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Identifying Constraints
MEC
2
Contents
• Introduction.
• Theory of Constaints.
• Features of Constraints.
• Constraints vs Objectives.
• Combined Objectives - Constraints Tree.
• Examples.
3
Constraint
4
Constraint
5
Theory of Constraints
• An overall management philosophy introduced
by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in his 1984 book titled
The Goal.
• Goldratt adapted the concept to project
management with his book Critical Chain,
published in 1997.
• “The rate of goal achievement by a goal oriented
system (i.e., the system's throughput) is limited
by at least one constraint.”
6
Theory of Constraints
• “If there was nothing preventing a system
from achieving higher throughput (i.e.,
more goal units in a unit of time), its
throughput would be infinite – which is
impossible in a real-life system”.
• Organizations can be measured and
controlled by variations on three measures
: throughput, operational expense, and
inventory.
7
Constraints and Goals
• Only by increasing flow through the constraint
can overall throughput be increased.
• Identify the system's constraint(s).
• Decide how to exploit the system's constraint(s).
• Subordinate everything else to exploitation
decision(s).
• Alleviate the system's constraint(s).
• If in the previous steps a constraint has been
broken, go back, but do not allow inertia to
cause a system's constraint.
8
Constraint Cycle
9
Misidentifying a Constraint
You thought the real
constraint is upstream!
10
Dealing with Constraints
- Adding Capacity Upstream
11
Misidentifying a Constraint
You thought the real
constraint is downstream!
12
Dealing with Constraints
- Adding Downstream Capacity
13
Focusing Steps
14
Design Constraints
• A limit or restriction on the design’s
behaviors or attributes.
• Identifying limits that cannot be exceeded
and boundaries that may not be crossed.
• Are there things or circumstances you
want us to avoid?
• Framed as a binary yes-or-no choice.
• Limit the size of a design space.
• Exclusion of unacceptable alternatives.
15
Safe Ladder Constraints
Constraints as a kind of “checklist”.
Keep our list of possible designs to a reasonable length.
May be expressed in terms of specific numerical values.
16
Juice Container Constraints
17
Constraints vs Objectives
Constraints Objectives
Limit the size of the
design space.
Permit to explore what
remains in that design
space
Enable us to reject
unacceptable
alternatives.
Enable us to select
among design
alternatives that are at
least acceptable
Designs that satisfy are
accepted.
Designs that satisfice
may not be optimal or
the best.
18
Constraints vs Objectives
• Design an affordable toy vehicle using
biodegradable material alone.
Objective : To design a toy vehicle, should
be affordable.
Constraint : Use of biodegradable material.
Cost can become a constraint (say below
Rs. 25/-).
• Objectives are desirable attributes.
• Constraints are required attributes.
19
Objectives Tree-
Juice Container
20
Combined Objectives and
Constraints Tree - Juice Container
Constraints in Italics
Boxes differently
shaped
21
Combined Objectives and
Constraints Tree
• Combined Tree communicates how
objectives and constraints interact.
• Constraints are related to but are different
from objectives.
• Constraints help us prune or narrow our
space of designs.
• Constraints help us do our screening and
evaluation of designs.
22
Constraints
• Design of a widely used product to be
done in a more constrained design space
than client- or user-specific devices.
• Constraints lists prepared by different
teams may differ rather markedly.
• Different teams may identify different
limiting values for the same constraint.
• Constraints may sound binary or fuzzier.
• There may be differences in granularity.
23
List of Constraints for an Arm
Support – Team A
MORE
GRANULAR
24
List of Constraints for an Arm
Support – Team B
Compact
25
Types of Constraints
Affected
Parameter?
26
Reference
• Clive L Dim, Patrick Little and Elizabeth J
Orwin, “Engineering Design, A Project
Based Introduction”, 4th Edition, Wiley,
U.S.A, 2014.
• https://medium.com/praxis-blog/theory-of-
constraints-106-the-five-focusing-steps-
741f1b770bf1
27
Thank You

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EST 200, Identifying Constraints

  • 2. 2 Contents • Introduction. • Theory of Constaints. • Features of Constraints. • Constraints vs Objectives. • Combined Objectives - Constraints Tree. • Examples.
  • 5. 5 Theory of Constraints • An overall management philosophy introduced by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in his 1984 book titled The Goal. • Goldratt adapted the concept to project management with his book Critical Chain, published in 1997. • “The rate of goal achievement by a goal oriented system (i.e., the system's throughput) is limited by at least one constraint.”
  • 6. 6 Theory of Constraints • “If there was nothing preventing a system from achieving higher throughput (i.e., more goal units in a unit of time), its throughput would be infinite – which is impossible in a real-life system”. • Organizations can be measured and controlled by variations on three measures : throughput, operational expense, and inventory.
  • 7. 7 Constraints and Goals • Only by increasing flow through the constraint can overall throughput be increased. • Identify the system's constraint(s). • Decide how to exploit the system's constraint(s). • Subordinate everything else to exploitation decision(s). • Alleviate the system's constraint(s). • If in the previous steps a constraint has been broken, go back, but do not allow inertia to cause a system's constraint.
  • 9. 9 Misidentifying a Constraint You thought the real constraint is upstream!
  • 10. 10 Dealing with Constraints - Adding Capacity Upstream
  • 11. 11 Misidentifying a Constraint You thought the real constraint is downstream!
  • 12. 12 Dealing with Constraints - Adding Downstream Capacity
  • 14. 14 Design Constraints • A limit or restriction on the design’s behaviors or attributes. • Identifying limits that cannot be exceeded and boundaries that may not be crossed. • Are there things or circumstances you want us to avoid? • Framed as a binary yes-or-no choice. • Limit the size of a design space. • Exclusion of unacceptable alternatives.
  • 15. 15 Safe Ladder Constraints Constraints as a kind of “checklist”. Keep our list of possible designs to a reasonable length. May be expressed in terms of specific numerical values.
  • 17. 17 Constraints vs Objectives Constraints Objectives Limit the size of the design space. Permit to explore what remains in that design space Enable us to reject unacceptable alternatives. Enable us to select among design alternatives that are at least acceptable Designs that satisfy are accepted. Designs that satisfice may not be optimal or the best.
  • 18. 18 Constraints vs Objectives • Design an affordable toy vehicle using biodegradable material alone. Objective : To design a toy vehicle, should be affordable. Constraint : Use of biodegradable material. Cost can become a constraint (say below Rs. 25/-). • Objectives are desirable attributes. • Constraints are required attributes.
  • 20. 20 Combined Objectives and Constraints Tree - Juice Container Constraints in Italics Boxes differently shaped
  • 21. 21 Combined Objectives and Constraints Tree • Combined Tree communicates how objectives and constraints interact. • Constraints are related to but are different from objectives. • Constraints help us prune or narrow our space of designs. • Constraints help us do our screening and evaluation of designs.
  • 22. 22 Constraints • Design of a widely used product to be done in a more constrained design space than client- or user-specific devices. • Constraints lists prepared by different teams may differ rather markedly. • Different teams may identify different limiting values for the same constraint. • Constraints may sound binary or fuzzier. • There may be differences in granularity.
  • 23. 23 List of Constraints for an Arm Support – Team A MORE GRANULAR
  • 24. 24 List of Constraints for an Arm Support – Team B Compact
  • 26. 26 Reference • Clive L Dim, Patrick Little and Elizabeth J Orwin, “Engineering Design, A Project Based Introduction”, 4th Edition, Wiley, U.S.A, 2014. • https://medium.com/praxis-blog/theory-of- constraints-106-the-five-focusing-steps- 741f1b770bf1