The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various people who helped with a seminar report on electrical engineering. It expresses gratitude to the head of the electrical engineering department for organizing the seminar presentation, as well as faculty members for their teaching and support. It also thanks family and friends for their support during the seminar presentation and preparation of the report.

1. (i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This vocation Seminar report bears the important by many people and becomes my
pleasant to express my heartiest gratitude toward then.
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense gratitude and sincere thanks to Mrs. Ekta
Sharma, Head of Department, Electrical Engineering Department for organizing my
Seminar Presentation.
I would you like to express my sincere gratitude to all the faculty member of Electrical
Engineering department for their kind teaching, cooperation, support and help me in any
way without that I was incapable to bring this report in this manner.
I would like to express heartiest gratitude my brother-in-low Mr. Jitendra Singh
Assistant Professor, SKIT Jaipur who encouraged me to prepare and submit this seminar
report and they give me their suggestion in making this report as flawless as possible and
how to make batter.
I really want to convey my sincere thanks to Mr. Debabrato Mukherjee Assistant
Professor, GCT Jaipur for their kind and support.
I am also thankful to my beloved family and friends for their support during seminar
presentation and to make seminar report work.
YUVRAJ SINGH
BRANCH : ELECTRICAL ENGG.
ENR NO : 14E1GCEEM30P038
B.TECH : 4th
YEAR, 8th
SEM.

2. (ii)
PREFACE
Seminar presentation in must for each and every student and especially for technical
students for their success in completion of technical education. Study remains incomplete
without having practical knowledge of what we have gone thought the theory. It is rather
important of every student to be presentation along with his the seminar topic. Today time
need more perspective and systematic alignment of a student along with his knowledge.
Without having any lagging effect a student should have admirable knowledge of his
presentation field. Enclosures regarding his field should be made with every receipt and
view point.
In the conclusion it is opinion that practical training is more important for each and every
technical student along with theoretical knowledge.

3. (iii)
ABSTRACT
The Seminar Presentation as per the curriculum of the Rajasthan technical university was
pursued at the GCT, Jaipur. The presentation made me aware of the systems put into use
for the production of electricity. The world’s fossil fuel resources are unable to sustain our
current energy requirements beyond the next few decades and so the need for inexpensive
alternatives is now urgent. Organic devices are well placed to meet the needs of both the
electronics and energy industries because their manufacture does not require expensive
processing steps and they can be adapted to a range of applications. The reasonable and
effective utilization of solar energy is an important path which can deal with the global
energy crisis at present. In order to reduce the cost of solar power, study on improving the
efficiency of solar power factor is very necessary. Based on the transverse comparison
research method, we have proposed several ways to improve the efficiency of solar power,
and conducted survey and analysis for these methods. Analysis showed that: to improve
the efficiency of solar power, we can study in the technical aspects of the conversion
efficiency of solar panels; in the solar energy application of automatic tracking system
device; In the solar power control adopts maximum power point tracking technology and
suitable for storage battery charging and discharging technology; additionally, the
application of complex mechanism of photosynthesis, and the “condenser”, which can
strengthen the solar energy, will be the future research direction to improve the efficiency
of solar power. Practice has proved that the use of these technologies can effectively
improve the efficiency of solar power generation.
As the local and national clamor for foreign energy independent United States continues to
grow unabated; renewable energy has been receiving increased focus and it’s widely
believed that it’s not only the answer to ever increasing demand for energy in this country,
but also the environmentally friendly means of meeting such demand. During the spring of
2010, the project involved designing and building solar panels and associated accessories
like the solar array mounts and Solar Inverter system. One of the key issues we ran into
during the initial stage of the project was how to select efficient solar cells for panel
building at a reasonable cost. While we were able to purchase good solar cells within our
allocated budget, the issue of design for efficiency was not fully understood , not just in
the contest of solar cells performance , but also in the overall system efficiency of the
whole solar power system.

4. (iv)
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
PREFACE ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 About The Solar Cell 1
1.2 Introduction of Energy 2
1.2.1 Non-Renewable Energy 2
1.2.2 Renewable Energy 3
1.3 Solar Energy 4
1.4 History and Development of Solar Cell Technology 5
CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR CELL 6
2.1 About Solar Cell 6
2.1.1 Theory 6
2.2 Solar Cell 7
2.3 Types of Solar Cell 8
2.4 Solar Cell Working 10
2.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Solar Cell 10
2.4.2 Characteristic Equation 11
2.5 Efficiency 12
CHAPTER 3: GENERATION OF SOLAR CELL 13
3.1 First Generation: Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Technology 13
3.2 Second Generation: Thin Film Solar Cell Technology 14
3.3 Third Generation: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Technology 15
3.3.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC, DSC Or DYSC) 15
3.3.2 Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs) 16
3.3.3 Organic Solar Cells And Polymer Solar Cells 16

5. (v)
3.4 Materials Used in Solar Cell 18
3.4.1 Crystalline Silicon 19
3.4.2 Thin films 20
3.4.3 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell 20
3.4.4 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide 20
3.4.5 Gallium Arsenide Multi junction 21
3.4.6 Light-Absorbing Dyes (DSSC) 21
3.4.7 Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs) 21
3.4.8 Organic/Polymer Solar Cells 22
3.4.9 Silicon Thin Films 22
3.5 Materials 23
3.6 Manufacturing Technology and process of Solar Cell 24
3.6.1 Purification of Silicon 24
3.6.2 Ingot and Wafer Preparation 25
3.6.3 Doping 26
3.6.4 Screen Printing 26
3.6.5 Stringing And Tabbing 27
3.6.6 Antireflective Coating 28
3.6.7 Module Manufacturing 28
CHAPTER 4: PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY 29
4.1 About Photovoltaic Technology 29
4.2 Photovoltaic Effect 31
4.3 Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaic 32
4.3.1 Impacts From First-Generation PV 32
4.3.2 Impacts From Second Generation 33
4.3.3 Impacts From Third Generation 34
4.4 The structure transition model 36
4.4.1 The P-N Junction Model 36
4.4.2 The Surface Photovoltage Model 36
4.5 Importance of Photovoltaic System 37

6. (vi)
CHAPTER 5: SOLAR TRACKER 39
5.1 About Solar Tracker 39
5.2 Basic Concept 40
5.3 Solar Energy Intercepted 40
5.3.1 Reflective Losses 41
5.3.2 Daily East-West Motion of The Sun 41
5.3.3 Seasonal North-South Motion of The Sun 42
5.4 Types of Solar Collector 44
5.4.1 Fixed Collector / Moving Mirror 44
5.4.2 Moving Collector 44
5.5 Trackers 46
5.5.1 Non Concentrating Photovoltaic (PV) Tracker 46
5.5.2 Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) Trackers 47
5.6 Single Axis Trackers 48
5.6.1 Horizontal 49
5.6.2 Vertical 50
5.6.3 Tilted 51
5.7 Dual Axis Trackers 51
5.8 Summary 54
CHAPTER 6: APPLICATION OF SOLAR CELL 55
6.1 The Need of Solar Cells 55
6.2 Application of Solar Cell 55
6.2.1 Rural Electrification 56
6.2.2 Water Pumping 56
6.2.3 Health Care 56
6.2.4 Lighting 56
6.2.5 Electric Power Generation In Space 57
6.2.6 Professional Applications 57
6.2.7 Grid-connected systems 57
CONCLUSION 59
REFERENCES 60

7. (vii)
List of figures
S. No. Figures No. Tital of Figure Page No.
1. 1.1 Solar Cell 1
2. 2.1 Working mechanism of solar cell 6
3. 2.2 Types of Solar cell 8
4. 2.3 Circuit diagram of Solar cell 10
5. 2.4 Symbol of Solar Cell 10
6. 3.1 Silicon Solar Cell Structure 13
7 3.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 16
8 3.3 Structure of OSC 17
9 3.4 Crystalline silicon 19
10 3.5 Global market-share in term of annual production 23
11 3.6 Purification of Silicon 24
12 3.7 System of Ingot and Wafer Preparation 25
13 3.8 View of Screen Printing of Solar Cell 26
14 3.9 View of Stringing and Tabbing 27
15 3.10 Antireflective Coating on Solar Cell 28
16 5.1 solar Tracker system 39
17 5.2 Variations of reflectance with angle of incidence 41
18 5.3 3MW CPV Plant using dual axis tracker 47
19 5.4 200 KW CPV Plant using dual axis tracker 47
20 5.5 4MW Horizontal Single axis tracker 49
21 5.6 Horizontal single Axis tracker with tilted modules 50
22 5.7 Tilted Single Axis Tracker 51
23 5.8 Dual Axis Tracker 52
24 5.9 Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker 53