A chapter on writing skills from the textbook, Communication Skills, developed by the Language Communication for Development Department at the Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi.
A chapter on writing skills from the textbook, Communication Skills, developed by the Language Communication for Development Department at the Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi.
A comprehensive guide to writing great research paperVasuki Soni
I would like to take this opportunity to share with you my documentation titled "Mastering the art of research paper writing".
Motive of this document is to provide necessary knowledge required for students, engineers, researchers and professionals, in order to document their ideas/ innovations and studies in a standard format.
This knowledge keeps many enthusiasts away from publishing their work and hence core ideas vanish within them.
Skill of technical writing should not be underrated as this is best form of expression of scientific ideas and proposals.
Though this is a very generic information, but i wanted to make an effort from my end to ensure people looking to improve their technical writing skills get benefited.
Request all of you interested in this topic, to provide feedback for this video series.
I am sure you would find the content of this document useful.
Here is the link for video series in Youtube:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgy41_MBghVNX01HYXaTg5kB3DP_kBYhK
This presentation is a Research Paper Guideline where you will find useful information as for writing your Research Paper and will probably bookmark this presentation for your future writings. Additional information you can find here https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/a-research-paper-guidelines
Sabbatical (Open Polytechnic) - Faculty as Scholars: Tips for Becoming Effect...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, April). Faculty as scholars: Tips for becoming effective researchers and writers. An invited presentation to the Open Polytechnic, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Are there any secrets which professional writers use for the essay? You can find the answer in this presentation as well as read an article https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/secrets-of-research-paper-writing
The presentation tell us how it is important to start writing a paper by asking yourself important questions. You need to be precise, brief and focused. So you need to pick something you love and can be original with. You start to begin research once the topic is selected. The library and online academic databases can be visited for a sound research.
http://www.domyessayuk.com/do-my-assignment-uk/
A comprehensive guide to writing great research paperVasuki Soni
I would like to take this opportunity to share with you my documentation titled "Mastering the art of research paper writing".
Motive of this document is to provide necessary knowledge required for students, engineers, researchers and professionals, in order to document their ideas/ innovations and studies in a standard format.
This knowledge keeps many enthusiasts away from publishing their work and hence core ideas vanish within them.
Skill of technical writing should not be underrated as this is best form of expression of scientific ideas and proposals.
Though this is a very generic information, but i wanted to make an effort from my end to ensure people looking to improve their technical writing skills get benefited.
Request all of you interested in this topic, to provide feedback for this video series.
I am sure you would find the content of this document useful.
Here is the link for video series in Youtube:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgy41_MBghVNX01HYXaTg5kB3DP_kBYhK
This presentation is a Research Paper Guideline where you will find useful information as for writing your Research Paper and will probably bookmark this presentation for your future writings. Additional information you can find here https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/a-research-paper-guidelines
Sabbatical (Open Polytechnic) - Faculty as Scholars: Tips for Becoming Effect...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, April). Faculty as scholars: Tips for becoming effective researchers and writers. An invited presentation to the Open Polytechnic, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Are there any secrets which professional writers use for the essay? You can find the answer in this presentation as well as read an article https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/secrets-of-research-paper-writing
The presentation tell us how it is important to start writing a paper by asking yourself important questions. You need to be precise, brief and focused. So you need to pick something you love and can be original with. You start to begin research once the topic is selected. The library and online academic databases can be visited for a sound research.
http://www.domyessayuk.com/do-my-assignment-uk/
A chapter on writing skills from the textbook, Communication Skills, developed by the Language Communication for Development Department at the Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi.
the main discussion will be Schwarzenegger and fitness,talk about ho.docxSUBHI7
the main discussion will be Schwarzenegger and fitness,talk about how does he affect the fitness area. Why is he so famous, add some person views and create you own title. Mainly discuss about fitness
topic
the main discussion will be Schwarzenegger and fitness,talk about how does he affect the fitness area. Why is he so famous, add some person views and create you own title. Mainly discuss about fitness
Formal Essay #3: Reporting Information/The Expository Essay
Expository writing is a staple of academic writing. Throughout your academic and professional career, you will be called on to write hundreds of expository articles, reports and essays. A thorough knowledge of this writing form will hold you in good stead all through your career.
What is Expository Writing?
‘Expository’ is a synonym of ‘explanatory’. An expository essay is a piece of writing that explains or informs. It should be based on fact and free of the writer’s prejudices. Opinion is often expressed, but only if it is backed by fact. For example, if someone asked you to write an essay on the causes of World War II, you would write about Germany’s losses in World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, the fall of the Weimar Republic, and the rise of Hitler led Nazism. In other words, everything would be based on verifiable fact.
The expository writing process centers on four activities:
Generate a rough idea or hypothesis.
Find evidence to back up this idea.
Expound on the idea.
Present an argument to back up the idea.
Thus, if you were to say that the Treaty of Versailles was the chief cause of World War II, you would first talk about the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, the financial condition of Germany after WWI, the ineffectiveness of the Weimar Republic, and how they all led to the rise of Nazism.
Structurally, a piece of expository writing has the following components:
An
introduction
that introduces the central idea you will discuss in the essay.
The
main body
that presents evidence to back up the idea. This is the meat of the essay.
A
conclusion
that presents your idea again in the light of the evidence.
Thus, the central thrust of expository writing should be to build towards proving an argument, fact by fact, piece of evidence by piece of evidence. You will use expository writing a lot throughout your academic life. Most essays that you write in college will be expository in nature. Most writing that you will do in your professional life will involve a lot of expository content as well. In other words, sharpening up this skill will serve you well throughout your life.
Required Essay Format:
All response papers must be typed, double-spaced, and stapled. Font size should be 12 point Times New Roman font.
***AT MINIMUM, YOUR WORKS CITED PAGE WILL CONTAIN 3-4 SOURCES!!!!
Essays should demonstrate the following kinds of understanding. Essays should meet assignment requirements of page length and number of sources, quotes, and summaries/paraphrases. The w.
How to Write A Research Paper? - Useful Tips For Successful Academic WritingResearchLeap
Academic writing is a style of writing that makes your work easier to read and understand. No matter how well versed you are with grammar, punctuation and other areas that come into play for writing papers, making a mistake with the content hurts your overall academic writing.
The purpose of academic writing is to make your work clear and understandable to whoever is reading and/or evaluating it. Another important part of academic writing is ensuring that your work is fully and correctly referenced. The tips in Research Leap Manual on Academic Writing contain practical methods of creating an academic paper which your readers will easily follow. With this guide, you will learn how to:
Choose a topic
Think (brainstorm)
Build an organized text
Write good introduction, thesis, body and conclusion parts
Format your writing
Reference your work
Get expert academic writing tips straight to your inbox, and become a better academic writer. Download our PDF manual right now from the attachment.
Your comment and feedback are highly appreciated. To receive other tips and manuals, and to expand your research network and access research opportunities, join us on Linked In or FB.
How to Write A Research Paper? - Useful Tips For Successful Academic WritingAlina Stepanova
Academic writing is a style of writing that makes your work easier to read and understand. No matter how well versed you are with grammar, punctuation and other areas that come into play for writing papers, making a mistake with the content hurts your overall academic writing.
The purpose of academic writing is to make your work clear and understandable to whoever is reading and/or evaluating it. Another important part of academic writing is ensuring that your work is fully and correctly referenced. The tips in Research Leap Manual on Academic Writing contain practical methods of creating an academic paper which your readers will easily follow. With this guide, you will learn how to:
Choose a topic
Think (brainstorm)
Build an organized text
Write good introduction, thesis, body and conclusion parts
Format your writing
Reference your work
Get expert academic writing tips straight to your inbox, and become a better academic writer. Download our PDF manual right now from the attachment.
Your comment and feedback are highly appreciated. To receive other tips and manuals, and to expand your research network and access research opportunities, join us on Linked In or FB.
due in 4 hours 5 pages. I will have plag, and people to check if i.docxshandicollingwood
due in 4 hours 5 pages. I will have plag, and people to check if its meeting requirement. please inbox me for detail
topic
the main discussion will be Schwarzenegger and fitness,talk about how does he affect the fitness area. Why is he so famous, add some person views and create you own title. Mainly discuss about fitness
Formal Essay #3: Reporting Information/The Expository Essay
Expository writing is a staple of academic writing. Throughout your academic and professional career, you will be called on to write hundreds of expository articles, reports and essays. A thorough knowledge of this writing form will hold you in good stead all through your career.
What is Expository Writing?
‘Expository’ is a synonym of ‘explanatory’. An expository essay is a piece of writing that explains or informs. It should be based on fact and free of the writer’s prejudices. Opinion is often expressed, but only if it is backed by fact. For example, if someone asked you to write an essay on the causes of World War II, you would write about Germany’s losses in World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, the fall of the Weimar Republic, and the rise of Hitler led Nazism. In other words, everything would be based on verifiable fact.
The expository writing process centers on four activities:
Generate a rough idea or hypothesis.
Find evidence to back up this idea.
Expound on the idea.
Present an argument to back up the idea.
Thus, if you were to say that the Treaty of Versailles was the chief cause of World War II, you would first talk about the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, the financial condition of Germany after WWI, the ineffectiveness of the Weimar Republic, and how they all led to the rise of Nazism.
Structurally, a piece of expository writing has the following components:
An
introduction
that introduces the central idea you will discuss in the essay.
The
main body
that presents evidence to back up the idea. This is the meat of the essay.
A
conclusion
that presents your idea again in the light of the evidence.
Thus, the central thrust of expository writing should be to build towards proving an argument, fact by fact, piece of evidence by piece of evidence. You will use expository writing a lot throughout your academic life. Most essays that you write in college will be expository in nature. Most writing that you will do in your professional life will involve a lot of expository content as well. In other words, sharpening up this skill will serve you well throughout your life.
Required Essay Format:
All response papers must be typed, double-spaced, and stapled. Font size should be 12 point Times New Roman font.
***AT MINIMUM, YOUR WORKS CITED PAGE WILL CONTAIN 3-4 SOURCES!!!!
Essays should demonstrate the following kinds of understanding. Essays should meet assignment requirements of page length and number of sources, quotes, and summaries/paraphrases. The writing should be interesting and engaging because of its informative or creative approac.
1 How to Write a Analytical Essay Writing an analyti.docxhoney725342
1
How to Write a Analytical Essay
Writing an analytical essay can seem daunting, especially if you've never done it before. Don't
worry! Take a deep breath, buy yourself a caffeinated beverage, and follow these steps to create
a well-crafted analytical essay.
What do you want to analyze?
Your analysis must have the following four sections:
Introduction
Summary
Analysis
Conclusion (optional)
Part 1: Prewriting your essay
1. Understand the objective of an analytical essay. An analytical essay means you will
need to present some type of argument, or claim, about what you are analyzing. Most
often you will have to analyze another piece of writing or a film, but you could also be
asked to analyze an issue, or an idea. To do this, you must break the topic down into parts
and provide evidence, either from the text/film or from your own research, that supports
your claim.
For example, "Stanley Kubrick's The Shining uses a repeating motif of Native American
culture and art to comment on America's history of colonizing Native Americans' lands" is an
analytical thesis. It is analyzing a particular text and setting forth an argument about it in the
form of a thesis statement.
2. Decide what to write about. If you are writing this for a class, your teacher will
generally assign you a topic (or topics) to write about. Read the prompt carefully. What is
the prompt asking you to do? However, sometimes you will have to come up with your
own topic.
If you're writing an analytical essay about a work of fiction, you could focus your
argument on what motivates a specific character or group of characters. Or, you could
argue why a certain line or paragraph is central to the work as a whole. For example:
Explore the concept of vengeance in the epic poem Beowulf.
If you're writing about a historical event, try focusing on the forces that contributed to
what happened.
If you're writing about scientific research or findings, analyze your results.
2
3. Brainstorm. You may not immediately know what your thesis statement should be, even
once you've chosen your topic. That's okay! Doing some brainstorming can help you
discover what you think about your topic. Consider it from as many angles as you can.
[2]
Look for repeated imagery, metaphors, phrases, or ideas. Things that repeat are often
important. See if you can decipher why these things are so crucial. Do they repeat in the
same way each time, or differently?
How does the text work? If you're writing a rhetorical analysis, for example, you might
analyze how the author uses logical appeals to support her argument and decide whether
you think the argument is effective. If you're analyzing a creative work, consider things
like imagery, visuals in a film, etc. If you're analyzing research, you may want to
consider the methods and results and analyze whether the experiment is a good design.
A mind map can be hel ...
Writing a Persuasive Paragraph or Essay Choose a deba.docxbillylewis37150
Writing a Persuasive Paragraph or Essay
Choose a debatable topic
A debatable topic has two valid arguments. Your topic should be one about which you know something. The more
evidence you can provide, the more likely you are to sway your audience. You must plan on doing research and your
essay must be documented properly.
Formulate an argumentative thesis
Some topics have been discussed so often they are tired, uninteresting and not worthy of discussion. Choose a
current topic. Because the purpose of a persuasive essay is to convince readers to accept your position, your thesis
must take a stand. One way to make sure that your thesis actually does take a stand is to formulate an antithesis, a
statement that takes an arguable position opposite from yours.
Define your terms
You must make clear the terms you use in your argument. Be careful to use precise language in your thesis, avoiding
vague words such as wrong, bad, right and immoral, which convey different meaning to different people.
Accommodate your audience
Who are your readers? Are they unbiased observers or people deeply concerned about the issue you are discussing?
Are they skeptical, hostile, emotional or unconcerned? How will you convince each type?
Consider opposing arguments
You must know how to refute opposing arguments. Do this by showing that opposing views are untrue, unfair,
illogical, unimportant or irrelevant. Discuss the limitations of the opposing view. When you acknowledge an
opposing view, do not distort it or present it as ridiculously weak. This tactic, called creating a straw man, could
seriously undermine your credibility.
Gather evidence
Build your argument on assertions, claims you make about a debatable topic backed by evidence which is
supporting information in the form of examples, statistics or expert opinion. Document your evidence carefully.
Establish your credibility
Establish your credibility by finding common ground, demonstrating knowledge, and maintaining a reasonable tone.
Demonstrate knowledge about your subject by personal experiences and research. Make certain that you document
source material very carefully. For your instructor, an undocumented quotation or even an incorrect date can call an
entire paper into question. Use reasonable language, not emotionally charged language that will turn away the
reader.
Present your points fairly
Avoid distorting evidence and quoting out of context. In other words, be honest.
Don’t Apologize
Never suggest that you don't know what you're talking about or that you're not enough of an expert in this subject
that your opinion would matter. Avoid phrases like, "In my humble opinion....I'm not sure, but....." Make a BOLD
statement and proceed with confidence!
Don’t Refer to Yourself
Do not announce what you are about to do in the essay. "In this paper, I will.......... The purpose of this essay is
to......." JUST DO IT! Do not.
Adapted from the University of Chicago Writing Program2 Pr.docxgalerussel59292
Adapted from: the University of Chicago Writing Program
2: Preparing to write and drafting the paper
Preparing to prove your point: the process of gathering evidence
Once you understand the assignment, your next task is to find data relevant to meeting it. The word "data" makes some humanists flinch a bit, but we need a word that distinguishes all the facts, quotations, references, numbers, events that might be relevant to your assignment from those fact, quotations, references, etc. that might support your specific claim or point. All the information related to your assignment is data; data becomes evidence when you use it to convince readers to agree with your point.
There isn’t space here to discuss the process of reading critically and selecting data,
thinking about what you have gathered, analyzing it, and discovering the point or claim that you want to make and support. Every assignment will ask you to look at your readings in a different way, and every text you read will raise its own problems of interpretation and analysis. In fact, that is what most of your classes are about: selecting and analyzing data, and arriving at a plausible conclusion about them.
The best generic advice we can give is this:
· Go through your readings once and mark with a highlighter everything you think plausibly relevant to answering the assignment.
· So that you can get a sense of it all, go through a second time, skimming what you have highlighted.
· Go through a third time, marking passages that seem most central to your assignment. Try to assign to each passage a key word that will help you sort them later.
· Now try to categorize those passages according to how they might support different points. Which ones support one point, which ones support another point. (Spend the time it takes to find data that might support different, even opposing, points. You need such data so that you can critically balance one point against another.)
· On a piece of paper, jot down what you think are the central concepts that emerge from this analysis.
· To these central concepts attach subsidiary concepts. Use some sort of symbol to represent the kinds of relationships that the subsidiary concepts have to the central concepts and to one another: cause and effect, similarity, contrast, more important-less important, earlier-later in time, and so on. Spend time playing with these relationships. Make lists of the central concepts, order and re-order them, find categories and subcategories.
· Then create a working outline around topics suggested by your categories of evidence.
At this point, you may have a fairly clear idea about the point you want to make; more often, you won't. Either way, if you have even a dim idea about the shape of your general point, prepare to start your first draft.
Planning your first draft: styles of outlining
You may have been told in high school that you needed a detailed outline before you began to draft a paper. For some writers, .
Adapted from the University of Chicago Writing Program2 Pr.docxbobbywlane695641
Adapted from: the University of Chicago Writing Program
2: Preparing to write and drafting the paper
Preparing to prove your point: the process of gathering evidence
Once you understand the assignment, your next task is to find data relevant to meeting it. The word "data" makes some humanists flinch a bit, but we need a word that distinguishes all the facts, quotations, references, numbers, events that might be relevant to your assignment from those fact, quotations, references, etc. that might support your specific claim or point. All the information related to your assignment is data; data becomes evidence when you use it to convince readers to agree with your point.
There isn’t space here to discuss the process of reading critically and selecting data,
thinking about what you have gathered, analyzing it, and discovering the point or claim that you want to make and support. Every assignment will ask you to look at your readings in a different way, and every text you read will raise its own problems of interpretation and analysis. In fact, that is what most of your classes are about: selecting and analyzing data, and arriving at a plausible conclusion about them.
The best generic advice we can give is this:
· Go through your readings once and mark with a highlighter everything you think plausibly relevant to answering the assignment.
· So that you can get a sense of it all, go through a second time, skimming what you have highlighted.
· Go through a third time, marking passages that seem most central to your assignment. Try to assign to each passage a key word that will help you sort them later.
· Now try to categorize those passages according to how they might support different points. Which ones support one point, which ones support another point. (Spend the time it takes to find data that might support different, even opposing, points. You need such data so that you can critically balance one point against another.)
· On a piece of paper, jot down what you think are the central concepts that emerge from this analysis.
· To these central concepts attach subsidiary concepts. Use some sort of symbol to represent the kinds of relationships that the subsidiary concepts have to the central concepts and to one another: cause and effect, similarity, contrast, more important-less important, earlier-later in time, and so on. Spend time playing with these relationships. Make lists of the central concepts, order and re-order them, find categories and subcategories.
· Then create a working outline around topics suggested by your categories of evidence.
At this point, you may have a fairly clear idea about the point you want to make; more often, you won't. Either way, if you have even a dim idea about the shape of your general point, prepare to start your first draft.
Planning your first draft: styles of outlining
You may have been told in high school that you needed a detailed outline before you began to draft a paper. For some writers, .
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Essaywriting
1. Institute of Communications Studies - Study Skills
ESSAY-WRITING
THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE
In a subject like Communications Studies, much of your university work will be assessed by
essay – whether that’s an essay you prepare in your own time over a period of days or weeks,
or one you concoct in an examination hall in the space of an hour. It therefore follows that if
you learn how to prepare, organise and present essays, you will do much better in your degree
overall. So this document might also be called:
HOW TO GET BETTER MARKS WITHOUT (NECESSARILY) DOING MORE WORK
We’ll assume that you’ve read widely about the particular subject of your essay, and have a
good understanding of the broader area within which that topic is located. Broad and deep
research is the essential basis of an essay. You will have lots of notes on the subject – see the
ICS Study Skills Guide to Note-Making for tips on how to do this.
So now it’s time to write the essay. You sit down in front of the keyboard and start typing: you
put the title, you try to group some similar bits of information or argument together, and then
you put a conclusion on the end saying that there are many interesting points of view on this
subject, right?
No, of course you don’t. You’ve got to start off with an essay plan. By designing this you’ll
come up with the structure. A well thought-out structure is at the heart of every good essay.
What is a good structure?
It isn’t enough to make sure that you have an
introduction at the start, a conclusion at the end, and
the other stuff in between. So what do you need?
1. You do need a solid introduction. It will probably
contain something about how you have interpreted the
question, and it is often a good idea to state a thesis
(an argument) which you are going to illustrate or
explore in the body of the essay – although you may
prefer to save the ‘findings’ of your exploration to the
end, in which case you have to introduce the question
carefully at the start.
2. And you need a tight, powerful conclusion which is
the logical consequence of everything that has gone before.
The good essay has developed a number of related
strands which the conclusion ties together. It may also
contain an extra, surprising thing which you saved to
throw in at the end with a flourish.
3. So what happens in between? Well…
Six really awful ways to begin the
essay ‘Why have baked beans
become so popular in twentieth
century Britain?’:
“The question of why baked beans
have become so popular in twentieth
century Britain is an interesting…”
“The Oxford English Dictionary
defines ‘baked beans’ as…”
“In this essay I will explore the
question of why baked beans have
become so popular in twentieth…”
“The Penguin English Dictionary
defines ‘popular’ as…”
“The twentieth century has been going
for quite a while now and…”
“The Collins English Dictionary
defines ‘twentieth century’ as…”
! Why are these awful? Because
they are so predictable, uninspiring
and limp. What should you do
instead? Something else.
2. You need to organise your material so that it flows from one area, sub-section or argument to
the next in a logical order. Each part should build upon, or at least reasonably follow on from,
the previous parts, and the whole thing should be
pulling the reader, clearly and inescapably, to your
Two dull kinds of essay structure:
triumphant conclusion.
The box on the right shows unimaginative kinds of
essay structure, which are likely to get low marks.
But what can you do instead?
One good approach is to look through your notes
and identify a handful of themes within the
discussion, and to structure your essay around
consideration of those. You should order the
analysis of each theme so that the essay builds up
towards the conclusion.
The one that’s not well enough organised:
1.
2.
3.
Definition of the thing
Some stuff about the thing
Summary
The one that’s too formulaic:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction, saying that we will
discuss the thing
Three arguments in favour of the
thing
Three arguments against the thing
Summary of the above
DON’T KNOW HOW TO START?
If you’ve got some notes but you don’t know how to start the next stage, get a nice big clean
sheet of paper and write down phrases which summarise all of your thoughts about the
subject, the different questions and ideas you’ve had in your mind, and the areas and problems
that have been covered in your reading. Then look for similarities, and related concerns, and
group them together in whatever way makes sense to you. After that, see if you can number
these areas into an order – the order in which you will weave your way through the material.
And voila! You’ve accidentally created an essay structure. Now just check it, tweak it a bit to
make it more coherent, and you’re ready to go.
More analysis = more marks
You will often need to describe something before you give an analysis of it. But the more
analysis the better. Only include as much description as is needed for the analysis to make
sense. The analysis is what you will get the marks for. Of course, a muddled, illogical and
unsubstantiated analysis can still leave you with no marks. We’ll be looking for a clear,
coherent and consistent analysis, supported by evidence.
Don’t just repeat what some books (or your lecture notes) say – we want your analysis.
However, you should also show your awareness of other people’s analyses!
Don’t wander off the subject
Answer the question, and only the question. And keep checking that you are remaining on
track throughout the essay. If there’s something interesting that you want to include, but
which is of dubious relevance to the main argument or theme of the essay, put it in a footnote.
Don’t rush
You might remember that you ‘did all right’ last time you stayed up all night on
pharmaceuticals, the day before the deadline, to research and write an essay. But this most
likely means that you would have done much better if you had started reading and researching,
and then writing, days or weeks before that. It is always obvious to your tutors when an essay
is rushed.
Don’t cheat
Plagiarism – using other people’s words and ideas without acknowledging where you got them
from – is regarded as an enormous sin, the penalties for which are actually worse than just
getting zero for the essay. Just say no. Or more specifically, make sure that you have got
perfect references: see pages 4 – 5.
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3. Style as well as substance
Whilst it would seem ‘nice’ if the ideas of a genius would be appreciated even when written in
horrible prose, you should not bank on this. The good student not only has good ideas to write
about, but can write about them well. And it seems particularly wasteful to be losing marks
just because you didn’t spend a little bit of time learning a few style tips.
WAFFLE AND PADDING: NOT THE KEYS TO SUCCESS
Don’t use superfluous words, phrases or sentences. If a sentence means the same thing with a
word taken out, take it out. The same applies to whole phrases and sentences within the wider
context of a paragraph. Using words and phrases which don’t add anything to what you’re
saying will mean that your examiners will conclude that (a) you don’t have enough to say to
meet the required essay length, and that (b) you are trying to hide this by means of a slow,
repetitive and boring writing style. Which is not clever.
For example — don’t write:
When you could write:
Greg Dyke transformed the BBC, changing it so
that it was altogether different from what it had
been like before.
Greg Dyke transformed the BBC.
Some people feel that he is a megalomaniac
who wants to take over the world, whilst at the
same time other people feel that he is a
fundamentally weak man who lacks strength.
Some people feel he is a megalomaniac; others
contend that he is fundamentally weak.
Nevertheless, we can certainly see that he
clearly wields a considerable and substantial
degree of direct power, influence and the ability
to change things around within the
organisation.
Nevertheless, he clearly has a considerable
degree of direct power within the organisation.
The left hand column contains 250 per cent more words than the right-hand column, but it
contains zero per cent more information. Your examiners spot this kind of thing.
Furthermore, by not inflating her essay with space-filling nonsense, the pithy writer of the
right-hand column has got room to show her understanding of the subject by expanding on all
of these points: what did Dyke do? Why might he be seen as power-crazed, or weak? How has
he demonstrated his personal power? In other words, she has got room for lots of analysis,
which, as we established above, is good news.
CAN I SAY “I FEEL THIS ARGUMENT IS WRONG BECAUSE...”?
There are different preferences about whether you should say “I” in an essay or not.
Sometimes it can look really good if you confidently say “Rather, I would argue that...”. But
saying “I feel this argument is wrong because...” can look a bit ponderous, and some tutors
don’t like it. A solution to this is to be even more assertive and say “However, this argument is
weak, since...”. It will still be clear to your examiners that you are making your own argument
– and we definitely do like you to make your own argument. Whatever you are saying, make
sure you back it up with argument and evidence.
SURELY THIS STUFF ABOUT ‘STYLE’ IS JUST SUPERFICIAL AND ISN’T VERY IMPORTANT?
Wrong. If your essay is badly-written, you will be losing marks. And, in the outside world,
you would be losing readers (whether you are writing books and screenplays, or company
reports and letters... or even job applications!). It is very important to write in a crisp, clear
style, with good sentence construction and proper punctuation. Needless to say, spelling
mistakes also fail to impress.
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4. TWO MORE EXAMPLES OF BAD WRITING
Bad thing:
What’s wrong with it?:
The film was
criticised for it’s
drug-taking,
violence, etc.
! You only put an apostrophe in “it’s” where you are using it as an abbreviation of
“it is” (e.g. “it’s a great film”).
! The writer should really have put “…criticised for its depictions of drugtaking…” – otherwise the reader might wrongly infer that the production of the film
involved actual drug-taking and violence, for example.
! The use of ‘etc.’ shows that the writer wanted to suggest that the film had been
criticised for other things, but hadn’t got a clue what these were. It’s better to
simply say: “The film was criticised for its depictions of drug-taking and violence”.
The theory was
very popular,
Foucault was
said to be ‘more
popular than the
Beatles’.
! Two units of meaning – parts that could stand alone as sentences, such as “The
theory was very popular” – cannot just be strung together with a comma in the
middle. In this case, the comma could be replaced with a full stop, or a semi-colon
(which represents a more emphatic pause than a comma, and suggests a connection
between the material before and after it). Or add a connecting word: “The theory
was very popular, and Foucault was said to be ‘more popular than the Beatles’”.
! You want a reference for that quote, of course, too.
References
As you may know, there are a range of different ways of writing references. Some of them
involve using footnotes, or having separate lists called ‘References’ and ‘Bibliography’, and
generally give you a headache. We therefore recommend the ‘Harvard’ system of referencing,
which is straightforward, and widely-used by publishers and academics.
THE HARVARD REFERENCE SYSTEM
It’s quite simple. When you quote or paraphrase something, you cite the author’s last name,
the year of publication, and the page reference, in brackets. For example:
The popularity of baked beans soared when Elvis Presley was seen to eat six whole tins on Entertainment
Tonight in 1959 (Heinz, 2000: 34).
At the end of the essay you then include a ‘References’ section which must include every item
you’ve referred to in the essay. If there are two or more works by an author published in the
same year, distinguish them as 2000a, 2000b, and so on. References are written in the
following style:
Type of reference:
Example of reference:
Book
Heinz, Edward (2000) A History of Baked Beans, London: Arnold.
Article in book
Johnson, Sarah (1998a) ‘The Cornflake in History’ in Norman Jennings (ed.)
Food for Thought, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Article in journal
Johnson, Sarah (1998b) ‘Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and
postmodernism’, Cultural Studies 11, 1: 32–44.
Explanation: This means that an article by Sarah Johnson called ‘Deconstructing the premillennial diet: Special K and postmodernism’ was published in the journal Cultural Studies,
volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998.
The piece is listed here as ‘(1998b)’ since it’s the second of two articles by Sarah Johnson,
which we are referring to, published in 1998.
Article in
newspaper
Ratner, Clifford (2000) ‘Magazine sparks love feud’, The Independent,
10 October 2000, Thursday Review section: 14.
Article from the
internet
Wherever possible, identify the author, so you can have a reference like this:
Holmes, Amy (2000), ‘Greenpeace wins media war’, at http://www.independent.
co.uk/international/green25.htm (accessed: 25 November 2000).
Always state the date you visited the site. If you can’t state the author, have a reference like this:
BBC Online (2000) ‘Radical autumn shake-up’, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
10276.htm (accessed: 8 December 2000).
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5. And that’s it. The Harvard system is easy to use, relatively simple to produce, and the reader
doesn’t need to keep stopping to look up references in footnotes. Instead, as you write your
essay you can use footnotes for extra bits of information which are surplus to requirements in
the main body of the essay, such as extra details about the subject, or interesting quotes.
However, remember that when writing footnotes, just as when you are writing the main body
of the essay, you should draw out the relevance of the material you are using. Use them to
enhance the impact of your argument.
The complete short tips collection...
The tips below (like all of this guide) are based on an informal survey of ICS teaching staff
which established what they do and don’t like in essays. Each point has been kept brief, so that
you can write each tip on a piece of coloured card and turn them into a lovely mobile to hang
above your bed.
Answer the
question.
A clear, logical
structure is
essential.
Give your own
analysis, not
mere description.
We want to see
a fresh, original
approach.
Clear,
consistent
references are
essential.
Base your essay
on extensive
relevant reading
and research.
Indecisive ‘it’s a
bit of both’
essays are
disappointing.
Argue your
case, with your
own point of
view.
Use commas
properly. Learn
how to deploy
semi-colons.
We want to see
evidence of
independent
thought.
Try to avoid
formulas, clichés,
and the obvious
approaches.
Have a clear,
relevant
introduction and
conclusion.
It’s important to
know the
difference
between “it’s”
and its alter
ego, “its”.
Don’t allude to
anything you’ve
read without
giving a
reference for it.
Avoid a purely
‘journalistic’
style, in
academic essays.
Don’t waffle.
It’s not cunning,
it just suggests
you’ve got little
to say.
Construct your
sentences
carefully.
Use the internet
— but with
care and
discrimination.
Don’t fill an
essay with
irrelevant
historical detail.
Check your
spelling and
punctuation.
Seriously.
Ensure your
essay is the
required length.
Bring the
subject to life!
Illustrate your
points with
up-to-date
examples.
Use electronic
resources to
find material
(see library website).
This guide by David Gauntlett (l998, revised 2OOO, 2OOl).
Is there anything else about essays that you think the next edition of this document should cover?
All feedback is very welcome – e-mail david@theory.org.uk.
Visit the Institute’s extensive website at http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ics/
where you can view all of the Study Skills material, as well as other useful
documents, in the ‘Undergraduate’ section.
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