Estimating Crop Yields of Rice During Yayoi Period by Experimental Cultivation
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This document summarizes an experiment to estimate rice crop yields during Japan's Yayoi period (0-250 AD) by experimentally cultivating rice in different densities. Researchers planted two varieties of red rice, which still has some wild characteristics, at densities of 18, 30, and 121 plants per square meter in a restored paddy field without agricultural chemicals. Crop yields were calculated based on components like panicle number, grain number, and weight. Results showed dense planting of 121 plants per square meter led to higher yields than conventional estimates, suggesting such densities were possible during the Yayoi period to achieve yields of 102-212 kg per 10 areas.
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Tapioca, also known as cassava, is a perennial crop that is cultivated as an annual for its starchy tuberous roots. It is grown in a wide range of climates and soils, with ideal temperatures between 25-30°C. Production begins by planting stem cuttings, or setts, that are 8-10 cm long taken from the middle portion of mature plants. Setts are treated with fungicides and biofertilizers before being planted. Cassava is grown using spacing of 60x90 cm or 75x75 cm in irrigated conditions and 60x60 cm in rainfed areas. Intercropping with crops like groundnut and cowpea is also common. CassavaRice sps 19_mag_00033
This presentation summarizes information about rice production, including its origin, major producing countries, and cultivation practices. It begins by outlining the top rice producing countries in 2019, led by China, India, and Indonesia. It then discusses rice exporting countries, consumption patterns by country, and historical hectarage and yields. The presentation provides details on rice varieties recommended for Nigeria, establishment of nurseries, land preparation, fertilizer application, weed control, and harvesting. It concludes with references for further information.
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The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices for growing rice. SRI focuses on improving soil conditions and plant growth through young seedlings, wide spacing, soil aeration, and organic matter addition. Key practices include transplanting young seedlings 8-12 days old in a square pattern with wide spacing, mechanical weeding, and water management to keep soil aerobic. SRI can result in higher yields with fewer inputs through increased root and soil organism growth. Farmers are encouraged to experiment and innovate with SRI methods to suit their local conditions.SCI by Pradan bihar
This document describes experiences with the System of Root Intensification (SRI) method of crop cultivation in Gaya and Nalanda districts of Bihar, India. It finds that SRI methods lead to higher productivity and yields compared to traditional methods for a variety of crops including rice, wheat, rapeseed, sugarcane, and vegetables. Key aspects of SRI that contribute to higher yields include reduced seed rates, wider spacing of plants, increased root growth and tiller formation, and improved soil and plant management. SRI methods are also found to reduce costs of cultivation and increase incomes of small and marginal farmers. Various stakeholders are involved in promoting SRI in the region.
Production technology of french bean pest and disease... varieties
This document summarizes production information for French bean. It describes the botanical details of French bean including its origin in Central and South America. It provides information on climate requirements and soil types suitable for French bean cultivation. The document also outlines varieties grown in different countries and states, cultural practices including sowing, irrigation, nutrition, and pest and disease management for French bean production.
Rice
This document provides an overview of rice cultivation including its botanical classification, key growing regions, varieties, cultivation practices, and nutritional importance. It discusses rice morphology, climatic and soil requirements, and summarizes the major production techniques including land preparation, nursery management, transplanting, and harvesting. Key production statistics for India and the world are also presented.
Aravind pearl millet
This document provides information about pearl millet cultivation. It discusses the botanical details of pearl millet, its origin and distribution. It notes that India is the largest producer of pearl millet, with production of 8-9 million tons annually from an area of 9-10 million hectares. Ideal soil conditions and climate for pearl millet cultivation are described. Recommended varieties for different regions are listed, along with details on seed rate, spacing, sowing time, nutrient management, irrigation, pest and disease management, and expected yields.
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Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
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The Production technology of Cassava.pptx
1. Cassava is a perennial shrub grown for its starchy tuberous roots and is an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions.
2. India is one of the top producers of cassava globally, with Tamil Nadu producing over 80% of the country's total cassava.
3. Cassava can be grown year-round in irrigated conditions or during the rainy seasons in rainfed areas. It is drought tolerant and can grow in low fertility soils.
Aubergine or Brinjal or egg plant production technology cultivation, varietie...
Aubergine or Brinjal or egg plant production technology cultivation, varietie...jagathesan krishnasamy
This document summarizes information about brinjal (eggplant) production technology. It discusses the botany of brinjal, including its origin in India. It provides details on varieties, climate and soil requirements, nursery practices, transplanting, intercultural operations, pest and disease management, and cropping systems. Specifically, it discusses conventional and precision farming methods for seed treatment, nursery establishment, transplanting, fertilizer application, interweeding, training plants, and pest and disease control.presentation on chickpea
1. The presentation provides an overview of chickpeas, including their importance as a pulse crop in India, production levels, varieties, cultivation practices, and pest and disease management.
2. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of chickpeas, contributing over 70% of global area and production. The major chickpea producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.
3. Chickpeas are grown in the winter season and have various cultivation requirements including temperature, rainfall, soil type, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed, pest and disease control.
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Estimating Crop Yields of Rice During Yayoi Period by Experimental Cultivation
- 1. Estimating crop yields of rice in Japan during Yayoi period by experimental cultivation Yukiko Kikuchi 1,2 1 Silk Road Research Institute, Waseda University, Japan 2 Paleo Labo Co. Ltd., Japan
- 2. Introduction • A historical record of Nara and Heian period (710–1185 AD) - the only basis → Estimated low : less than 64 kg/10a • Tracks of rice stubbles excavated at late Yayoi period paddy field - High density : 121 stubbles/m2 Negative judgments though never tested
- 3. Tracks of rice stubbles ・ Archaeological site of Hyakkengawa Haraojima ・ Late Yayoi period : 0-250 AD ・ Strong evidence of rice planting 7cm
- 4. Density of the stubbles ・ Hyakkengawa Haraojima site 121 stubbles/m2 (8cm between stubbles) ・ Present paddy fields 18 plants/m2 (25cm between plants) ・ Negative opinions Unable to grow If grew, impractically high yields for this era, according to calculations
- 5. Materials and Methods • Experimental cultivation Plant (or sow) 2 types of rice in different densities and investigate the crop yields • Restored paddy field No agricultural chemicals No fertilizers, no manures
- 6. a b Planted red rice • Tsutsu ー a ・ From Tsutsu, Tsushima (Nagasaki prefecture) ・ Black chaff • Kitakami ーb ・ Obtained from a farmer in Tohoku region ・ Yellow chaff * These are expedient names
- 7. Why red rice? • Red rice is one of the oldest types available in Japan • Red rice still keeps wild characteristics Tall (easily lodged), Low yields, Long aristates,... • Impossible to determine whether the carbonized seeds from archaeological were red rice or not ？ ＝
- 8. Cultivation methods ・ Broadcast seeding (Tsutsu / Kitakami) ・ Planting 18 /m2 Broadcast seeding (Tsutsu / Kitakami) ・ Planting 30 /m2 (Tsutsu / Kitakami) ・ Planting 121 /m2 (Tsutsu / Kitakami) Right after planting (June 2009)
- 9. Location Iruma city, Saitama Prefecture ☆
- 10. Location Experimental paddy field • Paddy fields at valley bottom • East : Copse West : Tea garden Nishikubo Wetlands
- 11. 10 m2
- 12. Planted sections Broadcast Seeding → 121 plants/m2→ 30 plants/m2→ 18 plants/m2→
- 13. Yield calculation • Investigate 4 yield components 1 Panicle number per 1m2 2 Grain number per panicle 3 Percentage of ripened grains 4 1,000–grain weight (dehulled) ・ 1 & 2 : Investigate 20 average sized plants in each section ・ 3 & 4 : Investigate 10 average sized plants in each section • Crop yields per 1m2 = Product of 4 yield components
- 14. Experimental paddy field crop yields
- 15. Crop yields in Nara-Heian period Crop yields Grade of paddy fields (Dehulled rice : ㎏ /10a) Upper grade paddy field 上 田 106.635 Middle grade paddy field 中 田 85.333 Lower grade paddy field 下 田 64.031 Lowest grade paddy field 下々田 32.016
- 16. Estimating crop yields in Yayoi period Results of Conventional the experiment estimates
- 17. Conclusions • Dense planting (121 plants per m2) was a possible method in Late Yayoi period - High density leads to an increase of the yield per unit area • It is possible to estimate the crop yield of rice in Yayoi period much higher than the conventional estimates (32-64 kg/10a). Planting 18 plants/m2 : 102-113 kg/10a Planting 121 plants/m2 : 144-212 kg/10a
- 18. Thank you for listening