This document is a project report on estimating the construction procedure of a water-bound macadam (WBM) road. It was submitted by three students - Hitendra Pendam, Tejas Mane, and Hemant Neware - to fulfill the requirements for a diploma in civil engineering. The report describes the materials, construction process, maintenance, and cost estimate for building a WBM road. It provides details on preparing the road base, laying coarse aggregates, rolling, adding screenings and binding material, and opening the road to traffic once completed.

1. PROJECT REPORT ON
“ESTIMATE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF WATER-BOUND
MACADAM ROAD (WBM)’’
This project work is submitted in partial fulfilled the requirement for the award of
diploma in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MRS. N. A. KRIPAN
(Lecturer in CIVIL ENGG. Dept.)
SUBMITTED BY
HITENDRA PENDAM
TEJAS MANE
HEMANT NEWARE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, GONDIA
DIST. GONDIA PIN-441601

2. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GONDIA
2020-2021
A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“ESTIMATE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF WATER-BOUND
MACADAM ROAD (WBM)’’
SUBMITTED BY
HITENDRA PENDAM
TEJAS MANE
HEMANT NEWARE
Project Guide H. O. D. Principal
Mrs. N. A. Kripan Mr. C. R. Sahu Dr. C. D. Golghate
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

3. MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GONDIA
Academic Year 2020-2021
Department of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report on “Estimate the construction procedure of
water-bound macadam road (WBM)’’ submitted by Hitendra Pendam, Tejas Mane, Hemant
Neware, partially fulfilled the requirement for the Diploma in Civil Engineering (CE) to the
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai. This is their original work done by
them under my supervision and guidance by Lecturer N. A. Kripan and has undergone the
requisite hour of practical prescribed by the university for project work.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter presented in this report has not been submitted
earlier for a similar diploma.
Project Guide H. O. D. Principal
Mrs. N. A. Kripan Mr. C. R. Sahu Dr. C. D. Golghate
Date: -
Place: - Gondia

4. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GONDIA
Academic Year 2020-2021
EXAMINER'S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the student of final year Civil Engineering of Government Polytechnic
Gondia has completed the project entitled as….
“ESTIMATE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF WATER-BOUND
MACADAM ROAD (WBM)’’
HITENDRA PENDAM
TEJAS MANE
HEMANT NEWARE
As prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai (MSBTE)
as partial fulfillment for the award of civil engineering during the academic year 2020-2021
Signature Project Guide
Internal examiner Mrs. N. A. Kripan
Date: -

5. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and wholehearted
thanks to our guide Mrs. N. A. Kripan for his guidance and encouragement to embark on this
project.
We are thankful to our Head of the Department, Mr. R. Sahu Civil Engineering.
Whole esteem suggestions and encouragement from time to time have always been unparalleled
stimuli for us to travel eventually toward completion of the project.
We are also thankful to our Honorable Principal Dr. C. D. Golghate who inspired
us a lot to achieve the highest goal.
Last but not least we would like to thank all faculty of the civil department and our
friends who helped us directly or indirectly for the success of our project.
PROJECTEES….
HITENDRA PENDAM
TEJAS MANE
HEMANT NEWARE

6. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR WBM ROAD
3. CONSTRUCTION OF WBM ROAD
4. MAINTENANCE OF WBM ROAD
5. REMEDIES OF DAMAGE WBM ROAD
6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WBM ROAD
7. COST ESTIMATE OF WBM ROAD
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCE

7. INTRODUCTION
The road has its wearing surface consisting of a clean, crushed aggregate, which is mechanically
rolled, bound together with filler material (screening), and the water laid on the finished base
course is called a WBM Roads.
The wearing surface is shaped by cleaned, crushed aggregates that are spread and rolled by
sprinkling water.
The pavement base course is made of crushed or broken aggregates interlocked by rolling and
voids filled with water-assisted screening and binding materials.
WBM means water-bound macadam, the term macadam is Scottish engineer John L, and the name
came from macadam.

8. MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR WBM ROAD:
1. COURSE AGGREGATES:
Coarse aggregates that are commonly used in WBM road construction include crushed aggregates
or broken stones. Coarse aggregates for each layer of construction must be accepted as one of three
gradings. Coarse aggregates used in the construction of WBM roads should be
• Durable, Hard.
• Free from flaky and elongated particles
• Acceptable shape.
• IRC has specified the physical requirements of coarse aggregation for WBM road
construction throughout test values of the three pavement layers.
2. SCREENINGS:
Screening materials are usually small-sized aggregates of the same material as the coarse
aggregates.
To reduce the cost of WBM road construction, the IRC recommends the use of non-plastic
materials such as kankar nodules, murum, or gravel.

9. Such material satisfies the following requirements as follows:
• The liquid limit is less than 20%.
• The plasticity index is less than 6%.
• The portion of fines passing 0.075 mm size sieve is less than 10%.
3. BINDING MATERIAL:
The binding material used for WBM road construction should include an engineer-approved
suitable material with a plasticity index value of less than 6. It may not be necessary when the
screening used is a crushable type, i.e. murum or gravel.
CONSTRUCTION OF WBM ROAD:
1. PREPARATION OF FOUNDATION FOR RECEIVING THE WBM
COURSE:
Subgrade or base courses are prepared for the required grades and camber. Depressions and pot-
holes are filled on the existing road surface. The corrugations are eliminated by scarifying and
reshaping the surface to the required grade and camber as essential. If the WBM road is to be
supplied on the existing surface, the furrows of depth 50 mm and width 50 mm are minimized at
intervals of 1 meter and at the center of the carriageway at 45 degrees earlier than laying the coarse
aggregate.

10. 2. PROVISION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT:
To provide lateral confinement of the aggregates, a shoulder with a thickness equal to the
compacted WBM layer must be constructed in advance. Good earth or murum can be used in the
construction of shoulders. They are prepared and rolled to maintain the road structure between
them. The practice of building WBM in the bench section excavated in the finished formation
should be completely discouraged.
3. SPREADING OF COURSE AGGREGATES:
Aggregates that are stored along the road are then spread evenly and uniformly on the required
amount of prepared base. The number of layers and the total thickness of the WBM road will
depend on the details of the design of the pavement. For ordinary roads, a layer of compact
thickness 75 mm is sufficient. For critical roads, two layers of equivalent 150 mm compact
thickness may be provided. If a grading number set is used, it is compacted to a thickness of 100
mm.

11. 4. ROLLING:
After the aggregates are dispersed, rolling is carried out for compaction. This can be done with the
help of a three-wheel power roller of 6 to 10 tons capacity or an equivalent vibratory roller. The
rolling process is an efficient operation and depends on the proper completion of the WBM road
surface. The roller should pass evenly over the entire surface and its speed should be slow and
uniform. Rolling should start from the side of the road and carry it up to the crown. Each successive
strip must overlap the preceding strip to avoid the formation of weak points.

12. The effect of defective rolling as follows:
• There is the formation of corrugations on a road surface.
• There is an unequal finish of the road surface.
• The road starts wearing out very fast at places where the metal is not properly deposited.
On the super-elevated section of the wbm road, rolling starts from the inner or lower edge and
moves slowly towards the outer or upper edges of the pavement.
5. APPLICATION OF SCREENINGS:
• After the compaction of course aggregates, screening is applied to fill the interstices.
• Screening is applied in three or more layers.
• Each layer is compacted by dry rolling.
• Screening has to be spread evenly.
• The rolling and sweeping of each layer of screening must be done carefully.

13. 6. SPRINKLING AND GROUTING:
After the application of screening, the wbm road surface is sprayed with plenty of water. It is then
swept and rolled. Hand sweep is used to clean wet screening in the wedge. Additional screening
is applied and rolled until the coarse aggregates are well bonded and set firmly.
7. APPLICATION OF BINDING MATERIAL:
The bonding material is then applied at a uniform and slow rate in two or more layers. After each
application of binding material, the surface is sprayed with plenty of water. Wet slurry is used to
fill with hand rooms or mechanical rooms. It is then rolled with a 6 to 10-ton roller. During rolling,
water is applied to the wheel of the rollers to wash the binding material that is stocked on the
surface of the roller.
8. SETTING AND DRYING:
The wbm road surface is allowed to cure or set the night after final rolling. If depressions are found
the next day, they are filled with screening or binding material, if necessary, water is sprayed and
the surface is rolled.
9. PREPARATION OF SHOULDER:
During curing, the shoulders are prepared by filling the earth at the specified cross slope. These
are then correctly compacted by rolling or tamping.
10. OPENING TO TRAFFIC:
After drying, the street is opened to traffic. Traffic should be well distributed over the entire width
of the road by placing long obstacles in the form of drums, tree branches, etc. on the road surface.

14. Maintenance of WBM Road
WBM is the basic stage of the planned improvement of road surfacing. Wbm roads are damaged
rapidly due to heavy traffic and adverse climatic conditions?
The steel-tired bullock carts cause serves wear and tear to the WBM surface. In dry weather, dust
is formed and in the rainy season, mud is formed on WBM road. Fine particles are sucked up by
fast-moving vehicles from the road surface resulting in loss of binding particles in the surface. In
the rainy season, the rain is soaked by the surface which makes the surface soft. In such conditions,
the movement of vehicles makes the layer of the surface lose. In this situation, some aggregate
gets displaced from their position causing ruts and potholes on the surface.
Remedies of Damage WBM Road
To prevent aggregate from getting loose from the surface course, a thin layer of moist soil should
be spread over the surface periodically, particularly after the rainy season. The dust nuisance can
be effectively eliminated by providing a surface dressing of bituminous materials.

15. ADVANTAGES OF WBM ROAD:
1. The cracks do not form on the surface of bituminous roads.
2. Maintenance costs are low.
3. The surface of these roads is non-slippery.
4. Such roads are waterproof roads.
5. It provides a smooth, durable and comfortable road surface for traffic.
6. Such roads eliminate dust infiltration.
7. It can resist the adverse effects of rain, changes in temperature, and wind.
8. The cost of construction is low.
9. No skilled laborers are required.
10. Made from locally available material.
11. If maintained in good condition, it can carry a traffic load of about 900 tons per lane per
day.
DISADVANTAGES OF WBM ROAD:
1. Maintenance costs are high.
2. Life is short.
3. If the WBM road surface is poorly maintained, it causes inconvenience and hazard to the
traffic.
4. They are permeable to rainwater and leads to softening and yield of subsoil.
5. If the bituminous material exceeds the optimal value for a given mixture, it proves
detrimental to the good performance of the bituminous road.
6. The viscosity of the bitumen aggregate mixture plays an excellent role in determining the

16. COST ESTIMATE OF WBM ROAD
▪ Assume, the cost of construction will be measured for a water bound macadam road having
length one kilometer and width 3.5 meters. The road contains 20 cm base of 10 to 20 cm.
The road contains 20 cm base supported with 10 to 20 cm size stone boulders as well as 10
cm dense road metal of 1.5 to 3 cm size crushed stone.
1. ABSTRACT OF QUANTITIES?

17. SOLUTION: -

18. 2. ABSTRACT OF COST?

19. SOLUTION: -

20. CONCLUSION:
As the population is increasing day-to-day, we have to enhance our roads for higher
effectiveness in transportation. The wbm road constructed by keeping in mind the future aspects
to full fill the requirements of road users.

21. REFERENCE
• www.engineer.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.slideshare.in