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Eu Enlargement & What does the EU do

This document discusses the EU's institutions and policies around enlargement and development. It describes the main EU institutions, including the European Commission, Council of Ministers, European Parliament, and European Council. It then discusses the history of EU enlargement, criteria for membership, and the accession process. Recent and potential future enlargements in countries like Turkey, the Western Balkans, and Iceland are also covered. The document also examines the EU's neighborhood policy and how large the EU may ultimately become geographically. Finally, it outlines the EU's policies in areas like innovation, the environment, technology, energy, and measures to promote solidarity within the single market.

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 Contemporary Europe EU Enlargement What does the EU do? POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
EU Institutions POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
EU Institutions POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke The Big 5 European Commission – develops proposals for new laws and policies Council of Ministers – takes decisions along with the European Parliament Court of Justice – ensures laws and policies meet the terms and the spirit of of the treaties European Council – brings the leaders of the MS together at periodic summits
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement The European Union is open to any European country that fulfills the democratic, political and economic criteria for membership Successive enlargements (the most recent being in 2013) have increased the EU’s membership from six to 28 countries Each treaty admitting a new member requires the unanimous approval of all member states. In addition, in advance of each new enlargement, the EU must assess its capacity to absorb the new member(s) and the ability of its institutions to continue to function properly
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement Enlarging the European Union has helped strengthen and stabilize democracy and security in Europe and increase the continent’s potential for trade and economic growth When it met in Copenhagen in December 2002, the European Council took one of the most momentous steps in the history of European integration. By inviting 12 more countries to join it, the European Union was not simply increasing its geographical size and population; it was putting an end to the division which had split the European continent in two since 1945
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Negotiations under way Turkey, a member of NATO with a long-standing association agreement with the EU, applied for European Union membership in 1987 Given Turkey’s geographical location and political history, the EU hesitated for a long time before accepting its application. However, in October 2005, accession negotiations finally began – not only with Turkey but also with Croatia Some EU countries have expressed doubts as to whether Turkey will or should become a member of the European Union. They propose an alternative arrangement – a ‘privileged partnership’
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: The western Balkans and Iceland The western Balkan countries, most of which were once part of Yugoslavia, are also turning to the European Union to speed up their economic reconstruction, improve their mutual relations (long scarred by ethnic and religious wars) and consolidate their democratic institutions In 2005, the EU gave ‘candidate country’ status to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Potential candidates are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, each of which has a ‘stabilization and association’ agreement with the EU, designed to pave the way for eventual membership talks
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: The western Balkans and Iceland Iceland, hard hit by the financial crisis in 2008, applied for EU membership in 2009 Kosovo declared its independence on 18 February 2008 and could also become an official candidate country By the end of this decade, therefore, European Union membership could grow from 28 to 35 countries. This would be another major enlargement and would probably require further changes in the way the EU works
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (a) Legal requirements -European integration has always been a political and economic process, open to all European countries that are prepared to sign up to the Treaties and take on board the full body of EU law -According to the Lisbon Treaty (Article 49), any European state may apply to become a member of the European Union provided it respects the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (b) The ‘Copenhagen criteria’ In 1993, following requests from the former communist countries to join the Union, the European Council laid down three criteria they should fulfil so as to become members. By the time they join, new members must have: -stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities -a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (b) The ‘Copenhagen criteria’ -the ability to take on the obligations of membership, including support for the aims of the Union. They must have a public administration capable of applying and managing EU laws in practice
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (c) The process of becoming an EU member state Membership talks (‘accession negotiations’) take place between the candidate country and the European Commission, which represents the EU. Once these are concluded, the decision to allow this country to join the EU must be taken unanimously by the existing member states meeting in the Council The European Parliament must also give its assent, which means an absolute majority of its members must vote in favour
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions The accession treaty must then be ratified by the member states and the candidate country, each in accordance with its own constitutional procedure During the negotiation period, candidate countries normally receive EU ‘accession partnership’ aid to help them catch up economically They also usually have ‘stabilization and association agreements’ with the EU. Under these agreements, the EU directly monitors the economic and administrative reforms the candidate countries have to carry out in order to meet the conditions for EU membership
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? (a) Geographical frontiers In most EU countries, discussions about the Constitutional Treaty showed that many Europeans are concerned about where the borders of the European Union should be drawn, and even about Europe’s identity no simple answers: particularly since each country views its geopolitical or economic interests differently The Baltic countries and Poland are in favour of Ukraine joining the EU, so what about Ukraine’s neighbours?
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Difficulties arise from the political situation in Belarus and the strategic position of Moldova If Turkey joins the EU, then what about Armenia, Georgia and other countries in the Caucasus?
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Despite fulfilling the conditions, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are not members of the European Union because of public opinion In different EU countries, public opinion is more or less divided over the question of the European Union’s final frontiers If geographical criteria alone were applied, taking no account of democratic values, the EU could end up with 47 member states including Russia. But Russian membership would clearly create unacceptable imbalances in the European Union, both politically and geographically.
POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? (b) Neighbourhood policy Enlargements in 2004, 2007 and 2013 pushed the European Union’s borders further east and south: how the EU should handle relations with its new neighbours? Stability and security: an issue in the regions beyond its borders, EU wished to avoid the emergence of new dividing lines between itself & these neighbouring regions. E.g., tackle emerging threats to security such as illegal immigration, the disruption of energy supplies, environmental degradation, organized cross-border crime and terrorism
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? EU developed a new European neighbourhood policy (ENP), governing relations with its neighbours to the east & south respectively: -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine -Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, the occupied Palestinian territory, Syria and Tunisia
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Almost all these countries have bilateral ‘partnership and cooperation’ agreements or association agreements with the EU, under which they are committed to common values and to making progress towards a market economy, sustainable development and reducing poverty. The EU, for its part, offers financial, technical and macroeconomic assistance, easier access to visas and a range of measures to help these countries develop.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Since 1995, the southern Mediterranean countries have been linked to the European Union through political, economic and diplomatic ties known as the ‘Barcelona process’, later re-named the Euro- Mediterranean Partnership. In July 2008, this partnership was re-launched as the Union for the Mediterranean bringing together the EU & 16 partner countries across the southern Mediterranean and the Middle East The EU’s financial assistance is managed by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). Its overall budget for 2007-13 was approximately € 12 billion
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The EU acts in a wide range of policy areas where its action is beneficial to the member states: innovation policies, which bring state-of-the art technologies to fields such as environmental protection, research and development (R & D) and energy; solidarity policies (also known as cohesion policies) in regional, agricultural and social affairs
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The Union funds these policies through an annual budget which enables it to complement and add value to action taken by national governments The EU budget: small by comparison with the collective wealth of its member states: represents no more than 1.23 % of their combined gross national income
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? I. Innovation policies EU’s activities impact on the day-to-day life of its citizens by addressing the real challenges facing society: environmental protection, health, technological innovation, energy, etc. (a) The environment and sustainable development EU aims to help prevent climate change by seriously reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2008, the European Council agreed that, by 2020, the EU would cut its emissions by at least 20 %, raise renewable energy’s share of the market to 20 % & cut overall energy consumption by 20 %. Also: 10 % of fuel for transport should come from biofuels, electricity or hydrogen.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The EU also tackles a wide range of other environmental issues including noise, waste, the protection of natural habitats, exhaust gases, chemicals, industrial accidents and the cleanliness of bathing water. It is also planning a collective approach to preventing natural or man- made disasters such as oil spills or forest fires. The European Union is constantly improving its legislation to provide better protection for public health (e.g. REACH – which stands for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals)
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The aim is to prevent contamination of the air, water, soil and buildings, to preserve biodiversity and to improve the health and safety of EU citizens while at the same time keeping European industry competitive. (b) Technological innovation The founders of the EU rightly saw that future prosperity would depend on its ability to remain a world leader in technology and that there are advantages to be gained from joint European research.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? In 1958, Euratom – the European Atomic Energy Community To keep pace with increasing global competition, European research had to diversify – to break down the barriers between national research programmes, bring together scientists and help them find industrial applications for their discoveries Joint research at EU level is designed to complement national research programmes. It encourages research and technological development in key industries such as electronics and computers, which face stiff competition from outside Europe.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Most of the € 50-billion-plus budget is being spent on research in areas like health, food and agriculture, information and communication technologies, nanosciences, energy, the environment, transport, security & space and socioeconomic sciences. Other programmes promote international cooperation on leading- edge research projects and provide support for researchers and their career development.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? (c) Energy Fossil fuels – oil, natural gas and coal – provide 80 % of the energy consumed in the EU. A large and growing proportion of these fossil fuels is imported from outside the EU. At present, 50 % of gas and oil is imported, expected to grow to 70 % by 2030. EU will thus be more vulnerable to cuts in supply or price hikes caused by international crises.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Energy R & D in Europe focuses on solar, wind, biomass and nuclear power. The EU has also invested € 1.6 billion in the ‘clean sky’ project for developing less polluting aircraft.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? II. Solidarity policies To make sure the single market works properly, imbalances in that market need to be corrected. The Single Market: one of the EU’s greatest achievements. Restrictions on trade & free competition between member countries have gradually been eliminated, thus helping standards of living to rise The single market has not yet become a single economy: some sectors (in particular services of general interest) are still subject to national laws
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Progress on building the single market: (a) Physical barriers: all border controls within the EU on goods have been abolished, together with customs controls on people, but the police still carry out random spot checks as part of the fight against crime and drugs. (b) Technical barriers: EU countries have agreed to recognize one another’s rules on the sale of most goods. Since the famous ‘Cassis de Dijon’ ruling by the European Court of Justice in 1979, any product legally manufactured and sold in one member state must be allowed to be placed on the market in all others.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? (c) Tax barriers: they have been reduced by partially aligning national VAT rates, which must be agreed by the EU member states. Moreover, in July 2005, an agreement came into force between the EU member states and some other countries (including Switzerland) on taxing investment income. (d) Public contracts: regardless of who awards them, public contracts in any EU country are now open to bidders from anywhere in the EU. This is thanks to EU directives covering services, supplies and works in many sectors, including water, energy and telecommunications.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The purpose of the EU’s ‘solidarity policies’: designed to help underdeveloped regions and troubled sectors of the economy. The EU must also play its part in helping restructure industries which have been hard hit by fast-growing international competition. (a) Regional aid: EU funds are used to boost development in regions lagging behind, to rejuvenate industrial areas in decline, to help young people and the long-term unemployed find work, to modernize farming and to help less-favoured rural areas.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The 2007-13 funds are targeted at three objectives. Convergence: the aim here is to help the least-developed countries and regions catch up more quickly with the EU average by improving conditions for growth and employment. Regional competitiveness and employment: the objective is to increase the competitiveness, employment levels and attractiveness of regions other than the least-developed ones. European territorial cooperation: the objective here is to increase crossborder, transnational and interregional cooperation, helping neighbouring authorities find joint solutions to shared problems in sectors such as urban, rural and coastal development.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? These objectives are financed by specific EU funds, known as the ‘Structural Funds’, which top up or stimulate investment by the private sector and by national and regional governments. - The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) is used to finance regional development projects and to boost the economy in regions that are lagging behind. This includes the redevelopment of declining industrial areas. - The European Social Fund (ESF) is used to finance vocational training and to help people find work.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? In addition to the Structural Funds, there is a Cohesion Fund, which is used to finance transport infrastructure and environmental projects in EU countries whose GDP per capita is lower than 90 % of the EU average.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? (b) The common agricultural policy (CA P) and common fisheries policy (CFP): to ensure a fair standard of living for farmers, to stabilise markets, to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices and to modernise farming infrastructure. (c) The social dimension: to correct the most glaring inequalities in European society. The European Social Fund (ESF) was established in 1961 to promote job creation and help workers move from one type of work and/or one geographical area to another.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? III. Paying for Europe: the EU budget To fund its policies, the European Union has an annual budget which, in 2010, amounted to more than € 140 billion. This budget is financed by what are called the EU’s ‘own resources’, which cannot exceed 1.23 % of the total gross national income of all the member states.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? These resources are mainly drawn from: - customs duties on products imported into the EU, including farm levies; - a percentage of the value added tax (VAT) levied on goods and services throughout the EU; - contributions from the member states, reflecting the wealth of each country.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Each annual budget is part of a seven-year budget cycle known as the ‘financial perspective’. The financial perspectives are drawn up by the European Commission and require unanimous approval from the member states and negotiation and agreement with the European Parliament.
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
EU POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
THANK YOU… POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke

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Eu Enlargement & What does the EU do

  • 1.
     Contemporary Europe EU Enlargement Whatdoes the EU do? POLS 208 European Studies European University of Lefke
  • 2.
    EU Institutions POLS 208European Studies European University of Lefke
  • 3.
    EU Institutions POLS 208European Studies European University of Lefke The Big 5 European Commission – develops proposals for new laws and policies Council of Ministers – takes decisions along with the European Parliament Court of Justice – ensures laws and policies meet the terms and the spirit of of the treaties European Council – brings the leaders of the MS together at periodic summits
  • 4.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement The European Union is open to any European country that fulfills the democratic, political and economic criteria for membership Successive enlargements (the most recent being in 2013) have increased the EU’s membership from six to 28 countries Each treaty admitting a new member requires the unanimous approval of all member states. In addition, in advance of each new enlargement, the EU must assess its capacity to absorb the new member(s) and the ability of its institutions to continue to function properly
  • 5.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement Enlarging the European Union has helped strengthen and stabilize democracy and security in Europe and increase the continent’s potential for trade and economic growth When it met in Copenhagen in December 2002, the European Council took one of the most momentous steps in the history of European integration. By inviting 12 more countries to join it, the European Union was not simply increasing its geographical size and population; it was putting an end to the division which had split the European continent in two since 1945
  • 6.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Negotiations under way Turkey, a member of NATO with a long-standing association agreement with the EU, applied for European Union membership in 1987 Given Turkey’s geographical location and political history, the EU hesitated for a long time before accepting its application. However, in October 2005, accession negotiations finally began – not only with Turkey but also with Croatia Some EU countries have expressed doubts as to whether Turkey will or should become a member of the European Union. They propose an alternative arrangement – a ‘privileged partnership’
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    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: The western Balkans and Iceland The western Balkan countries, most of which were once part of Yugoslavia, are also turning to the European Union to speed up their economic reconstruction, improve their mutual relations (long scarred by ethnic and religious wars) and consolidate their democratic institutions In 2005, the EU gave ‘candidate country’ status to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Potential candidates are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, each of which has a ‘stabilization and association’ agreement with the EU, designed to pave the way for eventual membership talks
  • 8.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: The western Balkans and Iceland Iceland, hard hit by the financial crisis in 2008, applied for EU membership in 2009 Kosovo declared its independence on 18 February 2008 and could also become an official candidate country By the end of this decade, therefore, European Union membership could grow from 28 to 35 countries. This would be another major enlargement and would probably require further changes in the way the EU works
  • 9.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (a) Legal requirements -European integration has always been a political and economic process, open to all European countries that are prepared to sign up to the Treaties and take on board the full body of EU law -According to the Lisbon Treaty (Article 49), any European state may apply to become a member of the European Union provided it respects the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law
  • 10.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (b) The ‘Copenhagen criteria’ In 1993, following requests from the former communist countries to join the Union, the European Council laid down three criteria they should fulfil so as to become members. By the time they join, new members must have: -stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities -a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union
  • 11.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (b) The ‘Copenhagen criteria’ -the ability to take on the obligations of membership, including support for the aims of the Union. They must have a public administration capable of applying and managing EU laws in practice
  • 12.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions (c) The process of becoming an EU member state Membership talks (‘accession negotiations’) take place between the candidate country and the European Commission, which represents the EU. Once these are concluded, the decision to allow this country to join the EU must be taken unanimously by the existing member states meeting in the Council The European Parliament must also give its assent, which means an absolute majority of its members must vote in favour
  • 13.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke Enlargement: Membership conditions The accession treaty must then be ratified by the member states and the candidate country, each in accordance with its own constitutional procedure During the negotiation period, candidate countries normally receive EU ‘accession partnership’ aid to help them catch up economically They also usually have ‘stabilization and association agreements’ with the EU. Under these agreements, the EU directly monitors the economic and administrative reforms the candidate countries have to carry out in order to meet the conditions for EU membership
  • 14.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? (a) Geographical frontiers In most EU countries, discussions about the Constitutional Treaty showed that many Europeans are concerned about where the borders of the European Union should be drawn, and even about Europe’s identity no simple answers: particularly since each country views its geopolitical or economic interests differently The Baltic countries and Poland are in favour of Ukraine joining the EU, so what about Ukraine’s neighbours?
  • 15.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Difficulties arise from the political situation in Belarus and the strategic position of Moldova If Turkey joins the EU, then what about Armenia, Georgia and other countries in the Caucasus?
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    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Despite fulfilling the conditions, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are not members of the European Union because of public opinion In different EU countries, public opinion is more or less divided over the question of the European Union’s final frontiers If geographical criteria alone were applied, taking no account of democratic values, the EU could end up with 47 member states including Russia. But Russian membership would clearly create unacceptable imbalances in the European Union, both politically and geographically.
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    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? (b) Neighbourhood policy Enlargements in 2004, 2007 and 2013 pushed the European Union’s borders further east and south: how the EU should handle relations with its new neighbours? Stability and security: an issue in the regions beyond its borders, EU wished to avoid the emergence of new dividing lines between itself & these neighbouring regions. E.g., tackle emerging threats to security such as illegal immigration, the disruption of energy supplies, environmental degradation, organized cross-border crime and terrorism
  • 20.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? EU developed a new European neighbourhood policy (ENP), governing relations with its neighbours to the east & south respectively: -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine -Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, the occupied Palestinian territory, Syria and Tunisia
  • 21.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Almost all these countries have bilateral ‘partnership and cooperation’ agreements or association agreements with the EU, under which they are committed to common values and to making progress towards a market economy, sustainable development and reducing poverty. The EU, for its part, offers financial, technical and macroeconomic assistance, easier access to visas and a range of measures to help these countries develop.
  • 22.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke How large can the EU become? Since 1995, the southern Mediterranean countries have been linked to the European Union through political, economic and diplomatic ties known as the ‘Barcelona process’, later re-named the Euro- Mediterranean Partnership. In July 2008, this partnership was re-launched as the Union for the Mediterranean bringing together the EU & 16 partner countries across the southern Mediterranean and the Middle East The EU’s financial assistance is managed by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). Its overall budget for 2007-13 was approximately € 12 billion
  • 23.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The EU acts in a wide range of policy areas where its action is beneficial to the member states: innovation policies, which bring state-of-the art technologies to fields such as environmental protection, research and development (R & D) and energy; solidarity policies (also known as cohesion policies) in regional, agricultural and social affairs
  • 24.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The Union funds these policies through an annual budget which enables it to complement and add value to action taken by national governments The EU budget: small by comparison with the collective wealth of its member states: represents no more than 1.23 % of their combined gross national income
  • 25.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? I. Innovation policies EU’s activities impact on the day-to-day life of its citizens by addressing the real challenges facing society: environmental protection, health, technological innovation, energy, etc. (a) The environment and sustainable development EU aims to help prevent climate change by seriously reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2008, the European Council agreed that, by 2020, the EU would cut its emissions by at least 20 %, raise renewable energy’s share of the market to 20 % & cut overall energy consumption by 20 %. Also: 10 % of fuel for transport should come from biofuels, electricity or hydrogen.
  • 26.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The EU also tackles a wide range of other environmental issues including noise, waste, the protection of natural habitats, exhaust gases, chemicals, industrial accidents and the cleanliness of bathing water. It is also planning a collective approach to preventing natural or man- made disasters such as oil spills or forest fires. The European Union is constantly improving its legislation to provide better protection for public health (e.g. REACH – which stands for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals)
  • 27.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The aim is to prevent contamination of the air, water, soil and buildings, to preserve biodiversity and to improve the health and safety of EU citizens while at the same time keeping European industry competitive. (b) Technological innovation The founders of the EU rightly saw that future prosperity would depend on its ability to remain a world leader in technology and that there are advantages to be gained from joint European research.
  • 28.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? In 1958, Euratom – the European Atomic Energy Community To keep pace with increasing global competition, European research had to diversify – to break down the barriers between national research programmes, bring together scientists and help them find industrial applications for their discoveries Joint research at EU level is designed to complement national research programmes. It encourages research and technological development in key industries such as electronics and computers, which face stiff competition from outside Europe.
  • 29.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Most of the € 50-billion-plus budget is being spent on research in areas like health, food and agriculture, information and communication technologies, nanosciences, energy, the environment, transport, security & space and socioeconomic sciences. Other programmes promote international cooperation on leading- edge research projects and provide support for researchers and their career development.
  • 30.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? (c) Energy Fossil fuels – oil, natural gas and coal – provide 80 % of the energy consumed in the EU. A large and growing proportion of these fossil fuels is imported from outside the EU. At present, 50 % of gas and oil is imported, expected to grow to 70 % by 2030. EU will thus be more vulnerable to cuts in supply or price hikes caused by international crises.
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    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Energy R & D in Europe focuses on solar, wind, biomass and nuclear power. The EU has also invested € 1.6 billion in the ‘clean sky’ project for developing less polluting aircraft.
  • 32.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? II. Solidarity policies To make sure the single market works properly, imbalances in that market need to be corrected. The Single Market: one of the EU’s greatest achievements. Restrictions on trade & free competition between member countries have gradually been eliminated, thus helping standards of living to rise The single market has not yet become a single economy: some sectors (in particular services of general interest) are still subject to national laws
  • 33.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Progress on building the single market: (a) Physical barriers: all border controls within the EU on goods have been abolished, together with customs controls on people, but the police still carry out random spot checks as part of the fight against crime and drugs. (b) Technical barriers: EU countries have agreed to recognize one another’s rules on the sale of most goods. Since the famous ‘Cassis de Dijon’ ruling by the European Court of Justice in 1979, any product legally manufactured and sold in one member state must be allowed to be placed on the market in all others.
  • 34.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? (c) Tax barriers: they have been reduced by partially aligning national VAT rates, which must be agreed by the EU member states. Moreover, in July 2005, an agreement came into force between the EU member states and some other countries (including Switzerland) on taxing investment income. (d) Public contracts: regardless of who awards them, public contracts in any EU country are now open to bidders from anywhere in the EU. This is thanks to EU directives covering services, supplies and works in many sectors, including water, energy and telecommunications.
  • 35.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The purpose of the EU’s ‘solidarity policies’: designed to help underdeveloped regions and troubled sectors of the economy. The EU must also play its part in helping restructure industries which have been hard hit by fast-growing international competition. (a) Regional aid: EU funds are used to boost development in regions lagging behind, to rejuvenate industrial areas in decline, to help young people and the long-term unemployed find work, to modernize farming and to help less-favoured rural areas.
  • 36.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? The 2007-13 funds are targeted at three objectives. Convergence: the aim here is to help the least-developed countries and regions catch up more quickly with the EU average by improving conditions for growth and employment. Regional competitiveness and employment: the objective is to increase the competitiveness, employment levels and attractiveness of regions other than the least-developed ones. European territorial cooperation: the objective here is to increase crossborder, transnational and interregional cooperation, helping neighbouring authorities find joint solutions to shared problems in sectors such as urban, rural and coastal development.
  • 37.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? These objectives are financed by specific EU funds, known as the ‘Structural Funds’, which top up or stimulate investment by the private sector and by national and regional governments. - The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) is used to finance regional development projects and to boost the economy in regions that are lagging behind. This includes the redevelopment of declining industrial areas. - The European Social Fund (ESF) is used to finance vocational training and to help people find work.
  • 38.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? In addition to the Structural Funds, there is a Cohesion Fund, which is used to finance transport infrastructure and environmental projects in EU countries whose GDP per capita is lower than 90 % of the EU average.
  • 39.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? (b) The common agricultural policy (CA P) and common fisheries policy (CFP): to ensure a fair standard of living for farmers, to stabilise markets, to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices and to modernise farming infrastructure. (c) The social dimension: to correct the most glaring inequalities in European society. The European Social Fund (ESF) was established in 1961 to promote job creation and help workers move from one type of work and/or one geographical area to another.
  • 40.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? III. Paying for Europe: the EU budget To fund its policies, the European Union has an annual budget which, in 2010, amounted to more than € 140 billion. This budget is financed by what are called the EU’s ‘own resources’, which cannot exceed 1.23 % of the total gross national income of all the member states.
  • 41.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? These resources are mainly drawn from: - customs duties on products imported into the EU, including farm levies; - a percentage of the value added tax (VAT) levied on goods and services throughout the EU; - contributions from the member states, reflecting the wealth of each country.
  • 42.
    EU POLS 208 EuropeanStudies European University of Lefke What does the EU do? Each annual budget is part of a seven-year budget cycle known as the ‘financial perspective’. The financial perspectives are drawn up by the European Commission and require unanimous approval from the member states and negotiation and agreement with the European Parliament.
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    THANK YOU… POLS 208European Studies European University of Lefke