which has faced obstacles due to concerns over issues like migration, terrorism, and human rights. However,
The Militarization of the Turkey’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Arab Mid...inventionjournals
This research examines why Turkey started to act against its principle of non-intervention by taking part in military actions in Libya and Syria, through process-tracing technique. The research derives evidence from statistical data, content analysis, and face-to-face interviews. We initially explain the strategic interests of Turkey in the two countries, and then indicate how Turkey acted to save its strategic interests during the uprisings between 2011 and 2016. This research is important as it contributes to the literature on the use of military power in relation with deterrence, democratization, and nationalism. It also broadens our understanding of liberal peace theory that emphasizes the non-violent nature of democracies. Finally, this research helps better understand Turkey’s foreign policy behaviors, sensitivities, regional power capacity and it is role in Democracy Promotion field, which is a completely new phenomenon in international security policy area.
The document discusses the democratic values promoted by the European Union. It begins by providing background on the formation and key institutions of the EU. It then outlines the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and how human rights are protected in the EU through conventions and courts. Democratic values like freedom, equality, and justice are explained as the ethical foundations of democracy. The EU promotes diversity of values and human dignity. Through education and intercultural dialogue, the EU develops a tolerant, multicultural society that reconciles majority rule with minority rights. Comparing the rules of a Spanish high school to the EU, the summary finds they share common aspects like international regulations, obligations, rights, duties and a focus on respect for human dignity and democratic principles.
These two regions, because they are neighbors, obviously have had relations since many decades. When looking into the relationship between the two, a common highlight that is found is Turkey’s prolonged desire to be part of the EU.
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Three models were developed to identify the best performing model.
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Deep Learning Malaria Detection Model by Emmanuel BaisireEmanuel Baisire
The proposed deep learning model will automatically detect malaria using cell images.
By using CNN model with various layers, iterations and tunable parameters.
The proposed technique will lead to a reduction in diagnostics costs and improve diagnostic accuracy rate.
This is a binary classification model based on publicly available Malaria cell images dataset containing 24,958 train and 2,600 test images. The dataset is well balanced and labelled as Parasitized or Uninfected.
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To further enhance cell images for parasite detection, data augmentation technique was applied.
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Based on the outlined techniques, the highest performing model achieved an accuracy rate of 98% which implies that the proposed image binary classification model can outperform a skilled microscopist.
For the model to be implemented around the globe, a phone app can be developed to detect malaria in remote places that lacks adequate infrastructure and resources.
The role of expectations in human computer interactions by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The research paper examines the role of expectations in human-computer interactions. The thrust of the paper was to understand how user interface designers can determine user expectations in order to create a positive experience in human-computer interactions. The study involved 70 undergraduate students randomly paired with either a computer or human partner to interact and execute assigned tasks. A human partner in the study refers to a face-to-face interaction with another individual working on one assignment whereas human-computer interaction involves an individual utilizing technology to perform a similar task. To understand the role of expectations in HCI, researchers viewed expectations in this case as a behavioral pattern.
Privatization of state prisons by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The study examined the rationale and the emergence of privately managed prisons in the United States. The analyses measured the extent to which privately operated prisons solves the problem of crowded prisons and state’s ability to reduce expenditure without undermining inmate’s welfare and rights. The study considered the case of Texas prisons. Texas being a state with the second largest prison system in the U.S.A. was ideal for analysis. Recent growth in the size of Texas' prison system has been increasingly costly and beyond the capacity of Texas department of criminal justice. The paper analyzed the extent to which private contractors were more efficient and their ability to secure private funds to construct more prisons than state governments. The paper also tested the notion of privatized organization’s capacity to save taxpayers money by introducing new management techniques and flexible employment policies.
Information systems and competitive strategy by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document discusses how information systems can provide competitive advantages for firms. It examines how investments in information systems technology can help firms gain market share, increase efficiency, and strengthen relationships with customers and suppliers. The document also analyzes how information systems relate to Porter's five competitive forces model - specifically looking at how systems can impact barriers to entry, buyer/supplier power, and threats of substitution. Overall, the document argues that information systems are a core component of business strategy and can be leveraged to achieve competitive differentiation when properly aligned with a firm's overall strategic goals.
Information architecture and web design by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document evaluates the website of UMBC's College of Engineering and Information Technology based on principles of information architecture. It finds several issues with the design of categories, labeling, navigation, and usability on the site. Key problems include inconsistently grouped categories, duplicate content, lack of page structure and labeling, and an overly long and cluttered homepage. The conclusion calls for a redesign of the site to improve the user experience for current students, faculty, and prospective external audiences.
European union’s medical technology market by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document discusses market entry strategies for medical equipment companies entering the European Union market. It analyzes exporting, strategic alliances, and joint ventures. A strategic alliance with a European firm is identified as the best option to gain market knowledge, establish distribution channels, share costs and risks, and comply with regulatory requirements. Manufacturing locally in Europe through the alliance would allow the company to benefit from lower capital costs and currency exchange rates.
Automated doc tracker architecture by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document outlines a draft blueprint for an automated document management solution called DocTracker. It includes sections for selecting an organization scheme, primary search methods, and alternative means of organizing. It also outlines features of DocTracker such as managing different versions of documents, purchase options for personal, small group, and corporate versions, and storing various types of documents like Windows files, email documents, encrypted documents, and external documents.
Automated doc tracker architecture by emanuel baisireEmanuel Baisire
The document presents a draft blueprint for an automated document organization and search tool called DocTracker, outlining its main features such as organizing documents by scheme, method, and location; searching capabilities across different document types and versions; and purchase options for personal, small group network, and corporate versions.
Why hire an information architect consultant for your business by emanuel bai...Emanuel Baisire
Information architecture refers to the way in which organizations align websites to target specific audiences. It relates to how information is organized on a website and how different pages are linked together. Information architecture is considered to be both an art and science of finding and managing information on a site. Graphic designers, interaction designers and other team members are equally important in designing or improving website usability. Although graphic designers and other specialists are involved in information architecture, their attention is usually focused on specific functions. The rationale of hiring an IA consultant is to ensure that the proposed site is well organized and capable of guiding users to locate crucial information or product in a timely fashion. A well organized site improves user experience and eases the process of product and service searches. This trend often translates into increased number of new and return visitors to a website. A continuous flow of new and returning visitor is likely to increase product sales and customer satisfaction.
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Paul Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005 after serving as Deputy Secretary of Defense. As president, he was expected
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Plaintiffs are eligible for monetary compensation due to EU regulations
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Firms are constantly investing in information technology infrastructure to maintain a competitive edge and survive in a dynamic business environment. The paper focuses on the role played by information system’s components like organization’s strategy, technology and management to improve a firm’s competitive advantage . In this case, Information systems are referred to as those elements capturing data and process it into valuable information for decision-makers.
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The role of information system is also important because it enables organizations to identify and deploy new strategies and cost reduction techniques in a timely manner than competitors (Loudon, 2007). Firms need to integrate their business processes in order to gain a competitive advantage. For instance there is a need for technology within different departments like human resource, sales and marketing, production and research to complement each other to yield a competitive advantage.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Eu and turkey challenges and opportunities by emanuel baisire
1. Background:
The European Union is a composition of 25 member countries that have come together
under different sets of agreements to share a common political, economical and social
policy. According to Dinan (2005) European countries have been characterized by war
and economic rivalry among themselves for centuries. According to Gilpin (2000) in
order to overcome these difference and develop a strong economic partnership, six
European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg)
came together to establish the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 (p.194).
Dinan (2005) has acknowledged that the desire to diffuse long standing rivalry between
Germany and France became a driving force to Europe’s regional integration.
Another important treaty that solidified Europe was the 1957 Treaty of Rome which
established the European Economic Community. According to Dinan (2005) the Treaty
of Rome was an ambitious economic plan aimed at establishing a common market for
European goods and services and free movement of people in the European community.
Since then several treaties and agreement have been reached in order to strengthen and
solidify the European Union. The notable treaties include the Maastricht Treaty (1991)
that paved a way for the Economic and Monetary Union, Amsterdam Treaty (1997) that
supported Europe’s economic, political and security objectives and the Nice Treaty
(2001) which outlined conditions for EU’s future expansion and member states
representation within the European parliament.(Dinan, 2005). According to Dinan (2005)
after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the European Union decided to extend its influence
1
2. to the eastern and Southern boarders of Europe to incorporate several former communist
countries and others into the European Union (P.143). The vision for expansion is
attributed to European Union desire to extend its economic and political influence to the
new independent states that had been under communist regimes in order to have a strong
and stable Europe.
Turkey’s Accession to the European Union (EU):
The relationship of the European Union (EU) to its new eastern and southern neighbors is
important for the EU existence and credibility. The possible accession of new members
especially Turkey to the European Union (EU) will dramatically change the political,
economic and social set up of the European Union. Dinan (2005) argued that Turkey’s
accession to the EU will extend Europe’s boarders to unstable and undemocratic Middle
East countries like Iraq, Iran and Syria (p.156). Major pressing issues about Turkey’s
accession to the European Union range from economic, demographic, geographical,
political and human rights.
One commonly raised point is Turkey’s population. According to Nas (2004) when
Turkey joins the EU, Turkey will become one of the most populated member state by
2015 (p.4). Turkey's current population is 71 million, and is expected to increase to 80-85
million in the next 20 years (EU, 2004). In comparison with Germany, EU’s largest
member state which has 83 million people today, but whose population is projected to
decline, Turkey’s accession becomes a concern for many Europeans.
2
3. Dinan, (2005) observed that another argument is rooted in the debate on whether it is
possible to establish geographic borders for Europe, and whether Turkey 'fits' within
these borders (p.143). Perhaps the most sensitive of all arguments centre on the cultural
and religious differences. Since the EU identifies itself as a cultural and religiously
tolerant society, Turkey's EU bid should not be compromised by cultural differences.
According to Phillips (2004), EU member states' concerns over Turkey's human rights
record as well as global and regional security-related issues have also been key factors
behind Turkey's prolonged application process (p. 86-97). Luxemburg Prime-Minister
Jean-Claude Junker in a speech referred to Turkey as “A country in which torture is still a
common practice cannot have a seat at the table of the European Union”.
In “Clash of Civilization”, Samuel Huntington describes Turkey as a “torn Country”.
Huntington (1993), referred to “Torn Countries”, as those that “have a fair degree of
cultural homogeneity but are divided over whether their society belongs to one
civilization or another” (p.42). Huntington (1993), argued that Turkey is a torn country
which since the early 1920s has been trying to Westernize in order become part of the
West, though its culture and tradition is different from the Western (p.42). Turkey’s
leaders have greatly supported turkey to transform to Western Civilization, but some
Turks prefer Turkey to remain a Muslim society. According to Huntington (1993),
Turkey being a predominantly Muslim country and the West being Christian, Turkey will
never be accepted as a European Country (p.42).
According to Dinan (2005), Turkey started its effort to join the European Economic
Community in 1963 by signing the Ankara Association Agreement in 1963. In 1987,
3
4. Turkey filed an application for membership to the European Community but was rejected
by the European Economic Community (p.156). Kirisci (2004) asserted that some EU
members argue that even if Turkey was to be granted membership for a single day, it is
not ready to meet EU member’s standards and obligations (p.2). However, this argument
has been proven wrong by Turkish politicians. Turkey has initiated reforms over the
years and it has managed to accomplish a great deal of success economically and
politically.
In 1995, the EU suggested for a Customs Union with Turkey which came into effect
in1996.Custom duties on goods from the E.U. countries were removed and the European
Union’s Common External Tariff for third countries was introduced. According to Kirisci
(2004), Turkey’s effort to integrate in the European Union fell short of Turkey’s
expectation but it has gradually embarked on the transformation process to become a
democratic, modern and secular state
According to Kubicek (2005), at the end of the Cold War, European leaders embarked on
the enlargement of Europe by considering Post-Communist states. Turkey’s leaders were
optimistic during the EU’s enlargement process that their candidature will be considered
(p.2). The EU argued that the Post-Communist countries fulfilled the Copenhagen
Criteria and that Turkey still lagged behind in democratic reform and respect for human
rights (Kirisci, 2004). According to Phillips (2004), Copenhagen Criteria are Rules that
require all would-be EU member countries to guarantee democracy and respect for
human rights, rule of law and protection of minorities (p.94). According to Dinan (2005),
4
5. Copenhagen Criteria is based on the 1993 EU commission report that stipulated
guidelines and conditions that must be fulfilled by an aspiring EU candidate country to be
considered for accession to the European Union (p.147). The
Copenhagen criteria
stipulates that for a candidate country to be considered for accession, it must have strong
democratic institutions, respect for minority rights and rule of law, a free market
economy and to accept a common European defense and foreign policy.
Kirisci (2004) argued that Turkey’s exclusion from membership negotiations in 1997
disappointed many Turks (p.3). According to Dinan (2005), EU decision to consider
accession negotiations with other under developed former communist countries like
Bulgaria and Romania was unfair to the Turkish government. According to Phillips
(2004), in response, Turkish government severed diplomatic relationship with the
European Union and threatened to hinder Cyprus reunification process. Kubicek (2005)
pointed out that Turkey’s continuous effort to democratic reform and respect for human
rights convinced European leaders to approve Turkey as a candidate country in 1999
Helsinki Summit.
In December 2004 the European council agreed to begin Turkey’s accession negotiations
to the European Union. According to Dinan (2005), some original EU member countries
have made it clear that Turkey’s full membership will be gradual and will not be
complete until 2014 (p.157). According to Phillips (2004), Turkey’s accession is
considered to be open-ended and some European member countries, notably France
proposed a referendum in EU member countries before Turkey can be accepted as a new
5
6. EU member. France proposal is to grant Turkey with a “Special Status” membership
while Germany’s version is that of a “privileged partnership”.
Due to pressure to meet the Copenhagen Criteria, Turkey embarked on an extensive
political reform and improved its human rights record. According to Phillips (2004),
Turkey eased restrictions on freedom of press and association. Signed and ratified the
Protocol 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights” (p.94). Turkey’s
political and legislative reforms resulted into the abolition of the death penalty to
conform to the European laws, reduced the influence of the military in government and
Kurdish minority rights were eventually respected by the Turkish government. It can be
argued that without Turkey’s strong commitment to join the European Union, dramatic
political, economical, legal and human rights reforms would not have been easily
undertaken.
The significance of Turkey to the EU is its strategic location to the Muslim world.
According to Dinan (2005), Turkey’s integration to the EU will prove to the Muslim
world that Islam and democracy can Co-exist. The vastness of Turkey will provide the
E.U with the opportunity to advance democratic principle and peace to the Middle East
and Central Asia. Phillips (2004) argued that Turkey’s membership to the EU is in
relation with the “War Against Terrorism” (p.13). According to Kubicek (2005)
6
7. Turkey’s strong military capability will also act as a stabilizing force against unstable
Europe’s neighbors (p.13).
Phillips (2004) confirmed that Turkish business community considers the accession to the
EU as an avenue for Turkey to continue its economic reforms in order to meet European
Standards (p.93). Kirisci (2004) argued that due to pressure from the EU, Turkey has
improved its market- economy by introducing deflation measures and promote an exportoriented strategy to achieve economic development (p.4). On the other hand European
business leaders will easily tap Turkey’s market of 70 million people and have easy
access to a relatively cheap labor force. The initiative will also strengthen the
competitiveness of European firms interested in cutting down production cost by setting
up manufacturing plants in Turkey.
Another significance of Turkey’s accession to the European Union is the demographic
aspect of Europe. Europe’s birth rate is low and its population is aging. In contrast,
Turkey’s population is younger and relatively educated; this provides the EU with the
opportunity to utilize Turkey’s labor force (Tusiad, 2004). However, this phenomenon
also plays against Turkey’s accession to the EU because most European considers Turks
cheap labor as a threat to Europe’s employment and other social benefits.
The prospect of Turkey ever joining the European Union is still undetermined. Phillips
(2004), argued that however much Turkey tries to meet the conditions set by the
7
8. European Union, Europeans will not accept a Muslim country to join a “Christian Club”
(p.95). This was stressed by Frits Bolkestein (Former EU Commissioner) who referred to
Turkey as a “Muslim threat to Europe”. He argued that “Ukraine and Belarus were more
European than Turkey and that Europe risk becoming predominantly Islamic” (Kubicek,
2005).
According to Kubicek, (2005), Turkey has a different culture and history which
disqualifies it from passing the “Europeaness “test. He also argued that since only 5% of
Turkey’ population lives inside “Europe” (In relation to the European map), Turkey does
not fit to be in the European Union (p.11). Some Europeans believe that Turkey is
different and this will result into future problems in the E’U decision –making structure.
Phillips (2004) argued that bringing in Turkey to the European Union will result into
tremendous burden to the Europeans (p. 96). For Example, Turkey being so big and poor,
vast portion of EU development fund will end up being channeled to Turkey. Many
current EU members accessing EU development fund and other social policy program
feel threatened by Turkey’s membership because a big portion of their assistance may be
diverted to Turkey. The often cited argument against Turkey’s accession to the EU is that
Turkey is poised to create a new balance of power in the European Union.
Therefore, in order to down play European concerns over Turkey, European leaders have
come up with different versions of Turkey’s accession to the European Union. According
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9. to Phillips (2004), Germany and France have come up with different proposal that fall
short of Turkey’s full membership to the European Union. For example France proposed
a “Special Status” and Germany prefers a “Privileged Partnership” to be accorded to
Turkey (p.96). However, Turkish leaders are determined for nothing less than full
European membership. Kubicik (2005) agreed that the European Union is using double
standards in dealing with Turkey accession to the EU. For example, France is advocating
for EU member states to conduct a referendum before Turkey can join the European
Union which was not the case with other newer former communist countries. The failure
to ratify the EU constitution (2005 referenda) in France and Netherlands has been
regarded as a sign of the growing anti-enlargement sentiments in Europe which will be
detrimental to Turkey's EU bid.
Conclusion:
Turkey has undergone several political, economical and social reforms to satisfy the
Copenhagen Criteria. The progress made by Turkey in meeting the Copenhagen Criteria
is a clear indication of Turkey’s strong leadership and commitment towards European
membership. However, further effort is still needed in the modernization of its economy,
legal reform and the respect for Human Rights. On the other side, Europe should take a
positive position in the accession negotiations and not use the pretext of culture and
religion to slow down the negotiations of Turkey’s accession to the European Union.
Turkey should be provided with the same terms and a leveled ground during the
accession negotiations like Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Czech Republic etc. The negative
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10. decision of the accession talks would be harmful to the strategic alliance of Turkey and
the EU. Turkey’s accession will also be important in boosting economic and trade links
between the EU and Turkey neighbors with abundant natural resources and energy
reserves. Turkish membership to the EU will also send a strong message to the Muslim
world that European can coexist with Muslim despite their cultural and religious
differences.
One can rightly conclude that with the new wave of anti-Islamic sentiments and high
unemployment rate in Europe, Turkey is viewed by many Europeans as a threat to their
social and economic welfare and many Europeans are doubtful of Turkey’s prospect to a
full EU membership. Turkey’s big size and its poor population is a threat to the EU social
policy (Common Agriculture Policy and other policies) because it will attract more
development funds that would otherwise been allocated to other member countries. It is
also believed that failure of the EU constitution referendum in France and Netherlands
can be attributed to Turkey’s EU bid and the enlargement process in general.
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11. References
Dinan, D. (2005). Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration, 3rd Ed.
Boulder: CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
European Union. (2004). The European Union: A Guide for Americans, Washington DC.
Gilpin, R. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st
Century, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilization?. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49.
Kirisci, K. (2004). European Council Decision on Turkey: Is it a Historical Decision.
TUSIAD Report, 1-10.
Kubicek, D. (2005). Turkish Accession to the European Union: Challenges and
Opportunities for the “New Europe”, Center for European Studies, University of
Florida. Paris.
Nas, C. (2004). EU and Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities in Enlargement.
TUNACES and European Community Institute, 22, 1-4.
Phillips, D.L. (2004). Turkey’s Dream of Accession. Foreign Affairs, 83(5), 86-97.
Online Sources:
http://www.eurunion.org/infores/euguide/euguide.pdf
http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-129678-16&type=LinksDossier
http://www.fornet.info/documents/FORNET%20Plenary%2005%20Turkey%20Backgrou
ndpaper.pdf
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