This article summarizes the stages of aortic valve stenosis from early risk to severe obstruction. It discusses the progression of the disease from mild to severe stenosis and the outcomes associated with each stage. Key points include:
- Aortic stenosis progresses from early valve changes with no symptoms to severe obstruction leading to heart failure and death if untreated.
- Over 65,000 aortic valve replacements are performed annually in the US primarily for severe aortic stenosis.
- Risk factors include bicuspid aortic valve, genetic factors, age, sex, lipids, hypertension, and calcium metabolism disorders.
- Disease prevention efforts aim to slow progression but no medical therapies currently exist, so timely valve replacement is important once severe stenosis develops.
TAVI 2013: Revisión y perspectivas futurasCardioTeca
This document summarizes a presentation on transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for the treatment of aortic stenosis. It discusses the prevalence of aortic stenosis increasing with age. TAVI is presented as the first choice treatment for patients who are at high surgical risk or deemed inoperable due to comorbidities. The document reviews the various TAVI devices available, the pre-procedure patient evaluation, and the step-by-step TAVI procedure. Results from the PARTNER trial are summarized, showing reduced mortality and repeat hospitalizations with TAVI compared to standard therapy in inoperable patients, as well as similar outcomes to surgical aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients. Quality of life is also improved
This document discusses multivalvular heart disease (MVD), which refers to two or more diseased cardiac valves. It defines MVD and provides epidemiological data showing its prevalence. The most common causes of acquired MVD are rheumatic heart disease and degenerative calcific disease. Congenital disorders can also cause MVD. The document examines the pathophysiology and interactions of different valve combinations, such as aortic stenosis with mitral regurgitation. Echocardiography is key for diagnosis but has limitations in MVD, so cardiac catheterization may be needed in some cases.
Clinical approach to multi valvular heart diseaseSatyam Rajvanshi
Multivalvular heart disease (MVHD) involves dysfunction of more than one heart valve. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever but can result from various conditions. MVHD alters a patient's presentation, natural history, and management compared to single valve disease. Evaluating MVHD requires a thorough examination, testing, and consideration of interactions between lesions to determine the dominant pathology. Treatment carries higher risk than isolated valve procedures. Careful diagnosis and management are needed given the complexity of MVHD.
- The document discusses cardiogenic shock, which is a clinical condition defined by hypotension and signs of hypoperfusion due to impaired cardiac function, usually caused by acute myocardial infarction.
- Key treatments discussed for cardiogenic shock include early revascularization (within 18 hours) for younger patients, use of an intra-aortic balloon pump, and inotropic support. Fibrinolysis may be considered when intervention is contraindicated.
- Factors such as right ventricular infarction, arrhythmias, and mechanical complications also warrant consideration in management of cardiogenic shock. Early reperfusion and hemodynamic support are emphasized.
Takayasu arteritis is a rare type of vasculitis that causes inflammation of the aorta and its main branches, which can lead to narrowed or aneurysmal arteries. It most commonly affects young Asian women. Treatment aims to relieve arterial inflammation and prevent complications through medications like glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, though the condition can be challenging to manage long-term. Diagnosis involves examining blood tests, imaging of arteries, and ruling out other conditions through angiography, MRI, or ultrasound.
- Takayasu Arteritis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the large arteries, mainly the aorta and its branches.
- Early diagnosis is difficult due to nonspecific initial symptoms. Management is challenging due to the lack of reliable disease activity markers and low levels of evidence regarding treatment.
- High-dose corticosteroids are effective for inducing remission but relapses often occur upon tapering. Additional immunosuppressants are usually needed to sustain remission and prevent disease progression and damage.
Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes stenosis, occlusion, dilation or aneurysm of the aorta and its branches. It most commonly affects adolescent girls and young women. Symptoms include limb claudication, decreased brachial pulse, hypertension, bruits, and vascular ischemia. Diagnosis is based on meeting criteria such as age of onset under 40, decreased pulse, blood pressure difference between arms, and angiographic evidence of vascular involvement. Treatment involves glucocorticoids which can control inflammation and symptoms, though relapses may occur. Additional immunosuppressants may be needed, and management of hypertension is important, especially during pregnancy which carries higher risks but fertility is not affected.
A rara associação de drenagem anômala total de veias pulmonares e cor triatri...gisa_legal
This document describes a rare case of a patient with both total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) and cor triatriatum. A pre-operative cineangiocardiogram ruptured the membrane dividing the left atrium in cor triatriatum, improving hemodynamics. Successful corrective surgery was then performed, involving resection of the cor triatriatum membrane and anastomosis of the left atrium to the pulmonary veins. At a six month follow up, the patient was doing well with mild residual effects.
TAVI 2013: Revisión y perspectivas futurasCardioTeca
This document summarizes a presentation on transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for the treatment of aortic stenosis. It discusses the prevalence of aortic stenosis increasing with age. TAVI is presented as the first choice treatment for patients who are at high surgical risk or deemed inoperable due to comorbidities. The document reviews the various TAVI devices available, the pre-procedure patient evaluation, and the step-by-step TAVI procedure. Results from the PARTNER trial are summarized, showing reduced mortality and repeat hospitalizations with TAVI compared to standard therapy in inoperable patients, as well as similar outcomes to surgical aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients. Quality of life is also improved
This document discusses multivalvular heart disease (MVD), which refers to two or more diseased cardiac valves. It defines MVD and provides epidemiological data showing its prevalence. The most common causes of acquired MVD are rheumatic heart disease and degenerative calcific disease. Congenital disorders can also cause MVD. The document examines the pathophysiology and interactions of different valve combinations, such as aortic stenosis with mitral regurgitation. Echocardiography is key for diagnosis but has limitations in MVD, so cardiac catheterization may be needed in some cases.
Clinical approach to multi valvular heart diseaseSatyam Rajvanshi
Multivalvular heart disease (MVHD) involves dysfunction of more than one heart valve. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever but can result from various conditions. MVHD alters a patient's presentation, natural history, and management compared to single valve disease. Evaluating MVHD requires a thorough examination, testing, and consideration of interactions between lesions to determine the dominant pathology. Treatment carries higher risk than isolated valve procedures. Careful diagnosis and management are needed given the complexity of MVHD.
- The document discusses cardiogenic shock, which is a clinical condition defined by hypotension and signs of hypoperfusion due to impaired cardiac function, usually caused by acute myocardial infarction.
- Key treatments discussed for cardiogenic shock include early revascularization (within 18 hours) for younger patients, use of an intra-aortic balloon pump, and inotropic support. Fibrinolysis may be considered when intervention is contraindicated.
- Factors such as right ventricular infarction, arrhythmias, and mechanical complications also warrant consideration in management of cardiogenic shock. Early reperfusion and hemodynamic support are emphasized.
Takayasu arteritis is a rare type of vasculitis that causes inflammation of the aorta and its main branches, which can lead to narrowed or aneurysmal arteries. It most commonly affects young Asian women. Treatment aims to relieve arterial inflammation and prevent complications through medications like glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, though the condition can be challenging to manage long-term. Diagnosis involves examining blood tests, imaging of arteries, and ruling out other conditions through angiography, MRI, or ultrasound.
- Takayasu Arteritis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the large arteries, mainly the aorta and its branches.
- Early diagnosis is difficult due to nonspecific initial symptoms. Management is challenging due to the lack of reliable disease activity markers and low levels of evidence regarding treatment.
- High-dose corticosteroids are effective for inducing remission but relapses often occur upon tapering. Additional immunosuppressants are usually needed to sustain remission and prevent disease progression and damage.
Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes stenosis, occlusion, dilation or aneurysm of the aorta and its branches. It most commonly affects adolescent girls and young women. Symptoms include limb claudication, decreased brachial pulse, hypertension, bruits, and vascular ischemia. Diagnosis is based on meeting criteria such as age of onset under 40, decreased pulse, blood pressure difference between arms, and angiographic evidence of vascular involvement. Treatment involves glucocorticoids which can control inflammation and symptoms, though relapses may occur. Additional immunosuppressants may be needed, and management of hypertension is important, especially during pregnancy which carries higher risks but fertility is not affected.
A rara associação de drenagem anômala total de veias pulmonares e cor triatri...gisa_legal
This document describes a rare case of a patient with both total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) and cor triatriatum. A pre-operative cineangiocardiogram ruptured the membrane dividing the left atrium in cor triatriatum, improving hemodynamics. Successful corrective surgery was then performed, involving resection of the cor triatriatum membrane and anastomosis of the left atrium to the pulmonary veins. At a six month follow up, the patient was doing well with mild residual effects.
This document discusses endocarditis, including its clinical manifestations, causative organisms, diagnosis, and management. Some key points include:
- Fever, nonspecific symptoms, heart murmurs, and embolic phenomena are common clinical manifestations.
- Common causative organisms include streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK bacteria.
- Echocardiography plays an important role in diagnosis, with TEE being more sensitive than TTE.
- The modified Duke criteria are used to diagnose definite or possible endocarditis based on clinical and echocardiographic findings.
- Complications like perivalvular abscesses may require surgical intervention.
1) Biopsies are necessary to definitively diagnose myocarditis as the clinical presentation can be variable and non-specific. Without a biopsy, we cannot reach a diagnosis of certainty.
2) The clinical presentation of myocarditis is often mild and non-specific, without a typical presentation. Symptoms can range from minor to more severe like heart failure.
3) Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is not generally dangerous for patients when performed at expert centers. While invasive, it has acceptable risks and is the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis when other testing is inconclusive.
The main hemodynamic interactions that may impact on the diagnosis of multiple and mixed Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Diseases:HOW TO USE IMAGINGThe interplay of multiple valve pathology.The clinical challenge of concomitant aortic and mitral valve stenosis
.
.
This case report describes a 76-year-old female patient who presented with chest pain and was found to have Wellens syndrome, characterized by biphasic or deeply inverted T waves in the precordial leads. Further workup revealed a 95% stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD), which was treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Wellens syndrome is defined as specific ECG abnormalities associated with a critical LAD stenosis. It often progresses rapidly to anterior wall myocardial infarction if not treated urgently with angiography and revascularization. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the subtle ECG findings of Wellens syndrome to identify high-risk patients and prevent adverse cardiac events.
A 70-year-old female presented with new onset headache, visual impairment, jaw pain with chewing, and temporal tenderness. She had an elevated ESR. Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) most commonly affects those over age 50 and is a vasculitis involving large and medium arteries, principally the temporal arteries. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and biopsy showing necrotizing arteritis. Treatment involves high-dose steroids to prevent vision loss, with gradual tapering over months to years to prevent relapse. Imaging such as ultrasound and MRI can also help with diagnosis when biopsy is inconclusive or not possible.
The document discusses guidelines for surgery in patients with native valve infective endocarditis. It recommends urgent or emergent surgery for complications such as heart failure, abscesses, fistulas or highly resistant infections. Early surgery may also be considered for recurrent emboli or large vegetations despite antibiotics. Predictors of poor surgical outcome include preoperative shock, abscesses, low ejection fraction and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Choice of repair over replacement is generally preferred when possible.
This document provides an overview of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It discusses risk factors, diagnostic criteria and scoring systems, diagnostic testing including D-dimer and imaging, differential diagnoses, management including anticoagulation options, prevention, and special considerations. The objectives are to review VTE, risks, scoring, diagnosis of DVT and PE, and management approaches. Medical education aims to ensure community health, not just provide career training.
This document summarizes pulmonary embolism (PE), including epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic criteria like the Wells criteria and PERC rule, diagnostic tests like CT pulmonary angiography and V/Q scan, treatment with anticoagulation and thrombolytics, and classifications of massive versus submassive PE.
Left ventricular-mural-thrombus-treated-with-dabigatranAnnex Publishers
A 65-year-old woman presented with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage after hitting her head. She later experienced an acute myocardial infarction due to a spontaneous coronary artery dissection. An echocardiogram found an apical mural thrombus in her left ventricle. She was treated with the novel oral anticoagulant dabigatran rather than warfarin due to its lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage. The thrombus resolved after 30 days of dabigatran treatment with no bleeding complications. This case report supports evaluating novel anticoagulants compared to conventional treatment for left ventricular mural thrombus in a randomized clinical trial.
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/CardiomyopathyAnthony Kaviratne
This case discusses arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in a 19-year-old female whose sister recently passed away from the condition. ARVC is characterized by replacement of the RV myocardium with fibrofatty tissue and electrical instability. The patient's sister's autopsy confirmed ARVC. The doctor discusses the pathology, diagnosis, treatment including ICDs and screening of relatives of ARVC to help inform the patient of her risk.
Takayasu arteritis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease that primarily affects large elastic arteries, especially the aorta and its branches. It most commonly occurs in young females. The disease involves occlusive or ectatic changes in the arteries and can present with nonspecific early symptoms or later with signs of ischemia due to arterial occlusion. Diagnosis is based on criteria that consider clinical features, imaging findings, and laboratory tests showing inflammation. Treatment involves management of symptoms and immunosuppression.
Infective Endocarditis as a Complication of Ventriculoatrial Shunting for Hyd...asclepiuspdfs
Our aim is to present a rare cause of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis (IE) in grown-up age due to cerebrospinal fluid shunt-associated infection. A 32-year-old woman, with a history of hydrocephalus that was treated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt at the age of 4, was admitted to a hospital due to fever. The VP shunt was replaced several times due to dysfunction and replaced with ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt 3 months before admission. Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed two separate VA catheters in the right atrium, with two floating echo formations, one attached to the tip of one catheter and the other to the anterior leaflet of tricuspid valve. Blood cultures grew methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Computed tomography scan showed bilateral pneumonia. The patient was treated with antibiotics followed by partial extraction of the VA shunt. After 8 weeks, the patient was discharged, without signs of infection. Two months later, she was readmitted due to fever, echocardiographic signs of catheter infection, and septic pulmonary embolization. Complete extraction of VA catheter was done and treatment was continued with antibiotics with complete recovery. Early diagnosis and optimal management that combines both conventional and surgical approaches is crucial for reducing the high embolic risk, risk of complications, and mortality risk.
Endocarditis presentation to internal medicine2019hospital
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including its definition, classification, common sites of involvement, risk factors, general lesions, mortality rates, and Osler's nodes and Janeway lesions as associated findings on physical examination. Key points covered include that infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surface, most commonly involving the heart valves. It can be classified as acute or subacute/chronic based on temporal factors and severity. Overall mortality is around 40% usually due to heart failure from valve dysfunction. Having a prosthetic valve or previous endocarditis are major risk factors.
Ventricular Tachycardia in Chronic Myocardial Contusion Interest of Multimoda...asclepiuspdfs
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a rhythmic emergency due to the poor hemodynamic tolerance, the possibility of transformation into ventricular fibrillation, and the occurrence of sudden death. It is a late complication after thoracic trauma due to ventricular remodeling and scar tissue fibrosis, the main arrhythmogenic substrate. The case we report is that of an 80-year-old patient admitted to our unit for lipothymic discomfort that has been evolving for several months. In this antecedent, we find a violent thoracic traumatism 23 years ago by accident of the public way. On admission, it has a stable hemodynamics; the surface electrocardiogram inscribes a sinus rhythm with diffuse negative T waves and reassuring biology. A few hours after his hospitalization, the discomfort will reappear with unsupported TV. Coronary angiography eliminates an ischemic cause with non-significant atheroma of the bisector. Echocardiography demonstrates a particular aspect of hypertrophy of the left ventricular apex with normal contractile function. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging shows myocardial fibrosis in this area of hypertrophy and the cardiac computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction allows to visualize partial apical inferior disinsertion with an interventricular septum with a thin wall on the right ventricular slope calcified in places with an inlet opening closing in systole. The mechanism of TV in our patient is related to myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodeling secondary to myocardial contusion 23 years ago. In this context, an implantable automatic defibrillator has been set up with half-yearly monitoring.
This document provides an overview of acute rheumatic fever, including its etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathologic lesions, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It is authored by Dr. Said Alavi, a pediatrician and neonatologist from the United Arab Emirates. The document contains detailed sections on the disease along with diagrams and histology images to support the information provided.
1) Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries, becoming more prevalent as populations age.
2) Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is fatal if left untreated, but typical lifespan can be restored with timely mechanical relief of the stenosis.
3) Management of mild disease, severe asymptomatic disease, and advanced disease, as well as new percutaneous treatments, provide both challenges and promise in the care of patients with aortic stenosis.
Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects large arteries like the aorta and its branches. Accurate early diagnosis is important to improve outcomes for patients. Imaging like CT angiography and MR angiography are essential non-invasive tools to detect luminal narrowing, wall thickening, and other vascular abnormalities associated with Takayasu arteritis. Differential diagnosis includes other diseases like atherosclerosis and giant cell arteritis that can present similarly on imaging. Characteristic findings on CT and MR imaging can help establish the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis.
A Rare Case of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated with Congenital Mitral ...asclepiuspdfs
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is mostly associated with mitral insufficiency rather than mitral stenosis. This association is very rare and no cases have been reported in Africa. Our case was about 22-month-old female child that was referred with a 1-year history of tachypnea and III to IV class of dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography showed serious mitral stenosis and a mean gradient of 27 mmHg. The interventricular septum was hypertrophic with a width of 8.5 mm with small aortic annulus, leading subaortic stenosis with a mean gradient of 73 mmHg. There was also a severe pulmonary hypertension at 79 mmHg. It was expected to doing a standard septal myectomy and mitral valve replacement.
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels. This document discusses vasculitis syndromes including definitions, classifications, clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Vasculitides are classified based on the size of vessels predominantly involved as large, medium, or small vessel. Common small vessel vasculitis includes Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Treatment involves immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide, steroids, methotrexate, and biologics depending on severity and type of vasculitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent organ damage from ischemia.
takayasu arteritis is inflammatory disorder of medium sized arteries of unknown etiology, prevent in young female. lead to life threatening complication and long lasting morbidity. early diagnosis and treatment prevent complication and improve quality of life
This document provides an overview of congenital obstructive lesions that may be seen in adults, including:
1) Congenital obstructive lesions increase ventricular afterload and can cause ventricular hypertrophy, reduced compliance, and higher filling pressures. Symptoms are generally related to the severity of obstruction.
2) Common obstructive lesions include subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis. Severe obstructions can cause right ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
3) Indications for intervention include symptoms, elevated right ventricular pressures, and reduced systolic function. Balloon valvuloplasty is now preferred over surgery for valvar pulmonary stenosis. Surgical options
This document discusses endocarditis, including its clinical manifestations, causative organisms, diagnosis, and management. Some key points include:
- Fever, nonspecific symptoms, heart murmurs, and embolic phenomena are common clinical manifestations.
- Common causative organisms include streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK bacteria.
- Echocardiography plays an important role in diagnosis, with TEE being more sensitive than TTE.
- The modified Duke criteria are used to diagnose definite or possible endocarditis based on clinical and echocardiographic findings.
- Complications like perivalvular abscesses may require surgical intervention.
1) Biopsies are necessary to definitively diagnose myocarditis as the clinical presentation can be variable and non-specific. Without a biopsy, we cannot reach a diagnosis of certainty.
2) The clinical presentation of myocarditis is often mild and non-specific, without a typical presentation. Symptoms can range from minor to more severe like heart failure.
3) Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is not generally dangerous for patients when performed at expert centers. While invasive, it has acceptable risks and is the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis when other testing is inconclusive.
The main hemodynamic interactions that may impact on the diagnosis of multiple and mixed Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Diseases:HOW TO USE IMAGINGThe interplay of multiple valve pathology.The clinical challenge of concomitant aortic and mitral valve stenosis
.
.
This case report describes a 76-year-old female patient who presented with chest pain and was found to have Wellens syndrome, characterized by biphasic or deeply inverted T waves in the precordial leads. Further workup revealed a 95% stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD), which was treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Wellens syndrome is defined as specific ECG abnormalities associated with a critical LAD stenosis. It often progresses rapidly to anterior wall myocardial infarction if not treated urgently with angiography and revascularization. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the subtle ECG findings of Wellens syndrome to identify high-risk patients and prevent adverse cardiac events.
A 70-year-old female presented with new onset headache, visual impairment, jaw pain with chewing, and temporal tenderness. She had an elevated ESR. Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) most commonly affects those over age 50 and is a vasculitis involving large and medium arteries, principally the temporal arteries. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and biopsy showing necrotizing arteritis. Treatment involves high-dose steroids to prevent vision loss, with gradual tapering over months to years to prevent relapse. Imaging such as ultrasound and MRI can also help with diagnosis when biopsy is inconclusive or not possible.
The document discusses guidelines for surgery in patients with native valve infective endocarditis. It recommends urgent or emergent surgery for complications such as heart failure, abscesses, fistulas or highly resistant infections. Early surgery may also be considered for recurrent emboli or large vegetations despite antibiotics. Predictors of poor surgical outcome include preoperative shock, abscesses, low ejection fraction and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Choice of repair over replacement is generally preferred when possible.
This document provides an overview of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It discusses risk factors, diagnostic criteria and scoring systems, diagnostic testing including D-dimer and imaging, differential diagnoses, management including anticoagulation options, prevention, and special considerations. The objectives are to review VTE, risks, scoring, diagnosis of DVT and PE, and management approaches. Medical education aims to ensure community health, not just provide career training.
This document summarizes pulmonary embolism (PE), including epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic criteria like the Wells criteria and PERC rule, diagnostic tests like CT pulmonary angiography and V/Q scan, treatment with anticoagulation and thrombolytics, and classifications of massive versus submassive PE.
Left ventricular-mural-thrombus-treated-with-dabigatranAnnex Publishers
A 65-year-old woman presented with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage after hitting her head. She later experienced an acute myocardial infarction due to a spontaneous coronary artery dissection. An echocardiogram found an apical mural thrombus in her left ventricle. She was treated with the novel oral anticoagulant dabigatran rather than warfarin due to its lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage. The thrombus resolved after 30 days of dabigatran treatment with no bleeding complications. This case report supports evaluating novel anticoagulants compared to conventional treatment for left ventricular mural thrombus in a randomized clinical trial.
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/CardiomyopathyAnthony Kaviratne
This case discusses arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in a 19-year-old female whose sister recently passed away from the condition. ARVC is characterized by replacement of the RV myocardium with fibrofatty tissue and electrical instability. The patient's sister's autopsy confirmed ARVC. The doctor discusses the pathology, diagnosis, treatment including ICDs and screening of relatives of ARVC to help inform the patient of her risk.
Takayasu arteritis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease that primarily affects large elastic arteries, especially the aorta and its branches. It most commonly occurs in young females. The disease involves occlusive or ectatic changes in the arteries and can present with nonspecific early symptoms or later with signs of ischemia due to arterial occlusion. Diagnosis is based on criteria that consider clinical features, imaging findings, and laboratory tests showing inflammation. Treatment involves management of symptoms and immunosuppression.
Infective Endocarditis as a Complication of Ventriculoatrial Shunting for Hyd...asclepiuspdfs
Our aim is to present a rare cause of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis (IE) in grown-up age due to cerebrospinal fluid shunt-associated infection. A 32-year-old woman, with a history of hydrocephalus that was treated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt at the age of 4, was admitted to a hospital due to fever. The VP shunt was replaced several times due to dysfunction and replaced with ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt 3 months before admission. Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed two separate VA catheters in the right atrium, with two floating echo formations, one attached to the tip of one catheter and the other to the anterior leaflet of tricuspid valve. Blood cultures grew methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Computed tomography scan showed bilateral pneumonia. The patient was treated with antibiotics followed by partial extraction of the VA shunt. After 8 weeks, the patient was discharged, without signs of infection. Two months later, she was readmitted due to fever, echocardiographic signs of catheter infection, and septic pulmonary embolization. Complete extraction of VA catheter was done and treatment was continued with antibiotics with complete recovery. Early diagnosis and optimal management that combines both conventional and surgical approaches is crucial for reducing the high embolic risk, risk of complications, and mortality risk.
Endocarditis presentation to internal medicine2019hospital
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including its definition, classification, common sites of involvement, risk factors, general lesions, mortality rates, and Osler's nodes and Janeway lesions as associated findings on physical examination. Key points covered include that infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surface, most commonly involving the heart valves. It can be classified as acute or subacute/chronic based on temporal factors and severity. Overall mortality is around 40% usually due to heart failure from valve dysfunction. Having a prosthetic valve or previous endocarditis are major risk factors.
Ventricular Tachycardia in Chronic Myocardial Contusion Interest of Multimoda...asclepiuspdfs
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a rhythmic emergency due to the poor hemodynamic tolerance, the possibility of transformation into ventricular fibrillation, and the occurrence of sudden death. It is a late complication after thoracic trauma due to ventricular remodeling and scar tissue fibrosis, the main arrhythmogenic substrate. The case we report is that of an 80-year-old patient admitted to our unit for lipothymic discomfort that has been evolving for several months. In this antecedent, we find a violent thoracic traumatism 23 years ago by accident of the public way. On admission, it has a stable hemodynamics; the surface electrocardiogram inscribes a sinus rhythm with diffuse negative T waves and reassuring biology. A few hours after his hospitalization, the discomfort will reappear with unsupported TV. Coronary angiography eliminates an ischemic cause with non-significant atheroma of the bisector. Echocardiography demonstrates a particular aspect of hypertrophy of the left ventricular apex with normal contractile function. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging shows myocardial fibrosis in this area of hypertrophy and the cardiac computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction allows to visualize partial apical inferior disinsertion with an interventricular septum with a thin wall on the right ventricular slope calcified in places with an inlet opening closing in systole. The mechanism of TV in our patient is related to myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodeling secondary to myocardial contusion 23 years ago. In this context, an implantable automatic defibrillator has been set up with half-yearly monitoring.
This document provides an overview of acute rheumatic fever, including its etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathologic lesions, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It is authored by Dr. Said Alavi, a pediatrician and neonatologist from the United Arab Emirates. The document contains detailed sections on the disease along with diagrams and histology images to support the information provided.
1) Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries, becoming more prevalent as populations age.
2) Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis is fatal if left untreated, but typical lifespan can be restored with timely mechanical relief of the stenosis.
3) Management of mild disease, severe asymptomatic disease, and advanced disease, as well as new percutaneous treatments, provide both challenges and promise in the care of patients with aortic stenosis.
Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects large arteries like the aorta and its branches. Accurate early diagnosis is important to improve outcomes for patients. Imaging like CT angiography and MR angiography are essential non-invasive tools to detect luminal narrowing, wall thickening, and other vascular abnormalities associated with Takayasu arteritis. Differential diagnosis includes other diseases like atherosclerosis and giant cell arteritis that can present similarly on imaging. Characteristic findings on CT and MR imaging can help establish the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis.
A Rare Case of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated with Congenital Mitral ...asclepiuspdfs
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is mostly associated with mitral insufficiency rather than mitral stenosis. This association is very rare and no cases have been reported in Africa. Our case was about 22-month-old female child that was referred with a 1-year history of tachypnea and III to IV class of dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography showed serious mitral stenosis and a mean gradient of 27 mmHg. The interventricular septum was hypertrophic with a width of 8.5 mm with small aortic annulus, leading subaortic stenosis with a mean gradient of 73 mmHg. There was also a severe pulmonary hypertension at 79 mmHg. It was expected to doing a standard septal myectomy and mitral valve replacement.
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels. This document discusses vasculitis syndromes including definitions, classifications, clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Vasculitides are classified based on the size of vessels predominantly involved as large, medium, or small vessel. Common small vessel vasculitis includes Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Treatment involves immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide, steroids, methotrexate, and biologics depending on severity and type of vasculitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent organ damage from ischemia.
takayasu arteritis is inflammatory disorder of medium sized arteries of unknown etiology, prevent in young female. lead to life threatening complication and long lasting morbidity. early diagnosis and treatment prevent complication and improve quality of life
This document provides an overview of congenital obstructive lesions that may be seen in adults, including:
1) Congenital obstructive lesions increase ventricular afterload and can cause ventricular hypertrophy, reduced compliance, and higher filling pressures. Symptoms are generally related to the severity of obstruction.
2) Common obstructive lesions include subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis. Severe obstructions can cause right ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
3) Indications for intervention include symptoms, elevated right ventricular pressures, and reduced systolic function. Balloon valvuloplasty is now preferred over surgery for valvar pulmonary stenosis. Surgical options
Surgical management of valvular heart diseaseSaurabh Potdar
This document discusses the surgical management of valvular heart disease. It covers general considerations for valve disease etiology and diagnosis. It describes the different types of prosthetic valves including mechanical and bioprosthetic options. It provides details on the surgical treatment of specific valve diseases like aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and choices for valve replacement or repair. Surgical intervention is usually recommended for severe symptomatic valve disease and aims to improve hemodynamics and clinical outcomes, though risks vary based on patient factors.
This document summarizes the pathophysiology of complex congenital heart disease that is often seen in adult patients. It describes two groups of adults with complex CHD - those who have not previously had an intervention, and those who have. For those without prior intervention, it discusses Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve and L-transposition of the great arteries. For those with prior intervention, it discusses unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot. It provides details on the natural history, presentations, evaluations, and indications for intervention in these complex congenital heart conditions.
The document discusses current management and future challenges in treating mitral valve disease, specifically focusing on primary mitral regurgitation, secondary mitral regurgitation, and mitral stenosis due to annular calcification.
For primary mitral regurgitation, surgical repair is the standard of care for symptomatic patients or those with left ventricular dysfunction. New transcatheter mitral valve repair options like the MitraClip are also producing good outcomes in high-risk surgical patients. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate transcatheter options versus surgery for intermediate risk patients.
The management of secondary mitral regurgitation, caused by left ventricular issues, is less clear. Outcomes from ongoing clinical trials of new treatments will help
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of valvular heart disease. It covers stages of progression for various valve diseases like aortic stenosis and regurgitation. It provides guidelines on diagnostic testing and timing of interventions. It discusses surgical risk calculators like STS PROM and factors affecting surgical risk like frailty. It also summarizes various clinical trials on medications for aortic stenosis which did not show benefit. The document provides guidelines on choice of surgical versus transcatheter interventions. It includes some case scenarios on management decisions for patients with valve diseases.
Natural history and treatment of aortic stenosisKunal Mahajan
This document discusses the natural history and treatment of aortic stenosis. It defines the severity classifications based on aortic jet velocity, mean gradient, and valve area. Symptoms rarely occur with severe aortic stenosis if left ventricular function is normal. The document reviews progression rates in asymptomatic patients and risk factors for more rapid progression. Exercise testing may help identify higher risk asymptomatic patients but is not routinely recommended. Biomarkers like BNP levels can also predict outcomes. The prognosis is poor once patients become symptomatic, so surgical intervention is recommended for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis.
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) involve the thoracic and abdominal aorta. They account for 10% of aortic aneurysms and are challenging for anesthesiologists due to risks of paraplegia, renal failure, and other complications during surgery. Pre-operative evaluation of cardiac, pulmonary, and renal function is important for risk assessment and stratification. Proper management and optimization of any co-morbidities is also key to achieving a good surgical outcome.
An Unusual Cause of Left Ventricular Volume Overload after Aortic Valve Repla...escardio
A 67-year-old female presented with syncope and was found to have left ventricular volume overload. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a patent ductus arteriosus causing a left-to-right shunt, elevating pulmonary pressures and resulting in functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. While the PDA may have been an incidental finding, it was thought to be the primary cause of left ventricular volume overload. The patient was referred for percutaneous closure of the PDA to treat her symptoms.
This document presents a rare case report of a 30-year-old woman diagnosed with Takayasu arteritis who presented with both aneurysmal dilation and stenosis of the right common carotid artery. Imaging revealed aneurysmal dilation of the right innominate and proximal right common carotid arteries as well as a 75% focal stenosis in the right common carotid artery distal to the dilation. Treatment with prednisone resulted in improvement of symptoms and normalization of inflammation markers. The concurrent presence of aneurysmal dilation and stenosis from Takayasu arteritis in the same vessel is an exceptionally rare finding.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary embolism (PE), including its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations and management. Some key points:
- PE is caused by dislodged blood clots (thrombi) from the deep veins of the legs or pelvis that travel to the lungs. Early deaths are usually due to right heart failure or shock. Later mortality is determined by recurrent clots or underlying disease.
- Risk factors for PE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer and genetic thrombophilias. Diagnosis involves clinical probability assessment, D-dimer testing, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) or ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning.
This document presents the case of a 52-year-old male who presented with sudden onset severe back pain. Examination and tests revealed type B aortic dissection with possible acute kidney injury and polycystic kidney disease. The patient was managed medically but required endovascular intervention which was delayed, and he collapsed on the fourth day after referral. A review of literature discusses aortic dissection including causes, classification, clinical manifestations, physical findings, and management considerations.
1) Asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis carries risks of sudden death and development of symptoms over time, though the rate of progression varies between patients. 2) Non-invasive imaging such as echocardiography, cardiac CT, MRI and stress testing can help identify patients at higher risk by evaluating factors like aortic valve calcium load, valvuloarterial impedance, longitudinal strain, and stress test response. 3) These tests may help guide management decisions about early surgical intervention versus conservative management for asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis patients.
Cardiac emergencies in the first year of lifesxbenavides
This document discusses cardiac emergencies that may present in infants in the first year of life. It describes the most common cyanotic congenital heart lesions which cause central cyanosis, including Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Tricuspid Atresia, Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, and Truncus Arteriosus. For each condition, it outlines the pathophysiology, typical presentation, physical exam findings, ECG and chest x-ray characteristics. It also discusses cyanosis, cyanotic heart disease, and the transition of cardiovascular physiology at birth.
This review article discusses aortic regurgitation (AR) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). It notes that AR is more common after TAVI than surgical aortic valve replacement, with mild AR observed in about 70% of TAVI patients. Even mild AR has been linked to decreased survival up to two years after the procedure. The review aims to provide an overview of the three types of AR that can occur after TAVI - transvalvular, paravalvular, and supraskirtal - focusing on their different pathophysiological mechanisms. Accurate evaluation and classification of AR is important for understanding its implications, but challenging due to limitations of echocardiography for assessing transcatheter
This document discusses anesthetic considerations for patients with advanced valvular heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery. It begins by noting the increasing prevalence of valvular heart disease in the aging population. It then focuses on aortic stenosis, describing its epidemiology, causes, symptoms, pathophysiology and how the disease progresses. The key anesthetic considerations for patients with aortic stenosis are maintaining sinus rhythm, a slow heart rate, adequate preload and afterload to minimize the risk of myocardial ischemia due to the pathophysiology of the disease. Careful preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are important to optimize outcomes.
This study summarizes outcomes for 81 patients who underwent surgical correction of complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) between 2000-2007. The in-hospital mortality rate was 3.7% and the reoperation rate was 8.9%. Younger age (<3 months) and lower weight (<4 kg) were associated with higher risk of earlier reoperation. At follow-up, 81.3% had no or mild left atrioventricular valve insufficiency and 92.1% had no or mild right atrioventricular valve insufficiency. Reoperations were typically required within the first year after surgery for residual valve issues. The study concludes that surgical correction of AVSD can achieve low mortality and
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html