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©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Transient Stability
Slide 2©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Topics
• What is Transient Stability (TS)
• What Causes System Unstable
• Effects When System Is Instable
• Transient Stability Definition
• Modeling and Data Preparation
• ETAP TS Study Outputs
• Power System TS Studies
• Solutions to Stability Problems
Slide 3©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
What is Transient Stability
• TS is also called Rotor Angle Stability
Something between mechanical system and
electrical system – energy conversion
• It is a Electromechanical Phenomenon
Time frame in milliseconds
• All Synchronous Machines Must Remain in
Synchronism with One Another
Synchronous generators and motors
This is what system stable or unstable means
Slide 4©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
What is Transient Stability
• Torque Equation (generator case)
T = mechanical torque
P = number of poles
air = air-gap flux
Fr = rotor field MMF
 = rotor angle
Slide 5©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
What is Transient Stability
• Swing Equation
M = inertia constant
D = damping constant
Pmech = input mechanical power
Pelec = output electrical power
Slide 6©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
What Causes System Unstable
• From Torque Equation
T (prime mover)
Rotor MMF (field winding)
Air-Gap Flux (electrical system)
• From Swing Equation
Pmech
Pelec
Different time constants in mechanical and
electrical systems
Slide 7©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
What Causes System Unstable
• In real operation
Short-circuit
Loss of excitation
Prime mover failure
Loss of utility connections
Loss of a portion of in-plant generation
Starting of a large motor
Switching operations
Impact loading on motors
Sudden large change in load and generation
Slide 8©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Effects When System Is Instable
Case 1: Steady-state stable
Case 2: Transient stable
Case 3: Small-signal unstable
Case 4: First swing unstable
• Swing in Rotor Angle (as well as in V, I, P, Q
and f)
Slide 9©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Effects When System Is Instable
• A 2-Machine
Example
• At  = -180º
(Out-of-Step,
Slip the Pole)
Slide 10©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Effects When System Is Instable
• Synchronous machine slip poles –
generator tripping
• Power swing
• Misoperation of protective devices
• Interruption of critical loads
• Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs
• Damage to equipment
• Area wide blackout
• …
Slide 11©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
• Examine One Generator
• Power Output Capability Curve
•  is limited to 180º
Transient Stability Definition
Slide 12©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Transient Stability Definition
• Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit
 After a severe disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady-state operating
condition without a prolonged loss of
synchronism
 Limit:  < 180 during swing
Slide 13©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
• Synchronous Machine
 Machine
 Exciter and AVR
 Prime Mover and Governor / Load Torque
 Power System Stabilizer (PSS) (Generator)
Modeling and Data Preparation
Slide 14©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
Slide 15©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
• Typical synchronous machine data
Slide 16©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
• Induction Machine
 Machine
 Load Torque
Slide 17©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
• Power Grid
 Short-Circuit Capability
 Fixed internal voltage and infinite inertia
Slide 18©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
• Load
 Voltage dependency
 Frequency dependency
Slide 19©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
• Load
Slide 20©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
• Events and Actions
Slide 21©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Modeling and Data Preparation
Device Type Action
Bus 3-P Fault L-G Fault Clear Fault
Branch Fraction
Fault
Clear
Fault
PD Trip Close
Generator Droop /
Isoch
Start Loss Exc. P Change V Change Delete
Grid P Change V Change Delete
Motor Accelerate Load
Change
Delete
Lumped Load Load
Change
Delete
MOV Start
Wind Turbine Disturbance Gust Ramp
MG Set Emergency Main
Slide 22©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Power System TS Studies
• Fault
3-phase and single phase fault
Clear fault
Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
Critical System Separation Time (CSST)
• Bus Transfer
Fast load transferring
• Load Shedding
Under-frequency
Under-voltage
• Motor Dynamic Acceleration
Induction motor
Synchronous motor
Slide 23©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Power System TS Studies
• Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
• Critical Separation Time (CSST)
unstable
unstable
Cycle
Clear faultClear fault
1 cycle
unstable
stable
1 cycle
Clear faultClear fault
CFCT
Fault
unstable
unstable
Cycle
1 cycle
unstable
stable
1 cycle
CSST
SeparationSeparationSeparationSeparationFault
Slide 24©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Power System TS Studies
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Vmotor
s
• Fast Bus Transfer
Motor residual voltage
Slide 25©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
• Fast Bus Transfer
Ttransfer  10 cycles
  90 degrees
ER  1.33 per unit (133%)
Power System TS Studies
ES = System equivalent per unit
volts per hertz
EM = Motor residual per unit per
hertz
ER = Resultant vectorial voltage
in per unit volts per hertz

Slide 26©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Power System TS Studies
• Load Shedding
Slide 27©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
Power System TS Studies
• Motor Dynamic Acceleration
Important for islanded system operation
Motor starting impact
Generator AVR action
Reacceleration
Slide 28©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
• Improve System Design
 Increase synchronizing power
• Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment
 Use of induction machines
 Increase moment of inertia
 Reduce transient reactance
 Improve voltage regulator and exciter
characteristics
Solution to Stability Problems
Slide 29©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability
• Application of Power System Stabilizer
(PSS)
• Add System Protections
 Fast fault clearance
 Load shedding
 System separation
Out-Of-Step relay
…
Solution to Stability Problems

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ETAP - Transient stability 2

  • 1. ©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Transient Stability
  • 2. Slide 2©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Topics • What is Transient Stability (TS) • What Causes System Unstable • Effects When System Is Instable • Transient Stability Definition • Modeling and Data Preparation • ETAP TS Study Outputs • Power System TS Studies • Solutions to Stability Problems
  • 3. Slide 3©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability What is Transient Stability • TS is also called Rotor Angle Stability Something between mechanical system and electrical system – energy conversion • It is a Electromechanical Phenomenon Time frame in milliseconds • All Synchronous Machines Must Remain in Synchronism with One Another Synchronous generators and motors This is what system stable or unstable means
  • 4. Slide 4©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability What is Transient Stability • Torque Equation (generator case) T = mechanical torque P = number of poles air = air-gap flux Fr = rotor field MMF  = rotor angle
  • 5. Slide 5©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability What is Transient Stability • Swing Equation M = inertia constant D = damping constant Pmech = input mechanical power Pelec = output electrical power
  • 6. Slide 6©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability What Causes System Unstable • From Torque Equation T (prime mover) Rotor MMF (field winding) Air-Gap Flux (electrical system) • From Swing Equation Pmech Pelec Different time constants in mechanical and electrical systems
  • 7. Slide 7©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability What Causes System Unstable • In real operation Short-circuit Loss of excitation Prime mover failure Loss of utility connections Loss of a portion of in-plant generation Starting of a large motor Switching operations Impact loading on motors Sudden large change in load and generation
  • 8. Slide 8©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Effects When System Is Instable Case 1: Steady-state stable Case 2: Transient stable Case 3: Small-signal unstable Case 4: First swing unstable • Swing in Rotor Angle (as well as in V, I, P, Q and f)
  • 9. Slide 9©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Effects When System Is Instable • A 2-Machine Example • At  = -180º (Out-of-Step, Slip the Pole)
  • 10. Slide 10©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Effects When System Is Instable • Synchronous machine slip poles – generator tripping • Power swing • Misoperation of protective devices • Interruption of critical loads • Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs • Damage to equipment • Area wide blackout • …
  • 11. Slide 11©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability • Examine One Generator • Power Output Capability Curve •  is limited to 180º Transient Stability Definition
  • 12. Slide 12©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Transient Stability Definition • Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit  After a severe disturbance, the synchronous generator reaches a steady-state operating condition without a prolonged loss of synchronism  Limit:  < 180 during swing
  • 13. Slide 13©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability • Synchronous Machine  Machine  Exciter and AVR  Prime Mover and Governor / Load Torque  Power System Stabilizer (PSS) (Generator) Modeling and Data Preparation
  • 14. Slide 14©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation
  • 15. Slide 15©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation • Typical synchronous machine data
  • 16. Slide 16©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation • Induction Machine  Machine  Load Torque
  • 17. Slide 17©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation • Power Grid  Short-Circuit Capability  Fixed internal voltage and infinite inertia
  • 18. Slide 18©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation • Load  Voltage dependency  Frequency dependency
  • 19. Slide 19©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation • Load
  • 20. Slide 20©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation • Events and Actions
  • 21. Slide 21©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Modeling and Data Preparation Device Type Action Bus 3-P Fault L-G Fault Clear Fault Branch Fraction Fault Clear Fault PD Trip Close Generator Droop / Isoch Start Loss Exc. P Change V Change Delete Grid P Change V Change Delete Motor Accelerate Load Change Delete Lumped Load Load Change Delete MOV Start Wind Turbine Disturbance Gust Ramp MG Set Emergency Main
  • 22. Slide 22©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System TS Studies • Fault 3-phase and single phase fault Clear fault Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT) Critical System Separation Time (CSST) • Bus Transfer Fast load transferring • Load Shedding Under-frequency Under-voltage • Motor Dynamic Acceleration Induction motor Synchronous motor
  • 23. Slide 23©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System TS Studies • Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT) • Critical Separation Time (CSST) unstable unstable Cycle Clear faultClear fault 1 cycle unstable stable 1 cycle Clear faultClear fault CFCT Fault unstable unstable Cycle 1 cycle unstable stable 1 cycle CSST SeparationSeparationSeparationSeparationFault
  • 24. Slide 24©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System TS Studies -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vmotor s • Fast Bus Transfer Motor residual voltage
  • 25. Slide 25©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability • Fast Bus Transfer Ttransfer  10 cycles   90 degrees ER  1.33 per unit (133%) Power System TS Studies ES = System equivalent per unit volts per hertz EM = Motor residual per unit per hertz ER = Resultant vectorial voltage in per unit volts per hertz 
  • 26. Slide 26©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System TS Studies • Load Shedding
  • 27. Slide 27©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System TS Studies • Motor Dynamic Acceleration Important for islanded system operation Motor starting impact Generator AVR action Reacceleration
  • 28. Slide 28©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability • Improve System Design  Increase synchronizing power • Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment  Use of induction machines  Increase moment of inertia  Reduce transient reactance  Improve voltage regulator and exciter characteristics Solution to Stability Problems
  • 29. Slide 29©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability • Application of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) • Add System Protections  Fast fault clearance  Load shedding  System separation Out-Of-Step relay … Solution to Stability Problems